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Chapters: Collapse of the Soviet Union, Chernobyl Disaster, History of the Soviet Union, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Czorny Kot, Aleksandr Nikiforovich Aksyonov, League for the Liberation of the Peoples of the Ussr, Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 92. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Chernobyl disaster (Ukrainian: , ornobyka katastrofa) was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine (then in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, part of the former Soviet Union). It is considered the worst nuclear power plant accident in history and is the only level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event Scale. On April 26, 1986, reactor number four at the Chernobyl plant, near Pripya in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, had a meltdown. The resulting fire sent a plume of radioactive fallout into the atmosphere and over an extensive geographical area, including the nearby town of Pripyat. The plume drifted over large parts of the western Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Western Europe, and Northern Europe. Large areas in Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia had to be evacuated, with over 336,000 people resettled. According to official post-Soviet data, about 60% of the fallout landed in Belarus. The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry as well as nuclear power in general, slowing its expansion for a number of years while forcing the Soviet government to become less secretive. The countries of Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus have been burdened with the continuing and substantial decontamination and health care costs of the Chernobyl accident. A 2005 report pre...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2589713 ... Read more

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Chapters: Belarus, History of Belarus, Rurik, Ruthenia, Roslagen, Rusyn Language, Oleg of Novgorod, Belarusians, Galicia, Varangian Runestones, Rus' Khaganate, Carpathian Ruthenia, Old Belarusian Language, Rusyns, Caspian Expeditions of the Rus, Lemkos, Carpatho-Ukraine, Ruthenian Language, Christianization of the Rus' Khaganate, Trade Route From the Varangians to the Greeks, Hutsuls, Ruthenian Voivodeship, Ruthenian Catholic Church, Military History of Carpathian Ruthenia During World War Ii, Red Ruthenia, Askold and Dir, Lech, Czech and Rus, Posadnik, Principality of Trubetsk, Boyko, Polesia, List of Early East Slavic States, Places Inhabited by Rusyns, Ruthenians, Drutsk, Garðaríki, Polish-lithuanian-ruthenian Commonwealth, Black Rus, Paphlagonian Expedition of the Rus', Hutsul Republic, Tysyatsky, Poleszuk, Bravlin, Belarusian Heraldry, Ruś Szlachtowska, Transcarpathia. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 346. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Belarus -The name Belarus derives from the term White Russia (White-Rus). There are several claims to where the original of the name White Rus came from. The name describes the snow covered area of Eastern Europe populated by Slavic people as a beautiful or free territory, as opposed to Lithuanian controlled Black Ruthenia. Another possible origin for the name is for the white clothing that was worn by the Slavic population. Other suggestions for the name White Rus come from the southern lands (Polacak, Viciebsk and Mahilou) that could not be conquered by the Tatars. Before 1267, the land not conquered by the Mongols was considered White Rus. The name first appeared in German and Latin medieval literature. In chronicles written by Jan of Czarnków, he spoke of the Lithuanian grand duke Jogaila and his mother being imprisoned in 1381 at "Albae ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=3457 ... Read more

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Chapters: Russification, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kievan Rus', History of Minsk, Lithuanization, Lipka Tatars, Belarusian People's Republic, Belarusian Resistance Movement, Names and Titles of Jogaila, Litvin, Sovietization, List of Renamed Cities in Belarus. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 142. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Russification (in Russian: rusifikátsiya) is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily or not) by non-Russian communities. In a narrow sense, Russification is used to denote the influence of the Russian language on Slavic, Baltic and other languages, spoken in areas currently or formerly controlled by Russia, which led to the emerging of russianisms, trasianka and surzhyk. In a historical sense, the term refers to both official and unofficial policies of Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union with respect to their national constituents and to national minorities in Russia, aimed at Russian domination. The major areas of Russification are politics and culture. In politics, an element of Russification is assigning Russian nationals to leading administrative positions in national institutions. In culture, Russification primarily amounts to domination of the Russian language in official business and strong influence of the Russian language on national idioms. The shifts in demographics in favour of the ethnic Russian population are sometimes considered as a form of Russification as well. Analytically, it is helpful to distinguish Russification, as a process of changing one's ethnic self-label or identity from a non-Russian ethnonym to Russian, from Russianization, the spread of the Russian language, culture, and people into non-Russian cultures and regions, distinct also from Sovietization or the imposition of insti...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=511201 ... Read more

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Chapters: History of Belarus (1236-1569), History of Belarus (1569-1795), History of Belarus (1795-1918), History of Belarus (1918-1939), History of Belarus (1939-1945), History of Belarus (1945-1990), History of Belarus (1990-present), History of Belarus (862-1236), Collapse of the Soviet Union, Mongol Invasion of Rus', Chernobyl Disaster, Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Polonization, Soviet Invasion of Poland, Order of Precedence in the Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Constitution of May 3, 1791, Offices in the Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, Międzymorze, Republic of Central Lithuania, Kresy, Belarusian Resistance During World War Ii, Kingdom of Galicia-volhynia, History of the Soviet Union, Defense of Brest Fortress, Curzon Line, Hetmans of the Polish-lithuanian Commonwealth, January Uprising, Sarmatism, Golden Liberty, Bielski Partisans, Military History of Belarus During World War Ii, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Union of Lublin, Bereza Kartuska Prison, Żeligowski's Mutiny, Union of Horodło, Peace of Riga, Pinsk Massacre, Pale of Settlement, Elections to the People's Assemblies of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, Belarusian Central Rada, Krupki, Deluge, Lithuanian Metrica, Belavia Flight 1834, Lisowczycy, Polish-lithuanian-muscovite Commonwealth, Treaty of Hadiach, Territorial Changes of the Baltic States, Repnin Sejm, Galicia-volhynia Wars, Nowogródek Voivodeship, Battle of the Niemen River, Election Sejm of 1632, Slutsk Defence Action, West Belarus, Principality of Polotsk, Belarusian Referendum, 1996, Maly Trostenets Extermination Camp, Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany, Wilno Voivodeship, Polish-lithuanian-teutonic War, Mir Yeshiva, Belarusian Referendum, 1995, Jeans Revolution, Polish Autonomous District, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Battle of Holowczyn, Great Sejm, Curt Von Gottberg, Biełaruskaja Krajovaja Abarona, the Unknown War, Khatyn Massacre, Second Battle of Polotsk, Polesie Voivodeship, ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=2589713 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Polonization, Międzymorze, Republic of Central Lithuania, Kresy, Curzon Line, Bereza Kartuska Prison, Żeligowski's Mutiny, Peace of Riga, Pinsk Massacre, Territorial Changes of the Baltic States, Nowogródek Voivodeship, Battle of the Niemen River, Slutsk Defence Action, West Belarus, Wilno Voivodeship, Polish Autonomous District, Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Polesie Voivodeship, Belarusian Peasants' and Workers' Union, Białystok Voivodeship, Lithuanian-belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia, Communist Party of West Belarus, Lithuanian Ministry for Belarusian Affairs, Battle of Bereza Kartuska, Utraquist School, Western Oblast, East Belarus. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt: Polonization (or Polonisation) (Polish: ) is the acquisition or imposition of elements of Polish culture, in particular, Polish language, as experienced in some historic periods by non-Polish populations of territories controlled or substantially influenced by Poland. As with other examples of cultural assimilation, it could either be voluntary or forced and is most visible in the case of territories, where the Polish language or culture were dominant, or their adoption could result in gaining of prestige or social status. Such was the case of the nobility of Ruthenia and Lithuania throughout the ages. To certain extent Polonization was also administratively promoted by the authorities, particularly in the period following the World War II. Polonization can be seen as an example of cultural assimilation. Such view is widely considered applicable to the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (15691795) when the Ruthenian and Lithuanian upper classes were drawn towards the more Westernized Polish culture, political and fina...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1330156 ... Read more

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Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Chapters: Mongol Invasion of Rus', Kingdom of Galicia-volhynia, Union of Horodło, Galicia-volhynia Wars, Principality of Polotsk, Polish-lithuanian-teutonic War, Union of Vilnius and Radom, Union of Krewo, Principality of Turov and Pinsk, Principality of Trubetsk, List of Early East Slavic States, Casimir's Code, Principality of Pskov, Principality of Drutsk, Union of Kraków and Vilna, Duchy of Zaslawye, Golden Age of Belarusian History, Union of Mielnik. Source: Wikipedia. Free updates online. Not illustrated. Excerpt:Coat of arms The Kingdom of GaliciaVolhynia or Kingdom of Rus' or GaliciaVladimir (Latin: ) was a Ruthenian (Ukrainian) state in the regions of Galicia and Volhynia during 1199 1349. Along with Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal, it was one of the three most important powers to emerge from the collapse of Kievan Rus'. Western GaliciaVolhynia extended between the rivers San and Wieprz in what is now south-eastern Poland, while eastern territories covered the Pripet Marshes (now in Belarus) and upper Southern Bug in modern-day Ukraine. During its time, the kingdom was bordered by Black Rus, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Principality of Turov-Pinsk, the Principality of Kiev, the Golden Horde, the Kingdom of Hungary, the Kingdom of Poland, the Principality of Moldova and the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights. In pre-Roman times the region was populated by various tribes, including the Lugii, Goths and Vandals (which may correspond to the Przeworsk and Puchov cultures in archaeology). After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was populated by West Slav people, identified with group of Croats called Lendians. Around 833 the West Slavs became part of the Great Moravian state. Upon the invasion of the Hungarian tribes into the heart of the Great Moravian Empire around 899, t...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=639283 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Russian History, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1692 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Providing a comprehensive discussion of the people, politics, economics, religion, culture, and social systems of Russia, this work spans the time from the earliest beginnings of the Russian nation (among the ancient Eastern Slavic tribes) to the end of czarist Russia and on through the rise and fall of the Soviet Union. It provides the necessary information for readers to obtain a greater understanding of and appreciation for Russia in all of its many spheres. ... Read more

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Chapters: January Uprising, Pale of Settlement, Krupki, Mir Yeshiva, Second Battle of Polotsk, Belarusian History in the Russian Empire, Philomaths, Military Settlement, Krajowcy, Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission, Belarusian Socialist Assembly, Filaret Association. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 55. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Pale of Settlement (Russian: , cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed, and beyond which Jewish permanent residency was generally prohibited. It extended from the eastern pale, or demarcation line, to the western Russian border with the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. The Pale comprised about 20% of the territory of European Russia, and largely corresponded to historical borders of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth; it included much of present-day Lithuania, Belarus, Poland, Moldova, Ukraine, and parts of western Russia. At a number of cities within the pale also, Jews were excluded from residency. A limited number of categories of Jews were allowed to live outside the pale. The word pale derives ultimately from the Latin word palus, meaning stake (palisade is derived from the same root). From this derivation came the figurative meaning of "boundary", and the concept of a pale as an area within which local laws were valid. The "pale", with its Christian and Jewish populations, was acquired by the Russian Empire in a series of military conquests and diplomatic maneuvers between 1791 and 1835, and lasted until the fall of the Russian Empire in 1917. For more information about life in the Pale, see: History of the Jews in Poland and History of the Jews in RussiaThe Pale was first created by Catherine the Great in 1791, after several failed attempts by h...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=385967 ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Sarmatian Review, published by Polish Institute of Houston, Inc. on September 1, 2009. The length of the article is 1133 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: The burden of history? Group identity and history in East Central Europe: Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine/Last der Geschichte? Kollektive Identitat und Geschichte in Ostmitteleuropa: Belarus, Polen, Litauen, Ukraine.(Book review)
Author: Harry Louis, Jr. Roddy
Publication: Sarmatian Review (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 1, 2009
Publisher: Polish Institute of Houston, Inc.
Volume: 29Issue: 3Page: 1496

Article Type: Book review

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

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Chapters: Battles Involving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Military History of Belarus During World War Ii, Wars Involving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Battle of Varna, Polish-muscovite War, Second Northern War, Prussian Uprisings, Polish-swedish Wars, Smolensk War, Lithuanian Civil War, Polish-teutonic War, Northern Seven Years' War, Muscovite-lithuanian Wars, Reichskommissariat Ostland, Samogitian Uprisings, Siege of Smolensk, Destruction Battalions, Battle of Orsha, Galicia-volhynia Wars, Zhetel Ghetto, Battle of Pabaiskas, Battle of the Vorskla River, Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany, Polish-lithuanian-teutonic War, Battle of Kircholm, Battle of Ţuţora, Battle of Stångebro, 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the Ss, Biełaruskaja Krajovaja Abarona, Gollub War, Battle of Rudau, Battle of Guzów, Russo-Polish War, Battle of Durbe, Battle of Saule, Polish-russian War of 1792, Polish-ottoman War, Hunger War, Belarusian Independence Party, Battle of Strėva, Battle of Kokenhausen, Battle of Skuodas, Battle on the Irpen' River, Operation Cottbus, Belarusian Auxiliary Police, Battle of Blue Waters, Battle of Aizkraukle, Battle of Karuse, Battle of Kletsk, Battle of Vedrosha, Siege of Christmemel, Civil War in Lithuania, Battle of Mir, Bombing of Minsk in World War Ii, Battle of Wallhof. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 268. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=1389951 ... Read more

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Chapters: Golden Liberty, Seimas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Statutes of Lithuania, Liberum Veto, Lithuanian Council of Lords, Casimir's Code, Lithuanian Tribunal. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 33. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Golden Liberty (Latin: ; Polish: ), sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy or Nobles' Commonwealth (Polish: or Zota wolno szlachecka, Latin: ) refers to a unique aristocratic political system in the Kingdom of Poland and later, after the Union of Lublin (1569), in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Under that system, all nobles (szlachta) who held immediate estates were equal and enjoyed extensive rights and privileges. The nobility controlled the legislature (Sejm the Polish Parliament) and the Commonwealth's elected king. This political system, unusual for its time, stemmed from the consolidation of power by the szlachta (noble class) over other social classes and over the political system of monarchy. In time, the szlachta accumulated enough privileges (such as those established by the Nihil novi Act of 1505, King Henry's Articles of 1573 and later through various Pacta conventa see Szlachta history and political privileges) that no monarch could hope to break the szlachta's grip on power. The political doctrine of the Commonwealth of Both Nations was: our state is a republic under the presidency of the King. Chancellor Jan Zamoyski summed up this doctrine when he said that "Rex regnat et non gubernat" ("The King reigns but does not govern"). The Commonwealth had a parliament, the Sejm, as well as a Senat and an elected king. The king was obliged to respect citizens' rights specified in King Henry's Articles as well as in pacta conventa negotiated at the time of his election. The monarch's power was limited, in favor of th...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=564220 ... Read more

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