Product Description
This digital document is an article from East European Quarterly, published by East European Quarterly on March 22, 2002. The length of the article is 4756 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Snowy domes and gay turbans: American travelers on Bosnia, 1897-1941.
Author: Omer Hadziselimovic
Publication: East European Quarterly (Refereed)
Date: March 22, 2002
Publisher: East European Quarterly
Volume: 36Issue: 1Page: 27(12)

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

Product Description
Renowned for his role in the Iranian Embassy siege and the Falklands War, General Sir Michael Rose now tells the inside story of one of the toughest challenges of his career, as Commander of the UN Protection Force in Bosnia in 1994. Having inherited a mission that was sliding into chaos, Rose's brief was to sustain the people of Bosnia in the midst of a devastating three-sided war and to try to prevent the conflict escalating. Facing scenes of inhumanity not witnessed in Europe since 1945, he describes how he dealt with individuals who would stop at nothing to fulfil their personal and political agendas. When General Rose left Bosnia at the end of the year the military conflict had been stabilised, aid convoys were reaching their destinations and civilians were once again able to walk the streets. How this turnaround was achieved is the subject of this plain-speaking, controversial account of a complex and bloody war. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Showing things as they are
This book offered an excellent insight into events in Bosnia at the height of the crisis, and in particular the difficulties faced by the military when they are asked to take up what is essentially a peacekeeping role.It highlights the complexity of each decision - how the law of unexpected consequences applies.It also hints at how difficult it is in such a situation to trust anyone - including ostensible allies, it highlights the destructiveness of the Karadjic and Mladic types in the world and the ease with which minor differences (such as religion) can be twisted into pure hatred.

It also shows something about ex-President Jimmy Carter - I can't imagine any of his successors quietly sleeping in the same environment as the military personnel he's visiting.

A book that is incredibly worthwhile and that has lost nothing of its importance with teh passing of the years. ... Read more

Product Description

We didn't know. For half a century, Western politicians and intellectuals have so explained away their inaction in the face of genocide in World War II. In stark contrast, Western observers today face a daily barrage of information and images, from CNN, the Internet, and newspapers about the parties and individuals responsible for the current Balkan War and crimes against humanity. The stories, often accompanied by video or pictures of rape, torture, mass graves, and ethnic cleansing, available almost instantaneously, do not allow even the most uninterested viewer to ignore the grim reality of genocide.
And yet, while information abounds, so do rationalizations for non-intervention in Balkan affairs - the threshold of real genocide has yet to be reached in Bosnia; all sides are equally guilty; Islamic fundamentalism in Bosnia is a threat to the West; it will only end when they all tire of killing each other - to name but a few.

Customer Reviews (3)

An intellectual tour de force!
Cushman and Mestrovic demonstrate without a doubt that the war in Bosnia was a genocide. They provide unequivocal proof and overwhelming evidence that the war in Bosnia was not a civil war but a clear case of a Serbian aggression. This book offers an exhaustive account of the most egregious crimes committed in Europe since World War II. By arguing that the West not only failed to protect the Bosnian Muslims but also denied them the right to defend themselves by imposing the weapon embargo, Cushman and Mestrovic masterfully analyze the West's inability to put an end to the bloodshed. Thus, by imposing the weapon embargo, the West in effect denied the Bosnian Muslims the right to defend themselves. Facing an extremely powerful Serbian aggressor, the Bosnian Muslims were practically powerless and defenseless. Furthermore, this book shatters once and for all the myth of collective guilt, i.e. the equal guilt of all three sides in Bosnia. As Mestrovic and Cushman correctly point out, only the Serbs in Bosnia committed systematic war crimes including rapes and torture in an attempt to cleanse the area of all non-Serbs and create a "Greater Serbia". The evidence in support of these claims is abundant and has been extremely well documented by many fact-finding organizations including the Human Rights Watch, the Amnesty International, the War Tribunal in the Hague etc. One of the most gruesome massacres in Europe since World War II took place in Srebrenica. Led by the notorious war criminal Ratko Mladic, the Serb forces killed approximately 10,000 Muslims, one of which was my grandfather. My grandmother survived the massacre and was able to give a detailed account of the true scenes from hell. Following their own official investigation into the events in Srebrenica, Bosnian Serb officials just recently acknowledged that they were responsible for the massacre. It took them eight years to issue an official apology. As a result of the Serbian aggression, approximately 250,000 people were killed and many expelled from their homes.
In conclusion, this book provides a meticulously researched account of the most abhorrent crimes in Europe since World War II. It offers compelling evidence and countless examples that the war in Bosnia was a genocide. It completely destroys the myth that the war in Bosnia was a civil war. Strongly recommended!

The cover says it all.
The book cover shows who is responsible for this war. Draped in Serb paraphenilia, thugs like those pictured here, destroyed Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and now Kosovo and Vojvodina.What many refuse toacknowledge is the West's gross involvement in these wars and their overtand covert support for the thugs in the picture.

Excellent, well-researched.
Once again Mestrovic brings together some of the best writers and historians to put the wars in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina into context. Everyone should read this book!!! ... Read more

Product Description
Ranging from medieval times to the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1992, this volume concentrates on the internal development of the Muslim community in Bosnia-Herzegovina and its relations with various suzerains. While current discussion of this population focus primarily on the legal and stategic aspects of the contemporary situation, this book explores the key periods and events in the historical evolution of this rich and most unusual community. Among the topics explored are the medieval background of Bosnia, the Ottoman conquest, Austria's reign, and a survey of the monarchy and communist rule. This text is especially intended to provide a general introduction to the non-specialist and includes a guide to resources for further study. The contributors to this collection include Roy Mottahedeh, John Fine, Colin Heywood, Justin McCarthy and Ivo Banac. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Generally useful
This is a collection of articles that cover the entire span of the history of the Bosnian Muslims, although the quality of the individual contributions varies greatly. The first three articles, which go from theMiddle Ages to 1878, are unfortunately uninformative and even tedious foranyone who has already done some reading on general Balkan history, andprobably confusing and perhaps overwhelming for those who have no previousknowledge in this field. By far the best piece is the article by thisvolume's editor, Mark Pinson, which covers the period of Austro-Hungarianrule in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1878-1918) and its effects on the Muslimcommunity. This was in fact a very crucial period for the Bosnian Muslims,because as Pinson points out, it was when they first became a politicallyaware as a community, and began to seek new ways to articulate their needs.The final article by Ivo Banac, which covers the twentieth century, is agood survey of Bosnian Muslim political history, but it lacks depth, whichis disappointing given the importance of this period for understandingevents in Bosnia today. There is also a useful, if somewhat dated, appendixfor finding further resources on Bosnia, both in print and on the Web. Thisbook is, thus, a generally useful reference source, but it could and shouldhave been something much more. ... Read more

Product Description
A must for those who want to know what's at stake in the betrayal of Bosnia--in the waiting game that the U.S. and the world is playing with Serbian forces--this important book offers a clear and surprising interpretation of the historical background for the war that has continued for two years without global intervention. 14 maps. 35 illustrations. Chronology. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (12)

Introductory to Bosnia and Herzegovina 101
For the reviewer who complained about lack of details, please understand this book was written as an "idiots guide" to Bosnia and Herzegovina at the time when Americans and rest of the world were bombarded with information about war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. If you would like to learn more please see other books by Fine and Donia. For example Bosnian Church by John V.A. Fine will give you an excellent overview of medieval Bosnia, its people and the role the religion played in their life.

For everybody else this book is very good historical chronology of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Majority of books written about Balkan states written by local historians deserves scrutiny because they were written to support nationalist and chauvinist view of one or the other ethnic community.
Robert J. Donia and John V.A. Fine are unbiased researchers whose judgments you can trust.

Pretty good popular history, but not best
A good, popular history, written by two leading experts. Their story begins in the Middle Ages and ends in early 1994. I personally like Noel Malcom's short history a bit better, but this one is also good. Donia and Fine, like Malcom are critical of the international community, accusing its representatives of issuing "idle threats" and "(distorting) the nature of the conflict to justify inaction."(I would give it another half star, if it were possible for me to do so.)

Ancient hatreds?Recent hatreds are more like it
Robert J. Donia and John V.A. Fine make clear a couple of points on the conflict in Bosnia-Hercegovina, and to do that, they dig the history of Bosnia from an independent Catholic kingdom to Ottoman overlordship, Austro-Hungarian overlordship, Serbian-dominated royal Yugoslavia, the fascist Independent State of Croatia under Ante Pavelic, Socialist Yugoslavia under Marshal Tito, to the independent Bosnia that was torn apart by ethnic strife.

Those of you who saw American Marines on TV saying, "Oh, these people have been fighting each other for thousands of years," should clearly realize their ignorance of Balkan history.Clearly, ancient history is not a prerequisite for grunts.

Another interest point is how the Ottomans classified their Slavic subjects.They did so under religion, i.e. Orthodox, Catholic, Muslim, or Jew.They were more favourable to the Orthodox Slavs, as the Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople was under their thrall, so in civil complaints, guess which Christian the judge favoured more?

The other dimension to categorizing by religion was how the people identified themselves.Most nationalities think, "I'm German," or "I'm British."In this case, the logic goes something like this:"I'm Orthodox, therefore I'm Serb" or "I'm Catholic, therefore I'm Croat" or "I'm Muslim [in religion], therefore I'm Muslim [nationality]".Interesting indeed.

But let's not forget the main point:it wasn't until the Austo-Hungarian Empire took over the Balkans that the religious animosities flared up.Before, people of all three religions got along just fine.Oh, and guess what?The Serbs and Croats got their names from Iranian tribes who migrated to the region.These tribes became Slavicised and that was that.

This book goes up to 1994, just missing the massacres of Srebrenica and Zepa, as well as the shopping square massacre in Sarajevo that got the Western powers to finally say, "That's it!We gotta do something!"

The handful of maps of the region helpfully compliment the sections of the book, and early on, the legitimacy of Bosnia as a distinct polity is successfully argued.Its division into states along the river-boundaries (Banovinas) of royal Yugoslavia is also of particular interest.

What happened in Bosnia was very horrific, there's no denying that.This book will explain the facts, debunk myths, and give the reader a quick primer in Bosnian history.

A remarkably shallow book...
A remarkably shallow account, this book does not even deserve one star.It has a two-pronged attack.On the one hand, it sets forth the notion that the Bosnian Moslems are to be considered a people separate from the Serbs and Croats.On the other hand, it hypothesizes that Bosnia was for the most part a haven of peace and cooperation for hundreds of years before Milosevic the Mad, a genocidal demagogue, ruined it all for everyone.

Both of this notions are totally false.There is only one people in the world that has had its faith and its ethnicity fused together and that is the Jews.Ethnicity clearly has nothing to do with religion.And so it is, with Bosnia.

This little land in the Balkans was fought over by the ancient Byzantine, Serbian, Croatian.At the Turkish arrival, the great majority of its citizens were Serbs and Croats.We may hypothesize that relations between the two peoples under Tvrtko Kotromanjic were sufficiently good that the Serbian monarch Czar Dusan was to give his daughter in marriage to the Croatian king.
A substantial segment of the population, however, converted to Islam.It is possible that this was due to the existence of a persecuted heretical sect, the Bogomils.Most likely, however, the reason is that Bosnia was a sufficiently volatile region between the Serbian and then Hungarian empires as to diminish the power of the Orthodox and Catholic churches.For this reason, for instance, were do not see the sort of Orthodox or Catholic architecture as we might otherwise see in Kosovo or Dalmatia, equally ancient Serbian and Croatian regions.

This converted segment of the population was still Slavic and not only Slavic, but specifically Serbo-Croat.They were Serbs and Croats by blood, yet followed the Islamic faith of the Turks.In exchange, their lives were greatly improved over their Christian brethren.They were given the artisan and bureaucratic positions in the empire, paid few taxes, and primarily lived in the cities.The Christians, in contrast, were subjected to a constant state of terror at the hands of the new converts and the Turks.Churches were razed, some converted to mosques.The ancient Christian population was expelled from the cities into the towns and villages and heavy taxes were to be paid to live in a city (note that this also happened in Thessaloniki, in which the Hellenes were driven out by the Turks into the mountains and the Turks, in order to preserved the metropolis, settled in Sephardic Jews, who constituted the majority until the Holocaust).The Christians were demoted to being serfs of the Turks, and were regularly subjected to exploitation and rape.In fact, the Turkish master nearly always raped the wife of a Christian serf on the night of their wedding.Even more cruelly, the Turks levied a so-called blood tax: a tax in human lives.This practice, called dershivme, involved the kidnapping of Serb and Croat boys and girls from their mothers, converting them to Islam, and training them to become soldiers, bureaucrats, artists, and harem-girls of the empire.Mehmed Pasha Sokolovic, a Serb from Visegrad, is one such case of a child that rose to being the Grand Vizier of Suleiman the Magnificent.

At the sign of any opposition to the empire, the Christians were ruthlessly massacred in the most heinous manner: impalements, burying alive, decapitation, crucifixion, mutilation and other various forms of torture.Thus, the Christians were subjected not only to rape but to abduction, slavery, and massacre as well.Add to this that many of the soldiers of the dershivme (called janissaries) were then sent to their home countries to commit atrocities, and the story becomes even more vicious.These Islamic converts of Bosnia had become passionate henchmen in Turkish crimes against their very own blood-brothers, the Serbs and Croats.

And this is just life under the Ottoman Empire!We aren't even mentioning WWII, which brought on yet more bloodshed, this time specifically against the Serbs.The Croat Ustase and their Moslem underlings (later consolidated into the SS Handzar) attempted the total extermination of the then majority population of Bosnia, the Orthodox Serbs.Approximately 1,000,000 innocent Croatian and Bosnian Serbs were exterminated in 27 extermination camps and rural massacres in methods that were crueler than those of any other genocide in history and remain so to this day: boiling babies in water and oil, inducing cannibalism, burning alive in churches, slicing open womens' wombs, decapitation, castration, death pits called `golubnjace', and yes (at Jasenovac), the arch-evil gas chamber (Black Maria) and crematorium.

I will not even discuss this war, except to say that there is a dearth of prosecutions against crimes against Serbs and even Croats.I am still waiting for indictments for ethnic cleansing in cities such as Sarajevo, Bihac, Tuzla, Orasje, Brod, Travnik, Gorazde, Mostar, Bugojno, Livno, Jablanica, Odzak, Maglaj, Konjic, etc.; for rapes in places like Bugojno, Tuzla, Konjic, and Mostar; for camps like Dretelj, Ljubuski, Zetra, Kosevo, Tusanj, Bihac stadium, Zenica prison, Tarcin, etc.All crimes against Serbs and/or Croats.I do not deny that the Serbs and Croats have committed crimes; that is all too obvious.But there must be some way to explain the deaths, rapes, and torturing of thousands of Croats and tens of thousands of Serbs and The Hague is not doing the job.

I hope there is nobody here who is still deluded into believing that the Muslims either have a legitimacy in considering themselves a separate people, or that Bosnia was a haven of tolerance, love, and brotherhood for the last 1000 years.The last time Bosnia was a relatively tolerant place was under Titoist rule, and before that, all that way back to Kotromanjic's state.Bosnia under the Turks was a nation of horror, a land that pitted brother against brother, where massacre, rape, and expulsion were common practice, and where taxes were paid in the lives of innocent little children separated from their parents forever

An excellent introductory approach to Bosnia's history
Those unfamiliar with the complex and rich history of Bosnia ought tostart with Donia and Fine's work.Though not as detailed as other books,it nonetheless conveys with great clarity the past of that region.Itgreatest value, however, is not the masterly summary of a complicatedhistory, but the theme which the authors see in Bosnia's past -- a theme oftolerance and cooperation among diverse people.The popular notion thatBosnians, Serbs, and Croats have always hated each other is misleading and,more importantly, dehumanizing.The authors have done a wonderful job ofcountering that notion by cogently arguing for a more sympathetic approachto Bosnia's people and history. ... Read more

Product Description

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Worldmark Encyclopedia of National Economies, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 3312 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Advances in technology continue to accelerate the pace at which people and companies are doing business with entities in foreign countries. As a result, the demand for comprehensive, up-to-date economic information about foreign companies has increased as well. The Worldmark Encyclopedia of National Economies satisfies this immediate need and provides a thorough understanding of the current and historical economic development of foreign nations. Clearly arranged by country within broad geographic regions, the Worldmark Encyclopedia of National Economies provides accurate, in-depth analysis of each country's economic environment, reliable statistics on the country's current economic conditions and trends and key demographics of the nation's citizens. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 18841 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Presents easy-to-understand information on 200 countries and dependencies from around the world. Entries discuss a variety of topics in detail, from banking and securities to climate, from government data to demographic statistics. Also includes biographical essays on national leaders. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 4275 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices provides information on current religious practices around the world with an emphasis on how religions impact the daily lives of their followers. Included are detailed entries on 13 major religions, such as Christianity and Islam, and entries on 28 religious subgroups, such as Shi'ites or Baptists.Provides Date of Origin, Dietary Practices, Number of Followers, Social Aspects, Controversial Issues, Major Theologians and Authors, Cultural Impact, Houses of Worship, Holy Places, What is Sacred, Rituals, Rites of Passage, Festivals and Holidays, Membership, Social Justice, Modes of Dress and Founder.Also includes significant religions in 193 countries that detail History, Political Impact, Other Religions, Religious Tolerance and more. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from World Education Encyclopedia, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 6362 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.This country-by-country survey of educational systems provides detailed essays on the histories, legal foundations, and primary and secondary educational systems of 233 countries. This edition provides up-to-date coverage of reorganized educational systems and technological advances. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from East European Quarterly, published by East European Quarterly on June 22, 1996. The length of the article is 8376 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the supplier: Muslim protests to Austro-Hungarian officials about that empire's administrative practices in the late 19th century culminated in a Muslim independence movement for cultural and religious freedom which lasted until 1909. This movement was the basis for the eatablishment of Bosnia-Hercegovina's first Muslim party in 1906. Reasons for this movement included opposition to the pan-Islamic efforts of the fading Ottoman empire, local agricultural and educational problems and the Muslims' desire to keep the old social system and the privileges they enjoyed under it.

Citation Details
Title: The emergence of the first Muslim party in Bosnia-Hercegovina.
Author: Aydin Babuna
Publication: East European Quarterly (Refereed)
Date: June 22, 1996
Publisher: East European Quarterly
Volume: v30Issue: n2Page: p131(21)

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Commonweal, published by Commonweal Foundation on April 10, 2009. The length of the article is 1426 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Survivor stories: the Bosnian memory project.(exhibition of Bosnian history)
Author: Randall S. Rosenberg
Publication: Commonweal (Magazine/Journal)
Date: April 10, 2009
Publisher: Commonweal Foundation
Volume: 136Issue: 7Page: 10(3)

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Countries and Their Cultures, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 2493 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Covers the broad range of popular religious culture of the United States at the close of the twentieth century. Beliefs, practices, symbols, traditions, movements, organizations, and leaders from the many traditions in the pluralistic American community are represented. Also includes cults and phenomena that drew followers, such as Heaven's Gale and UFOs. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Ploughshares Monitor, published by Project Ploughshares on June 1, 2000. The length of the article is 4977 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Bosnia-Herzegovina - attaining human security.
Author: Ken Epps
Publication: Ploughshares Monitor (Magazine/Journal)
Date: June 1, 2000
Publisher: Project Ploughshares
Volume: 21Issue: 2Page: 18-23

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is an article from Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 3720 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Comprehensive and written clearly, the Junior Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations features consistent coverage of all countries while allowingfor easy comparison on the different nations of the world. ... Read more

Product Description
When the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina broke out a baffled world sought explanations from a range of experts who offered a variety of reasons for the conflict. The author of this study takes Bosnian affairs seriously and in so doing makes it much easier to grasp why the war occurred. ... Read more

Product Description
Originally published in 1830.This volume from the Cornell University Library's print collections was scanned on an APT BookScan and converted to JPG 2000 format by Kirtas Technologies.All titles scanned cover to cover and pages may include marks notations and other marginalia present in the original volume. ... Read more

Product Description
Chapters: Eastern Rumelia, Kosovo Province, Ottoman Empire, History of Ottoman Kosovo, Bosnia Province, Ottoman Empire, Salonika Province, Ottoman Empire, Danube Province, Ottoman Empire, Herzegovina Province, Ottoman Empire, Silistra Province, Ottoman Empire, Montenegro Province, Ottoman Empire, Vidin Province, Ottoman Empire, Niš Province, Ottoman Empire, Shkodër Province, Ottoman Empire, Monastir Province, Ottoman Empire. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 55. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Eastern Rumelia or Eastern Roumelia (Bulgarian: , Iztochna Rumelia; Ottoman Turkish: , Rumeli-i arkî; Greek: , Anatoliki Romylia) was an administratively autonomous province (vilayet) in the Ottoman Empire from 1878 to 1908. It was under full Bulgarian control from 1885 on, when it willingly united with the widely autonomous Principality of Bulgaria after a bloodless revolution. Ethnic Bulgarians composed the absolute demographic majority within Eastern Rumelia. Its capital was Plovdiv (Ottoman Filibe, known back then in the West by its Greek name Philippopolis). Today, Eastern Rumelia (the largest part of Northern Thrace) is part of Bulgaria. Eastern Rumelia was created as an autonomous province within the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Berlin in 1878. It encompassed the territory between the Balkan Mountains, the Rhodope Mountains and Strandzha, a region known to all its inhabitants Bulgarians, Ottoman Turks, Roma, Greeks, Armenians and Jews as Northern Thrace. The name, Eastern Rumelia, was given to the province on the insistence of the British delegates to the Congress of Berlin: the Ottoman notion of Rumelia refers to all European regions of the empire, i.e. those that were in Antiquity under the Roman Empire. Some twenty Pomak (Bulgarian Muslim) villages in the Rhodope Mountains refuse...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=273417 ... Read more