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Chapters: Colombian Jesuits, Colombian Cardinals, Felix Restrepo Mejía, Darío Castrillón Hoyos, Alfonso López Trujillo, Luis Concha Córdoba, Crisanto Luque Sánchez, Camilo Torres Restrepo, Pedro Rubiano Sáenz, Anibal Muñoz Duque, Mario Revollo Bravo. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 40. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Father Camilo Torres Restrepo (born in Bogotá, Colombia on 3 February 1929 died in Santander on 15 February 1966) was a Colombian socialist, Roman Catholic priest, a predecessor of liberation theology and a member of the National Liberation Army (ELN) guerrilla organisation. During his life, he tried to reconcile revolutionary Marxism and Catholicism. Torres was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1954, but continued to study for some years at the Pontifical Catholic University of Leuven (Louvain) in Belgium. When he returned to Colombia, he increasingly felt obliged to actively support the cause of poor and the labouring class. Camilo Torres believed that in order to secure justice for the people, Christians had a duty to use violent action. As part of the academic staff of the National University of Colombia, he was a co-founder of the Sociology Faculty together with Orlando Fals Borda in 1960. His involvement in several student and political movements during the time won him a large following as well as many detractors, specially from the Colombian government and the church itself. Due to the growing pressure to back down from his radical politics, Camilo Torres saw himself persecuted and went into hiding (leaving his job as an academic) by joining the guerrillas in Colombia. He served as a low-ranking member of the ELN to whom he also provided spiritual assistance and inspiration from a Marxist-Christian point of view. He was killed in his first combat experience...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=866661 ... Read more

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This book provides the first in-depth examination of a representative range of contemporary Colombian cultural engagements with the conflicts known simply as La Violencia that began in Colombia in the late 1940s. These include Gustavo Alvarez Gardeazábal's now classic revision of the 'novela de la Violencia', the autobiographical cycle of acclaimed author Fernando Vallejo, versions of the testimonio by Alfredo Molano and internationally renowned novelist Laura Restrepo, as well as cinematic works by Carlos Mayolo and Luis Ospina. These cultural icons, many of whom are remarkably understudied, show how the heterogeneity of social and cultural processes condensed in La Violencia demands a deconstruction of 'violence' in Colombian culture. This argument is developed in dialogue with European and Latin American cultural theory and contributes to theoretical debates surrounding issues of memory and mourning developed in other Latin American contexts. The narratives explored in this book provide alternatives to abstract historicism and show us how to imagine ways out of deeply rooted cycles of violence. Yet their insistence on haunting and spectres signals the problems besetting the task of mourning in Colombia, positing history rather than psychology as a remainder that troubles efforts to forge collective memories and enact social reconciliation. ... Read more

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Customer Reviews (5)

I can dream, can't I?
We have this book in our home and in our office. There is a strict no drooling rule when visitors leaf through it. Bibs are mandatory. It features the best of Nueva Granada architecture, fixed up for modern living. Those folks knew and know how to live, and I am bound and determined to have a hacienda just like some of them in this book one day. You will not be disappointed with this book and the photography in it, which in my opinion is superior to many other architecture books I have seen.

Casa de Hacienca:Architecture in the Colombian Countryside
What can I say, this book is amazing. I love the history of these country homes and the beautiful photos.I hope to visit Colombia very soon.

A lovely photo essay of Colombia's country homes
This book is a wonderful testimony to what was once a lovely quality of life in Colombia's vast countryside.Some photographic essays boast of majestic architectural beauty.Still and all, the most important aspect of this book is that the camera's lens objectively captures the serene beauty and vitality of Colombia's regional richness.Moreover, the fine and creative presentation of some Hacienda's are absolutely breathtaking."Casa De Hacienda: Architecture in the Colombian Countryside," is a polished presentation of professional photography.It is much more than a coffee table book...it is a slice of life in Colombia.

Casa de Hacienda
This book is marvelous!
I was very touched and trilled to find "El Abra" and remember my childhood days!
this is the place where my Mother grew up and spend her vacations from school
"El Abra" was our playground and belonged to the family for generations.
Thank you so very much for the pleasure and the memories and tears..your book has brought to all of us.
Que viva Colombia!
Miryam

Beautiful Book! Spectacular pictures of Colombian Haciendas.
I'm familiar with some of these houses, but I gained new insight on the history and architectural characteristics of these country homes by readiing the text. Filled with outstanding photographs, I enjoyed browsing for hours. I strongly recommend this book !! ... Read more

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A respected Colombian investigative journalist reports on how the powerful drug cartels of her country operate, documenting their cooperation with the nation's military and graphically recounting the dangers she and others have endured. $20,000 ad/promo. Tour. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

A good look at drug lords and their paramilitary attack dogs
This book is courageous. Colombia is a nation on its knees in the late 1980's and early 1990's.Drug lords and their powerful paramilitary armies intimidate the nation.If the drug lords can't corrupt you with money...they kill you.To that end, María Jimena Duzán is an outstanding Colombian journalist for El Espectador and does a gutsy job of documenting the origin and growth of paramilitary activity throughout the nation.Although this book was published in 1994, it helps explain the violence in Colombia today.Sadly, the author's sister is murdered by a paramilitary death squad she is investigating.This book is an excellent stepping stone to understanding the illegal links between the armed forces and paramilitary death squads in Colombia. ... Read more

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Women deliver themselves from subjugation by recovering their voices, by educating themselves, and by speaking out, in unison, against forces that have kept them under heel. The scope of Colombian Women: The Struggle Out of Silence is both personal and global: personal to the interviewees and to Elena GarcZs herself, as she tells her own story; and global, in that many features of the patriarchy and its dysfunction extend well beyond the borders of Colombia. ... Read more

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How does a culture in which writing is not a prominent feature create historical tradition? Researcher Joanne Rappaport answers the question by tracing the past three centuries of intellectual history of the Nasa--a community in the Colombian Andes. Originally published in 1990 but of continuing interest to all scholars of Latin America. 21 illustrations. ... Read more

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This volume, the third in a series of catalogues of Pre-Columbian art at Dumbarton Oaks, presents the outstanding collection of Aztec, Mixtec, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Classic Veracruz sculpture, jewelry, and painting. Four leading scholars present essays on the ancient art and archaeology of Mexico’s Central Highlands, Southwestern Highlands, and Gulf Lowlands as well as extensive catalogue entries of over one hundred objects of jade, shell, fine ceramics, wood, and other materials. The catalogue is richly illustrated with color plates, comparative illustrations, and diagrams presented as black-and-white figures. This catalogue will be an important and enduring reference for scholars and students, as well as an attractive volume for admirers of Pre-Columbian art.

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This digital document is an article from History Behind the Headlines, Vols. 1-6, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 4673 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Presents in-depth information on conflicts appearing in today's headlines. Users are provided with historical background and analysis to events to give a greater understanding of the politics, players, and layers of current affairs. ... Read more

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Imagine a world where healing with plants takes place daily, and where ritual and magic are as much a part of normal life as sitting down to a meal. This is the enchanting world that we are introduced to in VINE OF THE SOUL: MEDICINE MEN, THEIR PLANTS AND RITUALS IN THE COLOMBIAN AMAZONIA; it is a world which was threatened by extinction back in 1941 when the author, Dr. Richard Evans Schultes, first began his 14-year-long visit, and it is threatened even more today. In fact, its 1941 version could already be said to be extinct.Because of the importance (from anthropological, botanical, historical and humanistic points of view) of this title, Synergetic Press, which had published a first edition previously, produced the second edition, cited here, with the addition of front and back matter by three of the most attentive conservationists of our time.VINE OF THE SOUL features a preface by National Geographic Society Explorer-in-Residence Wade Davis, a foreword by former director of the Royal Botanical Gardens (at Kew, England) Sir Ghillean Prance, and an epilogue by Director of the Institute of Economic Botany (at the NY Botanical Gardens) Michael Balick.VINE OF THE SOUL is a collection of essays and photographs (more than 160) depicting life in the Amazon rainforest during the years that Schultes lived there.While Schultes, who proved to have a great eye for lighting, composition and subject matter, took the photos himself, the essays are co-authored by botanist extraordinaire Robert F. Raffauf. As plants are a priority for the indigenous peoples of the rainforest just as they are for Schultes and Raffauf plants and the people who use them (particularly medicine men, or payés) constitute much of the subject matter. Schultes learned a great deal from his indigenous mentors; he collected more than 20,000 specimens, discovered some 300 species new to science, and chronicled more than 2000 medicinal plants which are in use (many of them saving lives) in the pharmaceutical world today.But he also learned something more. For the indigenous people, plants are not only for healing but also and perhaps more importantly for leaving behind the ordinary world and connecting to the spiritual world.Vine of the Soul,in fact, is a translation for Ayahuasaca, the preferred sacred plant for most payés and the one most likely to link them to their mystical past. When a payé returns from this kind of excursion, he brings back with him information that is useful for his tribe: everything from plant prescriptions to information on births and deaths to choice building sites, to messages from ancestors. And while the payé is generally the only one to enter the supernatural world at this level, trancelike states induced with less potent plants provide more ordinary folk with spiritual access as well.In addition to their spellbinding relationship with plants, we learn about the myths, arts, dances, festivals, jewelry, clothing and social habits of the many tribes that Schultes (who had learned seven indigenous languages by the time he left) encountered. The book, which is a companion title to WHERE THE GODS REIGN is destined to be remain the most consequential work on this subject matter. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (2)

Photo Essay of Colombian Amazonia
This is much more of a picture book than I had expected but it is a fascinating book.For the most part of it's 270 pages there are full page photos of plants, places and traditional people of Amazonia engaged in the use of medicinal plants, traditional art or music.Accompanying the photos are brief one to two paragraph descriptions of what peoples use the plant, where they are located, where the plant is found and what its traditional usage is.

The black and white photos are of places rarely seen including sacred waterfalls, rock formations, unique endemic forest and plant communities that are not often depicted in photographic books on the amazon region.

This is a great book to thumb through and read as your curiosity is caught by one page after another showing a scene of extensive forest, a cliff-side pictograph, a strikingly bizarre flower.It is not a detailed text of ethnobotany, it is more like coming across an explorer's own notes and pictures that gives you a sense of privilege toview.

A beautiful and absorbing tour of faith and spirituality
The collaborative work of Richard Evans Schultes (formerly Jeffrey Professor of Biology and Director of the Botanical Museum of Harvard University) and Robert F. Raffauf (formerly Professor of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, Northeastern University, Bost-on), Vine Of The Soul: Medicine Men, Their Plants And Rituals In The Colombian Amazonia has been newly re-issued by Synergetic Press and is an informed and informative exploration of the religious beliefs and superstitions of the people native to the Colombian Amazon River area. Here studied are tribal sacred dances, art, petroglyphs, and architecture, hunting and fishing rituals, and more. Vine Of The Soul is wonderfully enhanced with different black-and-white photograph, and text captions describing particular aspects of the Colombian Amazonian native traditions represented therein. A beautiful and absorbing tour of faith and spirituality, Vine Of The Soul is a core addition to personal, professional, academic, and community library Amazonian Studies reading lists and South American Indian reference collections. ... Read more

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While the core of VINE OF THE SOUL (the companion book to WHERE THE GODS REIGN), is the Amazonian plant life and the indigenous people s uses for it, WHERE THE GODS REIGN focuses primarily on the people themselves though of course, Schultz (who was dubbed the father of ethnobotany by Prince Philip himself) is first and foremost a botanist and plants do figure into the mix: Schultes describes devil s gardens empty patches in the otherwise thick forests where, for no apparent (or scientific) reason, nothing will grow with the same precision and wonderment with which he discusses the many plants that grow upon other plants in their effort to get their share of the sun...and much more. But in this fine volume he begins with information about the histories of the various tribes and the lay of the lands on which they live; savannahs, dense forests, quartzite cliffs, sandstone mountains and caves and thunderous waterfalls are all accounted for; and all of his lyrical essays are accompanied by stunning black and white photographs. (There are over 140 photos in the book.) Schultes is often poetic here as well, describing not only the geography but, often, the exquisite emotions one experiences observing it in different seasons or different times of the day.Likewise, Schultes describes the people lovingly. He delights in their ability to be happy in spite of poverty, sickness, and, particularly in the case of the women, very hard work. He marvels at their relationships with animals, many of which they tame, so that their homes are surrounded by birds, monkeys, deer, and even boa constrictors (which live in the rafters and keep the mice and rat populations at bay). He marvels that while the children are almost never punished and enjoy a high degree of freedom (especially the boys), they show great respect for their elders as well as a great curiosity and appreciation for their surroundings. Schultespleasure in the land and its people is our pleasure. He is a remarkable scientist and a most eloquent guide. Reading WHERE THE GODS REIGN is probably as close as most of us will ever get to the kind of experience Schultes had staying in Amazon basin and learning about the many very different alternatives to living a life. But one can t help but long for that experience too. The book threatens to make explorers out of all of us and a reader can t help but be disheartened upon remembering that there is not much left to explore. WHERE THE GODS REIGN is essential reading for anyone wanting to understand the extraordinary history of the people of the Amazon rainforests. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (3)

Picture Book
I just bought this book and had no idea it was a black and white picture book with minimal captions. Most of the pictures of natives , streams, rocks, huts, etc. were'nt even taken by Schultes. I thought I was buying Richard Schultes findings about "plants and peoples of the Columbian Amazon" as the cover states. huge disappointment

Captivating
I originally found this book in the back of a new-age bookstore in a pile of generic "shamanist" books. To say this was a gross miscategorization would be an understatement; what is contained within these pages is not various recepies for getting high, but a massive and thoughtful photographic documentation of the ways in which the indigenous peoples of the Colombian Amazon interact with and become an integral part of their surrounding environment.

A must for anyone even remotely interested in botany and/or anthropology!

Excellent
Beautifully written and superbly illustrated. The photos bring to mind those of Ansel Adams, but Schultes was working under infinitely more difficult conditions. This book is often hard to find - congrats to Amazon.com for making it available ... Read more

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“Truth be told, they were mostly in it for the money”

Customer Reviews (5)

great book
I was familiar with the overall story. But with incisive reporting, Otis brought the entire story alive and made me want to keep reading to the end. I knew how the story would come out, but Otis made me want to see how. I especially liked his details on the climactic hostage rescue.

I read the book during a couple of flights. It's a good, quick read. The book has a good mix of background material that doesn't slow the overall story.

good read and accurate
Good documentation and entertaining read on Colombia's narco guerrillas and the American hostages. Would also recommend "Out of Captivity" written by the three American hostages on their ordeal.

A complex tale full of untold stories
John Otis wrestles successfully with a complicated subject that remains largely ignored by most of the world - outside Colombia. Complex stories require reader patience, and this one was hard to crack - which I think caused another reviewer to down-rate the book. I learned a great deal about the FARC, Colombian politics and government since the 1970s. The tales of three American contractors, and of Ingrid Betancourt, bookend sad stories of the hundreds and thousands who have suffered at the hands of Colombia's right, left, and center. Otis's book explores and enlightens, approaching a crescendo in the last ten chapters that kept me up reading late until I finished.

TMI
I bought this book expecting a dramatic and gritty narrative about a real event.After the first fifty pages, I can tell you I have no desire to continue reading this book.It probably gets better, at least I hope so, but it's just not clicking for me.

Spellbinding Tale
Law of the Jungle is a great read- it really lays out the complex web of narco-politics in Colombia through the story of three "gringos" shot down over the jungle interwoven with the strange adventure of the Colombian Special forces team who were sent to find the Americans. The story would be difficult to believe if it were not true- and that is the common thread through out the novel.
I have often wondered the back story of the whole war on drugs- especially as it has played out in Colombia, Law of the Jungle brought me up to speed in a thoughtful and entertaining way.
The author's in depth knowledge of latin america, both culturally as well as politically show through in the narrative, Mr. Otis should continue writing on this subject, I can't wait for his next book! ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Afro Colombians refers to Colombians of Black African ancestry, and the great impact they have had on Colombian culture. Famous Afro-Colombians include Luis Gilberto Murillo. The Black African presence in Colombia dates back to the Hispanic colonial period. Black African slaves began being imported by the Spaniards in the first decade of the 16th century. By the 1520s, Blacks were being imported into Colombia steadily to replace the rapidly declining native American population. Blacks were forced to work in gold mines, on sugar cane plantations, cattle ranches, and large haciendas. Black African labor was essential in all the regions of Colombia, even until modern times. Black workers pioneered the extracting of alluvial gold deposits and the growing of sugar cane in the areas that correspond to the modern day departments of Chocó, Antioquia, Cauca, Valle del Cauca, and Nariño in western Colombia. ... Read more

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Running late for work one morning in September 1994, Tom Hargrove, communications director for an international agricultural aid organization in Cali, Colombia, was mildly annoyed when he spotted a roadblock, or retén, manned by soldiers in fatigues. He chafed at the delay, but told himself that guerrillas and kidnappers didn't operate on a main highway in broad daylight.

But Hargrove had been dreadfully mistaken. Despite his assertions that he worked for a non-profit agricultural agency, he was forced at gunpoint into a vehicle and driven into the mountains by communist narco-terrorists who believed he was a valuable hostage.

For almost a year, Hargrove was held by the guerillas and moved from one remote location to another. To maintain his grip on sanity, he recorded his daily experiences in makeshift journals: in a checkbook; on children's notebooks; and on scraps of paper scrounged during his ordeal.

Hargrove's story, originally published in 1995, was the basis for the major motion picture Proof of Life, starring Russell Crowe and Meg Ryan. Now available again in paperback, Long March to Freedom chronicles one man's spirited determination to hang onto life and faith amid nearly impossible circumstances. ... Read more

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Chapters: Golden Triangle, Icfes, Marta Pizarro Véliz, Icfes Examination, Association of Colombian Universities, Academia Colombiana de La Lengua, Servicio Nacional de Aprendizaje. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 26. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Education in Colombia comprehends the formal and non-formal education. Formal education is composed of nursery school, elementary school, high school and technical instruction and college education. The basic goal expected for the average citizen is of 11 grades (elementary school and mid highschool). The covering of basic education for the state institutions is about 50%. The private institutions cover the other 50% and more than 70% of the technical and university formation, due to the scarcity of public resources and has one of the mdestined to education. Most of the children over one year old are provided with daycare and nursery school in "Hogares Comunitarios" (community homes) sponsored by the National Institute for Family Welfare (ICBF acronym in Spanish), where mothers from the community take care of their own children, as well as the children from the immediate neighborhood. When children of Colombia learn how to read and write, they are usually transferred to the elementary school. There are also a large number of private kindergarten facilities, but most of the time the high fees are very restrictive to the average family.. Elementary school comprises 5 years of formal education. Children usually enrol into grade 1, at age six. The net primary enrollment (percentage of relevant age-group) in 2001 was 86.7 percent. The completion rate (percentage of age-group) for children attending elementary school (primaria) in 2001 totaled 89.5 percent. In some rural areas, teachers are poorly qualified and drop rates are high. In urban...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=3825086 ... Read more

Customer Reviews (8)

review of" Long March to Freedom"
I first saw a program with Tom Hargrove talking about this kidnapping he endured and wanted to know more ,so looked on Amazon,found the book, got it and read it.
I feel like it filled in some of the blanks that the 1 hour program left out.

Thomas Hargrove
The author's year-long kidnap experience in hands of the FARC, Latin America's most prolific kidnap group/army, accurately portrays how one is held and treated by this particular terrorist organization. The movie, Proof of Life, with Russell Crowe and Meg Ryan, is based upon Tom's kidnap but the movie obviously took literary license with the sex and shoot'um up.Tom kept a secret diary and was able to recount with great accuracy the typical daily life of a kidnap victim when taken by the FARC.I consider it a must-read if one wants to understand the psychological challenge of surviving such an event.

This could have been so much better
Given the topic I bought this book with much anticipation. I felt sorely let down. The author and the editor missed an opportunity to make this a truly fascinating account of what happened. Instead, after the opening of the book detailing his background and his capture, until the end detailing Mr Hargrove's release, it was a dull detailed account of not much happening. Nothing was mentioned of what his family were enduring, or of the efforts to secure his release and any negotiations going on behind the scenes. Whilst the approach taken accurately describes and conveys what Mr Hargrove was going through and how he got through each day, it made the book feel like it was lacking the balance of what was going on with his family. What would have made this book far more interesting is if it had also included details of the efforts made on his behalf to release him interspersed with the account of his captivity.

A harsh account of a long ordeal
"Long March to Freedom: Tom Hargrove's Own Story of His Kidnapping by Colombian Narco-Guerrilla," is a harsh account of a long ordeal.Hargrove is a a nice guy.He's in Colombia as an expert agronomist to improve agricultural output.Prior to Colombia, Hargrove worked in Vietnam and the Philippines...hence he knew of the many dangers of working in foreign countries.Moreover, he was well aware of the wave of kidnappings in Colombia but nevertheless chose to continue his work.

Parts of Hargrove's diary are heartbreaking while other sections are pathetically boring.Consequently, this book lacks the backbone of a true narrative.One is subjected to the day to day ordeal of over 300 days of captivity.If anything, this book is glaring evidence of the brutality of this guerrilla captors.Fortunately, Hargrove does march to freedom and he is able to publish his diary in captivity. I would love to see a follow-up book with Hargrove's inner thoughts and reflections apart from his diary.

Very gripping, honest and real...
Thomas Hargrove's "Long March to Freedom" was the primary source of inspiration for the blockbuster hit, "Proof of Life," that starred Meg Ryan, Russell Crowe and David Morse. The movie is a spinoff of his book. However, don't expect the book to discuss anything other than his experiences as a hostage. The book is mostly comprised of the journals he kept while kept hostage for the 11 + months.

I've had the opportunity to view Dr. Hargrove's journals first hand. The writings are almost impossible to comprehend unless you are an ant as he wrote small words and sentences to maximize his limited ability to write. Needless to say, I can't begin to fathom what it must have been like. Yet, his words give me all the imagination I could ever want. It is a sad tale, but a real one that is packed with his very real experiences. His strength, wit and personality saved him.

As others have stated in other reviews, his journal gives you the feeling that you are right there with him. You can mentally picture where he is with his descriptions. Unfortunately, the movie doesn't focus enough on him as it does with a ficticious love affair, but it does capture some of what I imagine by reading his book.

Today, he continues to better humanity and we should all be greatful for his humanitarian efforts. Unfortunately, there are those that aren't as greatful as they should be. If you are lucky enough to meet Dr. Hargrove as I have been, you'll be simply amazed by the man and his lifetime of experiences around the world!

I HIGHLY recommend this read. It is one you'll not soon forget! ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Arena Magazine, published by Arena Printing and Publications Pty. Ltd. on August 1, 2000. The length of the article is 1381 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: THE NEXT CRUSADE.
Author: Steve Niblo
Publication: Arena Magazine (Refereed)
Date: August 1, 2000
Publisher: Arena Printing and Publications Pty. Ltd.
Page: 12

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

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"The View from Chocó:The Afro-Colombian past, their lives in the present, and their hopes for the future" is an introduction to the lives of Blacks in Colombia.Afro-Colombians live in a resource-rich yet remote region of Colombia.They only recently won recognition as one of that nation's distinct ethnic groups.But Colombia's on-going civil war has led many Afro-Colombians to reach even farther than their nation's borders for recognition:many have made their way to the United States as refugees and as political activists working for peace in their homeland."The View from Chocó" introduces Americans to the lives and struggles of a too-long neglected community of Colombian Blacks. ... Read more

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Chapters: Barranquilla, Barrancabermeja, Magdalena River, Neiva, Honda, Tolima, Puerto Boyacá, Puerto Triunfo. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 33. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Barranquilla -The territory of Barranquilla was first noted by Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, dating from 1533. He described it as part of the route of Pedro de Heredia, founder of Cartagena de Indias, just a few weeks before founding that city, who affirmed that the Magdalena river's mouths served as dock for Indian canoes belonging the Governorate of Santa Marta. The Kamash Indians (castilianized as Camacho or Camach) are known to have been the first settlers of Barranquilla. In the 16th century, the Spanish Crown created an encomienda for the captain Domingo de Santa Cruz, as reward for his military performance. This Encomienda disappeared in 1559 when it passed to doña Ana Ximénez, widow of Santa Cruz. This lady suffered stealing by the second Encomendero of Galapa, Don Pedro de Barros I. He arbitrarily took all the work force of the Encomienda of Camacho to his own Encomienda. Many years after, between 1627 and 1637, the Estate San Nicolás de Tolentino was founded by Nicolás de Barros y de la Guerra, great-grandson of don Pedro de Barros I, second Encomendero of Galapa. The Estate was established on the shores of La Tablaza stream. In this Estate, don Nicolás de Barros allowed his free workers to build their own houses so they could work on their own land and support their families. Moreover, after don Nicolás death, his descendants allowed another sort of resident: people who, for reasons of health, age or a relationship with the owner, were allowed to live within the Estate. These included natives from Malambo and Galapa. By 1681, the Estate was considered a town. The Estate and its nearb...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=452374 ... Read more