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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 6763 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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According to philosopher William James, "Radical empiricism" is a postulate, a statement of fact and a conclusion. The postulate is that "the only things that shall be debatable among philosophers shall be things definable in terms drawn from experience". The fact is that our experience contains disconnected entities as well as various types of connections, it is full of meaning and values. The conclusion is that our worldview does not need "extraneous trans-empirical connective support, but possesses in its own right a concatenated or continuous structure."

This Special Edition contains all 12 of the ground breaking essays written by William James in 1912.
Excerpt from "Radical Empiricism Essays by William James - Special Edition." Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.

"Just so, I maintain, does a given undivided portion of experience, taken in one context of associates, play the part of a knower, of a state of mind, of 'consciousness'; while in a different context the same undivided bit of experience plays the part of a thing known, of an objective 'content.' In a word, in one group it figures as a thought, in another group as a thing. And, since it can figure in both groups simultaneously we have every right to speak of it as subjective and objective, both at once."
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This digital document is an article from The Review of Metaphysics, published by Philosophy Education Society, Inc. on June 1, 1995. The length of the article is 533 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: The Rhetoric of Empiricism: Language and Perception from Locke to I.A. Richards.
Author: Edwin Martin
Publication: The Review of Metaphysics (Refereed)
Date: June 1, 1995
Publisher: Philosophy Education Society, Inc.
Volume: v48Issue: n4Page: p908(2)

Article Type: Book Review

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In this book van Fraassen develops an alternative to scientific realism by constructing and evaluating three mutually reinforcing theories. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (4)

Wonderfully important book
This is a must read for anyone wishing to sincerely engage in philosophy of science. It should change the way you think about science, but it does not deny anything essential to science. Just so you know, Van Fraassen is a Catholic, so he does seem to believe in unobservable entities, though he denies that empirical science as it is commonly understood can tell us anything about them directly.

A book on very contemporary philosophy of science
In this book, van Fraassen put forth a 'constructive empiricist' anti-realist account of science. The book contains many metaphors and even a short story. Yet it is often unclear whether he is prescribing norms for scientists, and merely describing their practice. (This may result from his counterfactual account, which strangely seems to warrant belief in propositions containing terms allegedly referring to unobservables that have nevertheless not been observed. At best, the account makes perfect agnosticism preferable to belief-formation with respect to propositions containing unobservable terms, where such prescriptions are justified on the basis of something other than facts.) The book represents what positivist philosophy might have become in the absence of thinkers who were more sensitive to the subtleties between the philosophy of language and ontology.

van fraassen's endorsement of unobservable entities
bas van fraassen in claiming to offer a viable alternativve to scientific realism has indirectly acknowledgedthe existence of unobservable entities in saying that we will nnot know eveything there is to know or everything thaat can be known in the universe/life.As an empiricist or form of it he generously engages the dicourse that unobservable entities DO have meaning but that they cant exist because any such admission would be a saving of realist theory(scientific realism posits the view that these objects have not only existence but meaning too).scientific realism is optimistic in that it belives that everything can be known or discovered by advocating this view of science,but vF rejcts this but by doing so he has created an entity that will remain forever unknowable to the mind,an unobsevable entity technically if nothing else he creates their existence and this is contrary to his position. paul neilan an NUIG student.

An attack on then and still fashionable scientific realism.
Bas van Fraassen rejects the current trend in philosophy of science toward scientific realism.In this book, he advocates something he calls constructive empiricism as an alternative; his constructive empiricism has a neo-positivist feel to it, but the development of his own position is not the most interesting aspect of this book.His criticisms of scientific realism, which really form the heart of the work, are extremely detailed, forceful, and interesting; they present a challenge which, after a decade and a half, scientific realists have yet to meet. ... Read more

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This volume contributes to the remarkable resurgence in interest for American pragmatism and its proponents, William James, C. S. Peirce, and John Dewey, by focusing on the influence of British empiricism, especially the philosophies of Locke and Hume, and the sharp differences between the two traditions.It is Roth’s contention that American pragmatism, sometimes called America’s first "indigenous" philosophy, has something significant to say philosophically, not only for America, but for the world.Hereto, the lines of development and divergence between British empiricism and American pragmatism have not been sufficiently developed. ... Read more

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Philosophy of Science: An Anthology assembles some of the finest papers in the philosophy of science since 1945, showcasing enduring classics alongside important and innovative recent work.

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Belief revision theory and philosophy of science both aspire to shed light on the dynamics ofknowledge – on how our view of the world changes (typically) in the light of new evidence. Yet these two areas of research have long seemed strangely detached from each other, as witnessed by the small number of cross-references and researchers working in both domains.One may speculate as to what has brought about this surprising, and perhaps unfortunate, state of affairs. One factor may be that while belief revision theory has traditionally been pursued in a bottom- up manner, focusing on the endeavors of single inquirers, philosophers of science, inspired by logical empiricism, have tended to be more interested in science as a multi-agent or agent-independent phenomenon. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1310 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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Chapters: Age of Enlightenment, Existentialism, Logical Positivism, Post-Structuralism, Empiricism, Postmodern Philosophy, Hedonism, Objectivism, Deconstruction, Epicureanism, Pragmatism, Phenomenology, Philosophical Movement, French Materialism, Analytic Philosophy, Cynic, Avicennism, Marxism, Anarchist Schools of Thought, Libertarianism, Humanism, Thomism, Agni Yoga, Living Ethics, Neoplatonism, Stoicism, Laveyan Satanism, Integral Theory, Cosmopolitanism, German Idealism, Freethought, Peripatetic School, Situational Ethics, Continental Philosophy, Pythagoreanism, Experimental Philosophy, New Sincerity, Swaraj, Traditionalist School, Toronto School of Communication Theory, Renaissance Humanism, Workplace Spirituality, Cognitive Revolution, Homonoia, Practical Idealism, World Riddle, Religious Ground Motive, the Process, Analytical Thomism, Pyrrhonism, Neopythagoreanism, Veritism, German Historical School, Synoptic Philosophy, Free Play, Lwow-Warsaw School of Logic, Social Analytics, School of Thought, Oxford Forum, Reism, Futilitarianism, Preferentialism. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 701. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Avicennism (Persian: ) is a school of early Persian Islamic philosophy which began during the middle of the Islamic Golden Age. The school was founded by Avicenna (Ibn Sina), an 11th-century Persian philosopher who attempted to redefine the course of early Islamic philosophy and channel it into new directions. His metaphysical system is built on ingredients and conceptual building blocks which are largely Aristotelian and Neoplatonic, but the final structure is something other than the sum of its parts. For example, while he accepted Neoplatonic emanationist cosmology and the "Amonnian" synthesis of later Aristotelian commentators, he rejected Neoplatonic epistem...http://booksllc.net/?id=14918546 ... Read more

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The rise of scientific (analytic) philosophy since the turn of the twentieth century is linked to the philosophical interaction between, on the one hand, Ernst Mach, the Vienna Circle around Moritz Schlick and Otto Neurath, the Berlin Group (Hans Reichenbach, Carl G. Hempel), and the Prague Group (Rudolf Carnap, Philipp Frank), and, on the other, philosophers and scientists in Denmark (Niels Bohr, Joergen Joergensen), Finland (Eino Kaila, Georg Henrik von Wright and their disciples), Norway (Arne Næss and his students), and Sweden (Åke Petzäll, the journal Theoria and a younger generation of philosophers in Uppsala). In addition, the pure theory of law of Hans Kelsen achieved wide dissemination in the Nordic countries (through, for example, Alf Ross). One of the key events in the relations between the Central European philosophers and those of the Nordic countries was the Second International Congress for the Unity of Science which was arranged in Copenhagen in 1936.

Besides considering the interactions of these groups, the book also pays special attention to their interactions, in the context of the Cold War period following the Second World War, with the so-called Third Vienna Circle and with the Forum Alpbach/Austrian College around Viktor Kraft and Bela Juhos (along with Ludwig Wittgenstein and Paul Feyerabend), where the issues of (philosophical and scientific) realism and "psychologism"—the relationship between psychology and philosophy—were matters of controversy.

By comparison with the more extensively investigated and better known transatlantic transfer and transformation of "positivism" and logical empiricism, the developments outlined above remain

neglected and marginalized topics in historiography. The symposium aims to reveal the remarkable continuity of the philosophical enlightened "Nordic Connection". We intend to shed light on this forgotten communication and to reconstruct these hidden scholarly networks from an historical and logical point of view, thereby evaluating their significance for today’s research.

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How we acquire our theory of the world is for W. V. Quine the central question of epistemology. Gibson sets forth Quine’s philosophy as a systematic attempt to answer this question; his analysis challenges those who might view Quine’s theses as multifarious and disparate.

Since many studies of Quine either attack of defend positions on specific issues, the broad scope of this essay makes it unusually valuable to philosophy students and to the general reader. ... Read more

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Translation, Physics and Facts of the Matter
It is manifestly obvious that Prof. Gibson has a knack for appreciating what Quine is up to in Quine's beautiful if somewhat enigmatic prose. Gibson's essay "Translation, Physics and Facts of the Matter" from the Schillp volume dedicated to Quine demonstrates that Gibson appreciates Quine's fundamental committment to the best physical science of the day. This helps to distinguish the indeterminacy of translation from the more general underdetermination of empirical theory, a distinction that apparently eluded Chomsky for an extended period of exchanges between himself and Prof. Quine. Gibson is to be regarded as a spectacular expositor of Quine's philosophy, and this work is surely an instance. ... Read more

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A new direction in philosophy
Between 1920 and 1940 logical empiricism reset the direction of philosophy of science and much of the rest of Anglo-American philosophy. It began as a relatively organized movement centered on the Vienna Circle, and like-minded philosophers elsewhere, especially in Berlin. As Europe drifted into the Nazi era, several important figures, especially Carnap and Neurath, also found common ground in their liberal politics and radical social agenda. Together, the logical empiricists set out to reform traditional philosophy with a new set of doctrines more firmly grounded in logic and science.

Criticism and decline
Because of Nazi persecution, most of the European adherents of logical empiricism moved to the United States in the late 1930s. During the 1940s, many of their most cherished tenets became targets of criticism from outsiders as well as from within their own ranks. Philosophers of science in the late 1950s and 1960s rejected logical empiricism and, starting in the 1970s, presented such alternative programs such as scientific realism with evolutionary epistemology.

A resurgence of interest
During the early 1980s, philosophers and historians of philosophy began to study logical empiricism as an important movement. Unlike their predecessors in the 1960s-for whom the debate over logical empiricism now seems to have been largely motivated by professional politics-these philosopher no longer have to take positions for or against logical empiricism. The result has been a more balanced view of that movement, its achievements, its failures, and its influence.

Hard-to-find core writings now available
This collection makes available a selection of the most influential and representative writings of the logical empiricists, important contemporary criticisms of their doctrines, their responses, as well as the recent reappraisals. Introductions to each volume examine the articles in historical context and provide important background information that is vital to a full understanding of the issues discussed. They outline prevalent trends, identifying leading figures and summarize their positions and reasoning, as well as those of opposing thinkers. ... Read more

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An excellent introduction to logical empiricism
Sarkar(S)has done an excellent job of reprinting a number of the most important ,basic contributions made by logical empiricists, such as Rudolf Carnap and Hans Reichenbach ,to discussions of the foundations of probability and induction.The best basic discussion of the meaning of probability is ,in my opinion,contained in Carnap's Two Concepts of Probability ,where Carnap distinguishes between probability 1,the logical conception of probability and probability 2,the frequency interpretation of probability.Using this framework,the subjectivist approach is a subset of the logical approach,i.e.,a special theory .Similarly,the propensity interpretation of probability is a subset of the frequency interpretation.One small objection is that there is no distinct contribution in this volume from the scholar who started it all,J M Keynes.S might possibly have considered republishing either chapter 8,15,17,29 or 30 from the A Treatise on Probability(1921). ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from The Review of Metaphysics, published by Philosophy Education Society, Inc. on June 1, 2001. The length of the article is 862 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: William James on Radical Empiricism and Religion. (Book reviews: summaries and comments *). (book review)
Author: David Baggett
Publication: The Review of Metaphysics (Refereed)
Date: June 1, 2001
Publisher: Philosophy Education Society, Inc.
Volume: 54Issue: 4Page: 906(3)

Article Type: Book Review

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 2273 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 10432 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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Featuring more than 150 articles by more than 70 leading scholars, this is the first encyclopedia devoted to empiricism. The Encyclopedia of Empiricism serves four main purposes. First, it provides a convenient source for scholars and students seeking information on particular figures, topics, or doctrines, specifically in their relation to empiricism as an historical movement or to empiricism as a broader tendency of thought. Because each entry contains a brief bibliography of primary and secondary sources, it can usefully serve as a point of first reference. Second, the Encyclopedia illustrates the continuity and logical development of the Empiricist movement by examining, within topical articles, the contributions of a number of different philosophers related to the statement and solution of particular issues. Third, it explicates the relations, both logical and historical, between empiricism as a movement of the 17th and 18th centuries and the various species of empiricism that preceded and succeeded it. Finally, the Encyclopedia explores some of the most important intellectual influences on empiricism as a methodology of thought.

Outstanding Academic Book ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from The Review of Metaphysics, published by Philosophy Education Society, Inc. on March 1, 1996. The length of the article is 788 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: British Empiricism and American Pragmatism: New Directions and Neglected Arguments.
Author: Stanley M. Harrison
Publication: The Review of Metaphysics (Refereed)
Date: March 1, 1996
Publisher: Philosophy Education Society, Inc.
Volume: v49Issue: n3Page: p680(2)

Article Type: Book Review

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Product Description
This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 10110 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more