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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 6666 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1156 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 33315 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 3856 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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This set makes available a selection of writings from the influential and representative writings of the logical empiricists. ... Read more

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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Subjectivism is a philosophical tenet that accords primacy to subjective experience as fundamental of all measure and law. In an extreme form, it may hold that the nature and existence of every object depends solely on someone's subjective awareness of it. For example, Wittgenstein wrote in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus: "The subject doesn't belong to the world, but it is a limit of the world" (proposition 5.632). One may also consider the qualified empiricism of George Berkeley in this context, given his reliance on God as the prime mover of human perception. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from Encyclopedia of Philosophy, brought to you by Gale®, a part of Cengage Learning, a world leader in e-research and educational publishing for libraries, schools and businesses.The length of the article is 1053 words.The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase.You can view it with any web browser.Explores major marketing and advertising campaigns from 1999-2006. Entries profile recent print, radio, television, billboard and Internet campaigns. Each essay discusses the historical context of the campaign, the target market, the competition, marketing strategy, and the outcome. ... Read more

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Traces the evolution and contradictions of the philosophical outlook of empiricism as an ideological expression of the social system of capitalism. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (3)

a tool for those who want to change society
This is valuable as a tool for clear scientific thinking for those who want to change this society. This is a short, clear, but not simple book. It appraises the values and contributions that empiricists made starting with Bacon. It charts their contributions not only to philosophy, but also to the emerging capitalist society's ability to transform science, politics, religion, and the economy. Novack gives us what the value of thinkers as far away from Marxism as Berkeley, Hume, and Mach. He has one of the clearest expositions of their ideas (OH if I had known about this book when I had to read Bishop Berkeley back in college!). He charts how their ideas reflected the limitations and expansions of the point of historical, social, and intellectual development the societies as well as their later influences. An important contribution in this book is his critique of empiricist thinking by Locke and others who provided the intellectual underpinnings for bourgeois democratic thought, revolutionary in its time, reactionary in our own.As a Marxist, Novack sees his task also to show where dialectical thinking, even in its idealist phase under Hegel, advanced beyond pure empiricism, and to show how Dialectial Materialism can answer the fundamental problems posed both by Empricism and its Rationalist opponents.

Uncommon sense
George Novack is not your typical philosopher.You can actually understand what he's saying.He makes a serious effort to reach average people. And he has a clear sense of how philosophical issues are related to the fight to change the world.This is not surprising since he was a longtime leader of the Socialist Workers Party and this book is part of a series he wrote to explain how dialectical materialism or Marxism emerged from earlier materialistic philosophies.That's one of the things I like about his approach.He doesn't just say that empiricism was inadequate, so Marxism came along to take its place.He does say that; but he explains what was useful and, for its time, revolutionary about empiricism.And then he goes to show how changes in social relations and in natural scientific discoveries made empiricism obsolete.So that what we call "common sense" is not enough to understand the world and organize ourselves to change it. Think about that and read it-a clear analysis and debunking of common sense.

Philosophy for the working class activist
This book explains that empiricism arose as a habitual way of thinking--and then as a school ofphilosophy, with the rise of capitalism. It has become enshrined as a results-oriented, experimental philosophy. Novack points out that although the starting point may be sound, empiricism is no longer adequate to understand the world, human society,and how to join with others to change history. None of these last points are recognized as possibilities by the self-indulgent and indecisive empiricism promoted by capitalist institutions today. Dialectical materialism, on the other hand, looks at the root causes of events and takes a moral and political stand with a confidence based on scientific knowledge. Academic philosophers will not read this book and probably couldn't understand it.. It's written for you, the working class activist who wants to become more effective by understanding where you fit into the history of ideas. ... Read more

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The ongoing revival of interest in the work of American philosopher and pragmatist John Dewey has given rise to a burgeoning flow of commentaries, critical editions, and reevaluations of Dewey's writings. While previous studies of Dewey's work have taken either a historical or a topical focus, Shook offers an innovative, organic approach to understanding Dewey and eloquently shows that Dewey's instrumentalism grew seamlessly out of his idealism. He argues that most current scholarship operates under a mistaken impression of Dewey's early philosophical positions and convincingly demonstrates a number of key points:

that Dewey's metaphysical empiricism remained more indebted to Kant and Hegel than is commonly supposed;
that Dewey owed more to the influence of Wundt than is commonly believed;
that the influence of Peirce and James was not as significant for the development of Dewey's theories of mind and truth as has been argued in the past;
and that Dewey's pragmatic theory of knowledge never really abandoned idealism.

Shook's exposition of the unity of Dewey's thought challenges a large scholarly industry devoted to suppressing or explaining away the consistency between Dewey's early thought and his later work. In every respect, Dewey's Empirical Theory of Knowledge and Reality is a provocative and engaging study that will occupy a unique niche in this field. It is certain to stimulate discussion and controversy, forcing Dewey traditionalists out of habitual modes of thought and transforming our conventional understanding of the development of classical American philosophy. ... Read more

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A Work of Surpassing Importance
The current renaissance of American pragmatism, and John Dewey's philosophy in particular, began two decades ago with Richard Rorty's refashioning of Dewey as a postmodernist who renounces the "professional philosophy" of metaphysics and epistemology for the fluidity of conversation in the life and growth of a community.This depiction, though praised for rekindling Dewey's star, has been widely challenged by subsequent commentators.Ralph Sleeper's 1986 The Necessity of Pragmatism persuasively argues that Dewey reconfigures, rather than renounces, the logical and metaphysical grounds of knowledge.Despite an archaic Hegelian vocabulary that misleadingly suggests idealism and antirealism, Sleeper finds Dewey advancing a genuine metaphysics of existence, not merely a conversation about experience: a naturalistic realism of independent existences that enter into and are transformed by human interactions with them. This perspective is shared by most Dewey scholars, including Sandra Rosenthal, Raymond Boisvert, andJ. E. Tiles. At least until now. In a profound and provocative exploration of his early philosophy, John R. Shook, presents a compelling case that Dewey's reconstruction of metaphysics and epistemology is deeper than even Sleeper imagined.Dewey did not merely abandon idealism under the influence of William James, as most assume; he transformed it in a original way that, while wholly naturalistic, is a fusion of idealism and realism that overcomes both the former's "mind-stuff" and the latter's "in-itself reality." Dewey began his philosophical odyssey with the searing desire to eradicate the dualisms of mind versus world, phenomenal versus noumenal, perceptual versus conceptual.Post-Hegelian idealists agreed that this division is ultimately reconciled in the "absolute," though they disagreed about whether the absolute is psychological or cosmological, social or supernatural; knowable or unknowable.From the very beginning, Shook argues, Dewey accepted the psychological path as sketched by James Ward, and also Edward Caird's claim that the absolute must be knowable in some sense.Intriguingly, the missing link between perception and conceptualawareness is Wilhelm Wundt's notion of volition: percepts are neither mechanically attached to concepts nor are they overlaid by Kantian "faculties of mind."Instead,a disruption of perceptual or noncognitive experience generates a desire for reconciliation that calls forth ideas that diagnose the problem and suggest ways to resolve it.Achieved solutions, in turn, forge a background of habitual dispositions that shape interpretations within the noncognitive realm. While still an idealist, then, Shook finds the essential elements of the "method of inquiry" that later anchored Dewey's instrumentalism and pragmatism.Prior to 1890, however, he still construed this as individual "mental activity," and the problem of its relation to God's Absolute Mind remained.Upon relinquishing the supernatural for the social, however, this final obstacle was eliminated.The dispositional background extends beyond the individual to the customs, traditions, and values of a culture-indeed, even the barest notions of"self" and "reality" are inconceivable without reference to such a background.This is Dewey's broad conception of "experience"-a humanistic naturalism with no trace of mind-stuff or subjectivism.In this sense Dewey is a realist, though his affirmation of things-themselves (including things we have not or may never actually discover) avoids the things-in-themselves that is the bane of metaphysical realism.To claim that things exist without an experiential background ofhow we may find them to exist is at best empty verbiage, and at worst hypnosis by the dervishes of dualism. Scrupulous in research, penetrating in detail, Shook's presentation is so faithful to Dewey that it will undoubtedly draw many of the same criticisms once hurled at the master.Though careful readers will be able to identify "experience" in its broadly social and functional sense, others will be confused by applications as diverse as "mental activity," "soul," "reality," "the history of the earth," and even "the metaphysical ultimate." Similarly, like Dewey himself Shook occasionally fails to remind us that the background of experience helps set up direct noncognitive "havings," in the absence of which some will mistakenly construe a naive realism of immediate "relations to things." Finally, critics may try to capitalize on the fact that Shook fully scrutinizes only the first half of Dewey's career, leaving ample wiggle room for a shift toward conventional realism after 1920.I believe this supposition is unfounded, and that future investigators who follow Shook's initiative will find Dewey expanding his early fusion of idealism and realism into an authentic tertium quid that as yet remains largely unappreciated. If so, Shook's book is not only a nonpareil study in Dewey's development, but a gateway to his crowning reconstruction of philosophy.As an indispensable step in that direction, this is one of the most important books about Dewey ever written. ... Read more

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This volume collects some of the most significant papers of Arthur Pap. Pap’s work played an important role in the development of the analytic tradition. This goes beyond the merely historical fact of Pap’s influential views of dispositional and modal concepts. Pap's writings in philosophy of science, modality, and philosophy of mathematics provide insightful alternative perspectives on philosophical problems of current interest.

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Thirteen specially written essays discuss topics from the work of Bas van Fraassen, one of the most important contemporary philosophers of science. The central and unifying theme of the volume is empiricism, an approach which van Fraassen developed most fully in The Scientific Image and The Empirical Stance. Thirteen of the world's leading experts in the field examine van Fraassen's defence of scientific anti-realism (which he sees as a core tenet of empiricism), as well as his claim that adopting a philosophical position like empiricism does not consist in holding a particular set of beliefs, but is rather a matter of taking a stance. Images of Empiricism concludes with an extensive and intriguing reply by van Fraassen, in which he develops and corrects his old views, and offers new insights into the nature of science, empiricism, and philosophy itself. ... Read more