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This study examines the impact of the Axis occupation (1941-4) and the Greek Civil War (1946-9) on Greek West Macedonia's multilingual and deeply fragmented population. ... Read more

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Alexander the Great (356-323 BC), who led the Macedonian army to victory in Egypt, Syria, Persia and India, was perhaps the most successful conqueror the world has ever seen. Yet although no other individual has attracted so much speculation across the centuries, Alexander himself remains an enigma. Curtius' History offers a great deal of information unobtainable from other sources of the time. A compelling narrative of a turbulent era, the work recounts events on a heroic scale, detailing court intrigue, stirring speeches and brutal battles - among them, those of Macedonia's great war with Persia, which was to culminate in Alexander's final triumph over King Darius and the defeat of an ancient and mighty empire. It also provides by far the most plausible and haunting portrait of Alexander we possess: a brilliantly realized image of a man ruined by constant good fortune in his youth. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (7)

pages
the written review is verynice but pages in book fell out after turning page

Rufus Rules
A really cool book.Rufus is quite critical of Alexander at times - he describes the darker moments of his history.Obviously, not all of these stories would be true, but after reading Arrian, Rufus just seems so much more logical and believable.Rufus doesn't make a villain out of Alexander or anything, he just points out that everybody has flaws.He gives some interesting descriptions of the Persian culture - giving a Roman perspective of eastern customs.If you're writing a paper on Alexander then Rufus is a perfect counterpoint to the traditional history that people like Arrian and many modern historians tend to favour. A fun read.

The History of Alexander
Another book written on Alexander the Great,but different from the others. So many have written books about Alexander and yet in this book so many things I read for the first time.The book is very easy to read, ofcourse it is about the wars,conquers,of Alexander.The details that are not written in Arrian for example and Plutarch are several.I will give a few examples.
One of Alexander's speeches,outstandingly written to pursue the killer of Darius.
The Amazon queen meeting Alexander and what she demands of him.The Caspian discovered by the soldiers, what they see and feel about the salted water.The speech of Coenus on behalf of the soldiers, and Alexander's speech.The fight of the Indus river.
The Gedrosian desert,and the judgement of Philotas. All is strongly suggest that if you are an Alexander lover you should add this book to your reading. Enjoy.

The "GREATEST" OF THE "GREAT"
Alexander the Great, was born on or around July 20, 356 B.C.E., and is my favorite personality to read about in history.To me he is the whole package general, statesman, conqueror, and philosopher.The smartest man who ever lived, Aristotle, tutored him.Alexander conquered more of the known world than any other figure in history, accomplishing all this before he dies at the ripe old age of 33.Some people called him conqueror and violent overlord.Some other called him civilizer and even God!All of them yet, called him "The Great".He was the first man in modern history that took this name, "The Great"!Even as a young boy, he shows great promise.
Curtius' work is the oldest extant work available and based on eyewitness accounts.He does a better job than most in explaining the battle scenes, and seems to be more balanced in his admiration and criticism of Alexander then any of the other early biographers.I love his Bucephalus Story, and I recount it here so you get a flavor of the promise this young Alexander shows.

The legend begins with Philoneicus, a Thessalian, bringing a wild horse to Philip for him to buy.None of the hands was able to handle it, and Philip grew upset at Philoneicus for bringing such an unstable horse to him.Alexander, however, publicly defied his father and claimed that he could handle the horse.The bet between Philip and Alexander was that if Alexander could ride the horse, Philip would buy it, if not, Alexander would have to pay the price of the horse, which was 13 talents, an enormous sum for a boy of Alexander's age to have.

Alexander apparently noticed that the horse had been shying away from its own shadow, and so he led it gently into the sun, so that its shadow was behind it, all the while stroking it gently and whispering into its ear, (Alexander seems to be the original horse whisperer).Eventually the horse let Alexander mount him, and Alexander was able to show his equestrian skill to his father and all who were watching.The incident so impressed Alexander's father, King Philip that he told the boy "Look thee out a kingdom equal to and worthy of you, for Macedonia is too little for thee".He named the horse Bucephalus, which means Ox head, and rode it across Asia, founding a city in its honor in India after its death.This story gives you an inkling about the man.

This book is a must read for students of Alexander, I also recommend Plutarch's and Arrian's work.Contemporary writers, J.F. C. Fuller and Tarn.Most of Alexander's greatest military traits are in the area of military logistics and to understand his genius in this area I highly recommend reading, "Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army," by Donald W. Engels.

As a retired U. S. Army Major, I recommend this book to anyone who is interested in ancient warfare, and history.

Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy is much better
I recently read a slew of books about Alexander the Great in anticipation of the movie. I have to admit that hile this academic text might be required reading of many college and high school history classes, I found Alexander the Great's Art of Strategy much more engaging, insightful, and fun to read. The battle descriptions in the this book are phenomenal. One feels like one is right in the middle of a battle. Rufus doesn't do such a great job. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from The Historian, published by Phi Alpha Theta, History Honor Society, Inc. on September 22, 2010. The length of the article is 523 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Philip II of Macedonia.(Book review)
Author: Peter Hunt
Publication: The Historian (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 22, 2010
Publisher: Phi Alpha Theta, History Honor Society, Inc.
Volume: 72Issue: 3Page: 716(2)

Article Type: Book review

Distributed by Gale, a part of Cengage Learning ... Read more

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A celebration of settled "Gypsies" and music-dance in Greek Macedonia with CD. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (5)

Extraordinary
This book is, in a word, extraordinary; so is the accompanying CD recording, which gives in addition to music of the Macedonian Romany people, a slice of their life in cafes and markets. One hears their daily activities, the sale of pita, and various wares, as well as juke boxes and street sounds as the Mahala awakens.

Mahala, for those unaware, is the village ghetto to which Rom people are generally confined, although the anthropologists who compiled this book do not seem to know that it is Arabic for ghetto, and the same word used in North Africa and other Middle Eastern Muslim nations to describe the Jewish and Christian ghettos in which those dhimmi groups are similarly confined. Dhimmis are the non-Muslim minorities in Muslim lands, and their treatment (and in Muslim nation remains) generally described and defined by the Islamic laws of jihad.

Unlike most other recent books about the Rom, this one contains a massive amount of research on the lives and music of these people, as they live it; but what I like the most are the oral histories that provide readers with a real sense of the hardships suffered by the Rom in Greek Macedonia. While the book mentions the great and disastrous Turkish invasion of Greece in 1922, it does not note the great massacre of an estimated 150,000 Christian Greeks and Armenians in Smyrna on the Aegean coast that year. Thisundoubtedly included some Rom, as the town was then (as now) central on the Turkish coast.

But without knowing it, the authors have demonstrated some of the ill effects of Muslim rule, for they do discuss, via oral histories, the great liberation experienced by Greek Roma in 1924, when Turks were repatriated to Turkey and 1 million Greeks from Turkey to Greece. The latter may have lost some territory, but she gained liberation from Muslim oppression.

As Greeks from Turkey poured into Greece, the town fathers in Jumaya, for example, and presumably everywhere else the Roma then lived in Greece, began to allow the Roma to go to school with Greeks. Beforehand, the Turks had imposed separation on non-Muslim peoples. But with Turks gone, Greeks exiled the old cast system too, thereby relinquishing the system that had helped imprison Greek Roma in lives without equal education. Now, suddenly, the Rom could attend the same school as everyone else.

There are many wonderful features of this book, including the photographs and the music CD at its end. But make no mistake, the oral histories are the best feature, making this one of the best books on the Rom I have read to date.

--Alyssa A. Lappen

Bright Balkan Morning = Late Chicago Night!
Last night I planned to read this book for just a few minutes before going to sleep.Hours later, instead of sleeping I was transformed into the world of the Balkan Roma musicians and their incredible culture!I simply couldn't put this amazing book down.I love the stories and interviews with the old musicians, the informative history of the Roma people and their culture, the full-of-life photos, and the CD with soundscapes.All these pieces combine to give the reader a great view of a people and their heritage, and one that has been largely overlooked in the past.I found the work ethic of the musicians described in this book to be very inspirational.To be able to play all kinds of requests for days on end is really something to admire.Musicians of any genre could learn a whole lot from reading about the musicians in this book.Years ago, these authors turned me on to the subculture of polka in the USA (and made a polkaholic out of me) with their super "Polka Happiness" book.They have clearly done it again - informed the world about an incredibly rich culture that was largely hidden from view.

Big Fat Roma Music Book
This book responds to my interest in the social context of folk music and dance. The focus was on the lives of the people who make the music, in this case the Roma of Jumaya (Iriklia) in Greek Macedonia. The writers give you quite a rounded view, describing how the music is performed, at what kinds of events, how people relate to the music and each other, how the musicians see themselves and their occupation and how making a living as a Roma musician fits into Greek society. There is also a strong sense of history and how things have changed over time in many ways - the history of Roma in Greece and other Balkan countries, the specific history of Roma in Jumaya, and the stories of individual musicians and their families. The consistently positive way that the writers approach their subject is also refreshing - they describe how Roma have used music to survive and, in some cases, prosper, and how in doing so they have contributed to the multi-layered fabric of Greek-Macedonian ethnic identities.

What is especially interesting to me is the authors' view of how multi-ethnic society works in Greek Macedonia as compared to Bulgaria or Former Yugoslavia, and how the strategy of Roma musicians is different in these different countries. In Greek Macedonia the musicians play the music of all ethnic groups in order to maximize their flexibility and income. During multi-ethnic celebrations the musicians follow a strict policy of playing everyone's requests in the order requested, so that no one feels that they have priority. There is a fascinating description of an ethnically mixed wedding where the families have to adjust their various wedding traditions to accommodate each other, making it up as they go along to some extent.

The authors compare and contrast this with the approach taken by Roma musicians in other areas of the Balkans. In Kosovo in the 1980s the Roma musicians are said to have purposely selected music from traditions from other than Serbian and Albanian in order to avoid conflicts. In Bulgaria the wedding band tradition is described as leading to a new pan-Balkan "fusion" style which borrows from many cultures but still feels Bulgarian. Ultimately the motivation behind each strategy is the need of musicians to make a living.

The book is interesting reading from a North American perspective as well.Keil contrasts the multi-ethnic consciousness of Greeks, where the same person may have several types of ethnic and national identities simultaneously, with the concept of "multiculturalism" which he describes as slices of a pizza in which there are lots of ethnicities but everyone is either one thing or another. This raise the question of what is really going on in such immigrant nations as Canada and the United States.

The accompanying CD is a potpourri of sounds, including music of various types, and there is a section of the book describing the contents of the CD. Some of the track titles are Market Day in Jumaya, Afternoon at a Mahala Café, At Home in the Mahala, New Year's Party in Serres, Taverna Party at Nikisiani.The combination of the text, the many high quality black and white photos and the soundscape are successful in putting you into the experience, as much as this is possible. There was also a nice balance between Angeliki Keil's straight-forward and very readable reporting of the lives of the musicians and Charles Keil's more theoretical musings about ethnicity, the music and the role of the musicians. My only complaint about the book is its weight - it's printed on very heavy, glossy stock, no doubt adding to the quality of photographic reproductions, but it is so big and heavy that you pretty well have to read it sitting up.An alternate title could be, "Your Big Fat Roma Music Book."

Evocative, Engrossing, Encompassing
When you get Bright Balkan Morning you are likely to open it up and then leaf through it, looking at the photographs.After a few minutes of this you'll remove the CD from the inside back cover and put it on.Then you continue looking at the photos while listening to the sounds.

That in itself is a rich and satisfying experience.But don't stop there.Read the text!

It tells of Roma (aka Gypsy) musicians who have cornered the market on live music in polyglot Greek Macedonia.While they are at the bottom of the social order, anyone who wishes a proper wedding, festival, or party of any kind hires these musicians. The musicians generally perform in trios, one playing a bass drum while the other two play the zurna - a double-reed woodwind found throughout Eurasia and Africa. Their repertoire is drawn from the peoples who live in the area, or passed through at one time, and is sometimes more Oriental, sometimes more European - whatever the customer wants.

Keil and Keil give detailed accounts of several performances - a baptism, a wedding, and a saint's day festival - tell the life stories of a dozen or so musicians & family, and recount the broad history of the Roma in the Mediterranean as well as presenting a more focused account of their sojourn in Greek Macedonia.Blau's photographs range from intimate portraits, to dancers in full party whirl, through street scenes jumbled or measured, to serene landscapes.Some of his shots are so strikingly composed - the cover image, for example - that the effect is both subjective (Blau's aesthetic) and objective (we're looking at things, out there, in the world).Steven Feld's soundscapes give us the living flow of sound. Not only do we hear the twin zurnas flying through drum rhythms, but dancing feet, shouts of joy and exertion, motors churning, sheep braying, and Stevie Wonder piped in through a tinny sound system.

Bright Balkan Morning is a milestone.See it, hear it, read it.Take pleasure in it.

THEY'LL STEAL YOUR HEART, TOO
In the rich and wonderful BRIGHT BALKAN MORNING:Romani Lives and the Power of Music in Greek Macedonia(Wesleyan University Press.Includes a CD), Charles and Angeliki Vellou Keil write of how, since the earliest days of Byzantium, commentators have remarked, sometimes positively and sometimes negatively, on the power of the Romani people to "steal your heart."With its stunning photographs by Dick Blau and its evocative CD produced by Steven Feld, this book is just one more instance of stolen hearts.The Romani, who are sometimes called gypsies, have stolen the authors' hearts and are well on their way to stealing my heart as well.

I urge you to buy this book.I say so as someone who almost never reads anything published by an academic press.I am definitely not an anthropologist or a social scientist of any kind.What I know about the raw and the cooked doesn't get very far beyond my kitchen, but I couldn't put BRIGHT BALKAN MORNING down.This book ought to be that rare thing:an academic book with popular appeal.

The easiest way into the riches of BRIGHT BALKAN MORNING are Blau's black-and-white photographs of the Romani playing their instruments for weddings, wrestling matches, and the little parades that apparently form wherever they go.When the dances started up, I have a feeling that Blau joined in, for these pictures just pulled me along.I could smell the perfume in the grandmother's handkerchief as she held it out to Blau and, through him, to me, as we all danced together.I could see the textures of the road when I took my place in the wedding parade; I could almost hear the sound of the zurna (a kind of outdoor oboe) being played in my ear.

Of course Steven Feld's CD brings the actual sounds to life.The CD begins oh so slyly by introducing Romani music emerging from the ambient sounds of twentieth-century Macedonia.The Romani are, if nothing else, great survivors of history's cultural wars, and you can hear so many diverse musical strains-from the Muslim to the techno pop.Eerily enough, the rhythm of the dauli (a two-headed bass drum) being played sounds exactly like the bass-drum pounding at a high-school football pep rally.

I wasn't as happy with the book's writing style, but then the authors seem to be wrestling with shaping this heartfelt information of theirs into all the requirements of academic publishing, and that struggle oddly mirrors the lives of the Romani.This sometimes awkward prose becomes just one more instance of the dance the Romani inspire everywhere they go as they blend in and out of the moment's culture.

--R. M. Ryan
Duncans Mills, CA ... Read more

Product Description
Searching Le Corbusier's travels to Macedonia and studying his "secretly" usage of Macedonia as a source of his architecture will make the basis of the work. The study discovers new, unknown details about Le Corbusier's source of inspiration at the very beginning of his modern architecture. Moreover, the importance of the study was to discover how an artistic soul like the one of Le Corbusier was provoked and decides to travel through Macedonia, how was he inspired from houses in Macedonia and at the very end, why Macedonia remains secret for all his life. ... Read more

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This book provides a detailed, yet concise, comparative analysis of the political, economic and social developments in troubled Macedonia since the country's independence in 1991. ... Read more

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At last a book about the technology and the economotechnicals during and after the campaign of Alexander the Great. It contains deep analysis, with many ancient texts (Ancient Greek, Hebrew, Hieroglyphs, Coptic, Ideograms, Linear, Assyrian, Persian, Syrian, Sumerian, Arabic, Amharic, Aramaic, Babylonian, Hindi, Sanskrit, Latin, etc.), including tips of modern translations (Greek, English, etc.). This book describes the army, the navy, the different types of the warships, the mechanical, the inventions, the maritime economy, the contracts and legislation of this period (laws for solders, laws for sales, codes of Alexandria, etc.). The grand public works in all country side of the Hellenic Empire, the techniques and the war machines (with their designs) such as elepolis, euthytona, balistes, catapults (rocks, arrows, fire, etc.), war scorpions, war throwers, sarisses, war tortes. ... Read more

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Alexander the Great (356-323 B.C.E.), who reigned as king of Macedonia for only thirteen years, set a flame of conquest that introduced the dynamism of Hellenism to the Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and South Asian worlds. Re-creating their ossified cultures, he established a standard of leadership and military conquest that the most successful of Roman emperors, medieval knights, and steppe barbarians would never truly match. Julius Caesar wept that he could not surpass Alexander, while Napoleon could only dream of such invincibility. Alexander had the great fortune to be born the able son of Philip II, one of the most talented men of war and politics produced by the Hellenic world, who created for Alexander the foundation of the Macedonian state and army that would be the tools of his future greatness. Alexander’s invincibility was the product of his profound genius - the perfection of body, boundless energy, imagination, daring, intellect, and vision in one man. He was a master tactician, strategist, logistician, diplomat, and statesman, with an ability to win the affection and quick obedience of others. Even his enemies fell victim to his valor and charm. His personal attributes and accomplishments were so far removed from those of ordinary men that he achieved almost superhuman status within his lifetime. Above all, he was the preeminent man of war. Even today, as the noise of battle rattles Kandahar, a city in Afghanistan that Alexander named for himself, war clings to his name. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (4)

brilliant - intuitive - decisive
Alexander III of Macedonia - brilliant, intuitive, decisive, driven was chief, amongst many things, an outstanding commander in chief of arguably the premier military force of the ancient world. It is little wonder that Brassey included Alexander in their series (Dennis Showalter, series editor) of Military Profiles.

Admittedly a biography of Alexander as a military man, Tsouras opens by showing us the forces and experiences that instructed, equipped and empowered Alexander to become a successful leader of military forces. As he does, Tsouras includes most of the standard stories told about Alexander and puts them into their historical perspective.

The bulk of the book follows Alexander's exploits leading the Macedonian army as they secured their home base, conquered Persia and marched on into India and Afghanistan. Tsouras details battles and spends time detailing the ways in which Alexander managed his troops on and off the battle field. He presents in detail and with illustrations the tactics Alexander used in two significant battles. These were illustrative of Alexander's skill in leadership on the battlefield.

This is a short book, easy to read and understandable. I found it well worth the time and effort spent. As a lay person to military tactics I was able to comprehend the material presented.

I did find however, that many questions about Alexander, his life and times, were raised. But the answers to these belong to other books.

Best Concise Biography of Alexander the Great
I'm a hardcore Alexandrophile (having read nearly 3 dozen books about this remarkable historic figure) and I can say that this work by Peter G. Tsouras is the best concise biography of the man I've read to date. Considering that it's part of a Military Profiles series, I expected the book to be a rather dry military academia that strictly focused on Alexander's military achievements. While it's true that the focus is on the military aspects of Alexander's extraordinary life and career, I was pleasantly surprised by the broad range of Alexander's life that Tsouras covered with such clear prose and lucid writing style.

Tsouras takes a very balanced view of Alexander in light of today's mudslinging between the extreme pro-Alexandrian and anti-Alexander schools of thought. Overall, Tsouras comes to a fairly positive outlook and conclusion when it comes to Alexander's achievements and legacy after having thoroughly examined both sides of the story. I also have a very positive view although I am very well aware of the mistakes Alexander had made during his life. I just do not think it's Alexander's fault that the latter day imitators who followed in his footsteps didn't realize that they didn't have his immense talents and noble intentions and only focused on his military successes of vanquishing his enemies and enjoying the spoils of the victories. Tsouras is very well aware of this as he points out that many have tried to equal or surpass Alexander but fell woefully short and simply committed atrocities on a huge scale.

This is an insightful book that is chock full of interesting information and is easy to read. If you have time for only one concise biography of the greatest conqueror the world has ever known, this is the one to get. It's real history but isn't dry or overbearing with esoteric academia as so many classical history books tend to be. Tsouras also lays out the military aspects of Alexander's career in a manner both military buff and the layman can easily digest and learn from. There has never been a leader and military commander quite like Alexander the Great. Tsouras shows you why in a clear and lucid manner. I ended up finishing this book over a weekend but I expect to come back to it over and over again in the future. It's highly recommended to both serious Alexandrophiles and novices alike.

Alexander: Invicible King -- Indispensable Book
This slim, 107-page book is superbly written and obviously based on a lifetime devoted to the study of Alexander.Yet, this in-depth understanding of the man and his accomplishments does not slow down the pace of the book.Peter is able to keep the fruits of his exaustive research in a supporting role, never letting it impeed or slow the velocity of Alexander's story, which is fitting.Peter provides just enough detail to explain the importance of each of Alexander's actions and how they were achieved.This is important because I really didn't believe so much insight could be packed into such a small book.Another point, Peter firmly roots Alexander in Macedonia, with its history, politics, traditions and expectations of leadership.Quickly, the reader comes to view the situation as a Macedonian, not a Greek.This distinction is important in understanding Alexander in context of his historical period and cultural background.Given Peter's preparation, the reader will understand that Alexander could become a god in the eyes of his contemporaries, given his unsurpassed military and political accomplishments.I will leave the superlatives to Peter. Within twenty pages you will know in detail that Alexander was superbly prepared for greatness.In another twenty, how Alexander turned his excellent preparation into an unmatched string of victories.Never once does the author loose sight of the man himself.If Alexander seems unapproachable and on a pedestal, it is because he deserves to be there.Peter's genious is to avoid the inclination to dislodge Alexander.Instead, Peter tries to bring us up to Alexander's level and into his world.
This could possibly be the only book on Alexander the historian or student of military art ever needs.

A Great Look at Alexander
This concise, vivid retelling of Alexander's life is simply without equal.As both an accomplished historian and a military man (and, for that matter, a Greek-American), Tsouras is uniquely qualified to write on the subject; as a result, he's produced an analytical military biography to rank alongside the work of J.F.C. Fuller.Yet, for all the insight, there isn't a dry page in this book.In less than a hundred pages, the author catches the color and fire of a lost world, reminding us why Alexander remains a mythical presence in remote parts where American soldiers are fighting today.One of those sudden geniuses whose appearance changes the world, Alexander has long fascinated a wide range of intellects (beginning with his teacher, Aristotle), and it would seem that nothing new could be added to the library of works that exist on the subject.What Tsouras adds to the Alexandrine story is clarity.Writing for a series that might be called "brief military lives" forced authorial selectivity on the work.The result is not only the most lucid biography available of Alexander the Great, but one of the clearest, most readable biographies of any of the figures of antiquity.The writers of the classical age, from playwrights down to Plutarch, understood the art of capturing the total character in the gesture or the sculpted sentence.Tsouras has produced a highly readable biography that needs not one additional word, but couldn't spare one he included.It's a fine read, more relevant than one might at first think.And, if nothing else, with a big-budget Hollywood "sword-and-sandal" bio-pic of Alexander on the way, it's worth the while of any intelligent reader/viewer to learn about the man himself before settling down with the popcorn.Finally, I have to add that I've been a fan of Tsouras's broad body of work for years.I make no pretense of being anything less than a great admirer of his books--and only wish I could persuade still more readers to give him a try.His biography of Alexander is a great place to start. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from East European Quarterly, published by East European Quarterly on December 22, 1995. The length of the article is 8085 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

From the supplier: The existence of various Christian ethnic groups in Ottoman Macedonia at the turn of the 19th century led to social cleavages in the country. These ethnic groups elicited strong feelings of solidarity arising from common historical and cultural ties, thus promoting loyalty and unity within the groups but wedging gaps between and among them. They also robbed Macedonia of an ethnic identity.

Citation Details
Title: Social cleavages and national "awakening" in Ottoman Macedonia.
Author: Basil G. Gounaris
Publication: East European Quarterly (Refereed)
Date: December 22, 1995
Publisher: East European Quarterly
Volume: v29Issue: n4Page: p409(18)

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Chapters: National Liberation Army, Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia, Battle of Tetovo, Arbitration Commission of the Peace Conference on the Former Yugoslavia, United Nations Preventive Deployment Force. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 32. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The National Liberation Army (Albanian: ; Macedonian: ), also known as the Macedonian UÇK, was a militant organization that operated in the Republic of Macedonia in 2001 and was closely associated with the KLA. Following the 2001 Macedonian War, it was disarmed under the terms of the Ohrid Agreement, under which greater rights and autonomy were to be given to the country's Albanian minority population. However, in the disarmament of the organization, mainly outdated weapons were returned. The NLA was founded in the fall of 1999, and was led by former KLA Commander Ali Ahmeti, nephew of one of the founders of the KLA, but was out of the public eye until it began to openly engage the Macedonian military and police. The NLA's proclaimed goal was equal rights for the ethnic Albanian minority within a confederate Macedonia. Senior NLA commanders insisted that "We do not want to endanger the stability and the territorial integrity of Macedonia, but we will fight a guerrilla war until we have won our basic rights, until we are accepted as an equal people inside Macedonia." The Macedonian government claimed the NLA were an extremist terrorist organization seeking to separate Albanian majority areas and unite those territories with Albania. Beginning on January 22, 2001 the NLA began to carry out attacks on Macedonian security forces, using light weapons. The conflict soon escalated and by the start of March 2001, the NLA had taken effective control of a large swathe of northern and western Macedonia and came wit...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=6600238 ... Read more

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Chapters: Angelos Charisteas. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 42. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt:Senior club appearances and goalscounted for the domestic league only andcorrect as of 12 March 2010. National team caps and goals correctas of 25 May 2010.* Appearances (Goals) Angelos Charisteas (Greek: , pronounced ; born 9 February 1980 in Strymoniko, Serres) is a Greek football striker who currently plays for German club 1. FC Nuremberg. He is a member of the Greece national football team and played at the UEFA Euro 2004, which Greece won, scoring the winning goal in the final against Portugal. After a few years playing for non-league Strimonikos Serron Charisteas eventually started his professional career with Greek side Aris Thessaloniki. It was during his first season at Aris that Charisteas started making a name for himself, scoring twice in nine matches as they won the Greek second division in 199798. Charisteas started well in his first season in the Greek top league and got further noticed when he scored twice in the local derby against Thessaloniki rivals PAOK. The striker made twelve appearances in the Alpha Ethniki - six as a substitute - before a loan at Athinaikos in 199899. He returned to Aris the following season and made his European debut in a UEFA Cup defeat by Celta de Vigo at the age of 19. Charisteas was continuously developing and in the 200001 season scored seven goals, his best return in Aris' colours. Having been watched by scouts from a number of Europe's leading sides, he was signed by German Bundesliga side Werder Bremen in the summer of 2002. He had a successful first season scoring nine goals in 31 appearances in the Bundesliga and two goals from four games in the UEFA Cup. Then in 200304, Bremen won the Bundesliga and the German Cup with Charisteas...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=731088 ... Read more

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Chapters: Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 65. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (Bulgarian: Vatreshna Makedono-Odrinska Revolyutsionna Organizatsiya, Macedonian: Vnatresna Makedonska Revolucionerna Organizacija commonly known in English as IMRO), was the name of a revolutionary national liberation movement in the Ottoman territories in Europe, that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Initially its aim was to gain autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions in Ottoman Empire, but later it became an agent serving Bulgarian interests in Balkan politics. IMRO earned after the First World War a reputation as an ultimate terror network, seeking to change state frontiers in the Macedonian regions of Greece and Serbia (later Yugoslavia) and as a gangster organization inside Bulgaria. The organization has changed its name on several occasions (see below). In Bulgaria a right-wing party carrying the prefix "VMRO" was established in the 1990s, while in the Republic of Macedonia right-wing party was established under the name "VMRO-DPMNE". The organization was founded in 1893 in Ottoman Thessaloniki by a small band of anti-Ottoman Macedono-Bulgarian revolutionaries, who considered Macedonia an indivisible territory and claimed all of its inhabitants "Macedonians", no matter their religion or ethnicity. In practice, most of their followers were Bulgarians. According to some sources, they were against the neighboring states aspirations in the area. The organization was a secret revolutionary society operating in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with the goal of autonomous Macedonia and Adrianople regions. It appears likely that at the early stages of the struggle, a desired ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=483476 ... Read more

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Chapters: National Liberation War of Macedonia. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 66. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Germany Italy Bulgaria Balli Kombëtar Allies/Axis: ChetniksAllies:1941-1943Axis:1943-1945(de facto) ...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=13669170 ... Read more

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A collection of articles on the ancient and recent history of Macedonia. Including a historical survey of the "Macedonian Question". Also "The Macedonian Question of our neighbors. A discussion on the different uses of the term Macedonia in the centuries of history, which is a possible source of misunderstanding. An interesting discussion on the Truth about the leaflet "Les Aroumains" (Les Macedo-Romains 1989) Wonderful color artwork and old world maps adorn this work. ... Read more