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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Because of the high levels of pollution that Santiago de Chile experiences every year in winter, the government has set up an air quality monitoring network. Information from this network is employed to alert people about the quality of air and to enforce several control strategies in order to limit pollution levels. The monitoring network has 8 stations that measure PM"1"0, carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO"2), ozone (O"3) and meteorological parameters. Some stations also measure nitrogen mono- and dioxide (NO"x), fine particles (PM"2"."5) and carbon. In this study we have examined the PM"1"0 and O"3 data generated by this network in the year 2000 in order to determine the seasonal trends and spatial distribution of these pollutants over a year's period. The results show that concentration levels vary with the season, with PM"1"0 being higher in winter and O"3 in summer. All but one station, show a peak in PM"1"0 at 8:00 indicating that during the rush hour there is a strong influence from traffic, however, this influence is not seen during the rest of the day. In winter, the PM"1"0 maximum occurs at 24:00h in all stations but Las Condes. This maximum is related to decreased wind speed and lower altitude of the inversion layer. The fact that Las Condes station is at a higher altitude than the others and it does not show the PM"1"0 increase at night, suggest that the height of the inversion layer occurs at lower altitude. Cluster analysis was applied to the PM10 and O"3 data, and the results indicate that the city has four large sectors with similar pollution behavior. The fact that both pollutants have similar distribution is a strong indication that the concentration levels are primarily determined by the topographical and meteorological characteristics of the area and that pollution generated over the city is redistributed in four large areas that have similar meteorological and topographical conditions. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Forecasts from seven air quality models and surface ozone data collected over the eastern USA and southern Canada during July and August 2004 provide a unique opportunity to assess benefits of ensemble-based ozone forecasting and devise methods to improve ozone forecasts. In this investigation, past forecasts from the ensemble of models and hourly surface ozone measurements at over 350 sites are used to issue deterministic 24-h forecasts using a method based on dynamic linear regression. Forecasts of hourly ozone concentrations as well as maximum daily 8-h and 1-h averaged concentrations are considered. It is shown that the forecasts issued with the application of this method have reduced bias and root mean square error and better overall performance scores than any of the ensemble members and the ensemble average. Performance of the method is similar to another method based on linear regression described previously by Pagowski et al., but unlike the latter, the current method does not require measurements from multiple monitors since it operates on individual time series. Improvement in the forecasts can be easily implemented and requires minimal computational cost. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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This study focuses on applying a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy system and a nonlinear regression (NLR) model for ozone predictions in six Kentucky metropolitan areas. The fuzzy ''c-means'' clustering technique coupled with an optimal output predefuzzification approach (least square method) was used to train the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy system. The fuzzy system was tuned by specifying the number of rules and the fuzziness factor. The NLR models were based in part on a previously reported, trajectory-based hybrid NLR model that has been used for years for forecasting ground-level ozone in Louisville, KY. The NLR models were each composed of an interactive nonlinear term and several linear terms. Using a common meteorological parameter set as input variables, the NLR models and the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems model exhibited equivalent forecasting performance on test data from 2004. For all 2004 ozone season forecasts for the six metropolitan areas, the mean absolute error was 8.1ppb for the NLR model and 8.0ppb for the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model. When a nonlinear term (which was part of the NLR model) was included in the fuzzy model, the combined NLR-fuzzy model had slightly better performance than the original NLR model. For all 2004 metropolitan area forecasts, the mean absolute error of the NLR-fuzzy model forecasts was 7.7ppb. These small differences may be statistically significant, but for practical purposes the performance of the fuzzy models was equivalent to that of the NLR models. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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Ambient measurements have shown that ozone formation in the Houston-Galveston area of Texas is frequently much more rapid than in other urban areas. One of the contributing factors is believed to be short-term episodic or ''event'' emissions from industrial facilities, particularly releases that contain significant mass fractions of highly reactive volatile organic compounds (HRVOCs). In this work, time series analyses are used to compare average annual flow rates for air pollutant emissions with those released during reported emission events. The results indicate that the magnitude and frequency of HRVOC event emissions are an important element in accurately reflecting ozone precursor emission patterns in the Houston-Galveston area, particularly in Harris, Brazoria, Galveston, and Chambers counties. More than 50% of the reported episodic (event) emissions of HRVOCs are ethene and approximately a third are propene; the remainders are isomers of butene and 1,3-butadiene. Most events last less than 24h. The mass released in an event can vary from a few hundred to more than 100,000lb, and the dominant type of industrial source is chemical manufacturers (SIC 2869). Daily emissions from a single facility can vary from annual average emissions by multiple orders of magnitude at a frequency of several times a year. Because there are so many facilities in the Houston-Galveston area, HRVOC emission variability of this magnitude can be expected daily, at some time and some location in the Houston-Galveston area. If the emission variability occurs at times and locations where atmospheric conditions are conducive to ozone formation, both ambient data and photochemical modeling indicate that industrial emission events can lead to elevated concentrations of ozone. Specifically, peak, area-wide ozone concentration can be increased by as much as 100ppb for large HRVOC emission events. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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An analytic formula is derived expressing the tropospheric O"3 production rate, P(O"3), as a power law function of radical production rate, NO"x concentration, and VOC-OH reactivity. Power law exponents depend on a single parameter, L"N/Q, which is the fraction of free radicals removed by reactions with NO"x. The formula reproduces the functional form of P(O"3) obtained from photochemical box model calculations. Ozone production rates are shown to have a smooth transition between previously derived low and high NO"x limits. Potential applications of this formula include analysis of day to day and place to place variations in P(O"3), with P(O"3) either obtained from measurements collected during field campaigns or produced as output from chemical-transport models. ... Read more

Product Description
This volume is produced from digital images created through the University of Michigan University Library's large-scale digitization efforts. The Library seeks to preserve the intellectual content of items in a manner that facilitates and promotes a variety of uses. The digital reformatting process results in an electronic version of the original text that can be both accessed online and used to create new print copies. The Library also understands and values the usefulness of print and makes reprints available to the public whenever possible. This book and hundreds of thousands of others can be found in the HathiTrust, an archive of the digitized collections of many great research libraries. For access to the University of Michigan Library's digital collections, please see http://www.lib.umich.edu and for information about the HathiTrust, please visit http://www.hathitrust.org ... Read more

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What is ozone and why is it essential to us in the ozone layer, but lethally dangerous when encountered at ground level? Philip Neal explains how we can protect ourselves from the effects of ozone depletion and suggests ways in which we can halt the destruction of the earth's atmosphere. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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In recent years, the high levels of surface ozone have become a major air pollutant in Taiwan. Over the western plain of Taiwan, where most of the 23 million inhabitants live, the concentration of ozone increased substantially during the last ten years (1994-2003). This increase is puzzling as the emissions of ozone precursors, oxides of nitrogen (NO"x) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) decreased significantly in the same period. An in-depth analysis focusing on ''total oxidant'' (estimated by O"3+NO"2) showed that its concentration remained essentially constant in Taipei, Taiwan, during that same ten year time period. Given that the regional tropospheric ozone is increasing, the constant oxidant level suggests that the oxidant production from photochemical reactions in Taipei should have been reduced to some extent, due to the reduction in emissions of ozone precursors. Consequently, the increasing trend in ozone was a result of the reduced titration by NO. These results are important to the formulation of ozone control strategies, especially for newly developed countries like Taiwan. ke Taiwan. ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from UN Chronicle, published by United Nations Publications on September 1, 1989. The length of the article is 954 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Total ban asked on ozone-killing chemicals; international action on environment accelerates. (Helsinki Declaration on the Protection of the Ozone Layer)
Publication: UN Chronicle (Magazine/Journal)
Date: September 1, 1989
Publisher: United Nations Publications
Volume: v26Issue: n3Page: p56(2)

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Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2004. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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This study evaluates the ozone deposition module developed for the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme photochemical transport model. The module allows an estimation of both total and stomatal ozone flux to different vegetation types, taking into account plant phenology and environmental conditions. Based on a series of model tests against micrometeorological measurements of ozone fluxes, including data on stomatal conductances, the performance of the land-cover specific parameterisations was assessed and improvements implemented. Tests were carried out for coniferous forest, moorland and wetland ecosystems in Northern Europe, and for a wheat field and a grassland site located in Southern Europe. The improvements consisted of a needle age factor for coniferous forests, revised ground surface conductances, and a new leaf-to-canopy up-scaling method for wheat. These resulted in better agreement with observed surface conductances and deposition velocities, although a number of discrepancies are noted. In general, the parameterisation of non-stomatal deposition and the performance of the module under high soil moisture deficits were identified as key uncertainties requiring further investigation. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

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The Edinburgh Lancaster Model for Ozone (ELMO) has been previously used to predict ground-level ozone concentrations in the UK. Here we make significant improvements to its modelling performance by the application of more representative meteorology. We find that when ELMO is used with a series of distance weighted (DW) wind-roses, distributed across the whole of the UK, it closely predicts the 98th percentile of the annual hourly ozone concentration typical of summertime ozone episodes as validated against observations at 15 rural monitoring sites. There is, however, still some over-prediction of this metric in urban and sub-urban areas impacted by large emissions of NO"x. We use ELMO with DW wind-roses to predict the effects of reductions of precursor emissions on ozone concentrations and demonstrate the extent to which the UK Air Quality Standard (AQS) for ozone is likely to be exceeded across the country in 2010. ... Read more

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Chapters: Eka2, Mac Os Nanokernel, Jnode, Ozone, Adaptive Domain Environment for Operating Systems, Lse/os, Keykos. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 24. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: EKA2 (EPOC Kernel Architecture 2) is the second-generation Symbian platform kernel. Like its predecessor, EKA1, it has pre-emptive multithreading and full memory protection. The main differences are: The user-side interface of EKA2 is almost completely compatible with EKA1 - though EKA1 has not been used since Symbian OS v8.1 (which was superseded in 2005) The main advantage of EKA2 was its ability to run full telephone signalling stacks. Previously, on Symbian phones, these had to run on a separate CPU. Such signalling stacks are extremely complex and rewriting them to work natively on Symbian OS is typically not an option. EKA2 therefore allows "personality layers" to emulate the basic primitives of other operating systems, thus allowing existing signalling stacks to run largely unchanged. Real-time guarantees are a pre-requisite of signalling stacks, and also help with multimedia tasks. However, as with any real-time operating system, a full analysis of all threads is required before any real-time guarantees can be offered to anything except the highest-priority thread. (Higher priority threads may prevent lower-priority threads from running). Any multimedia task is likely to involve graphics, storage and/or networking activity, all of which are more likely to disrupt the stream than the kernel is. Inside the kernel, EKA1 only allowed a single thread (plus a 'null' idle thread). EKA2 allows many threads. This makes it much easier to write device drivers that involve complex state machines, such as those for memory sticks or USB. Interrupts are handled with an Interrupt Service Routine, which may...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=4424760 ... Read more

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This exciting look at the environment is sure to captivate students. The three-part format builds a base of information, cements it in, and culminates it with exciting, hands-on projects ... sure to draw the best out of students.PART I- ENVIRONMENT: A NEED TO KNOW (25%)This informational section relies on interesting demonstrations, simple assignments and overhead notes to build a base of knowledge.PART II - TEST CONSTRUCTION (25%)Teachers take a break while students, in pairs, make up their own exams. Information in the notes is reviewed and retained as students work through the test making process.PART III - ENVIRONMENT DAY (50%)Students choose from a host of exciting hands-on environmental projects and present them to the class on a day designated as Environment Day. A great way to tie the unit together.Possible Projects Include:Making Paper Environmental Storybook Environment A B C's Environment Boardgame Energy House Hydroelectric Dam Windmill Music Messages Water Purification Friends of the Planet ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Good info on the enviroment
I used this in my class and its worth buying.The bit on ozone could use more depth I thought.All in all very useful for my fifth/sixth graders ... Read more

Product Description
This volume is produced from digital images created through the University of Michigan University Library's large-scale digitization efforts. The Library seeks to preserve the intellectual content of items in a manner that facilitates and promotes a variety of uses. The digital reformatting process results in an electronic version of the original text that can be both accessed online and used to create new print copies. The Library also understands and values the usefulness of print and makes reprints available to the public whenever possible. This book and hundreds of thousands of others can be found in the HathiTrust, an archive of the digitized collections of many great research libraries. For access to the University of Michigan Library's digital collections, please see http://www.lib.umich.edu and for information about the HathiTrust, please visit http://www.hathitrust.org ... Read more

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This digital document is an article from The Register-Guard (Eugene, OR), published by Thomson Gale on July 9, 2007. The length of the article is 1443 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Unseen ozone looms.(Environment)(The down-to-earth variety of ozone is the primary component of smog, and Eugene-Springfield's ozone levels rival those of Portland)
Author: Gale Reference Team
Publication: The Register-Guard (Eugene, OR) (Newspaper)
Date: July 9, 2007
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Page: A1

Distributed by Thomson Gale ... Read more

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This is the first major study of the potentially enormous health impacts of global atmos-pheric changes. Using all the available knowledge, the author models the most plausible future health impacts on vector-borne diseases, cancers, cardiovascular conditions and respiratory disorders. These projections will prove invaluable to researchers and policy makers, and for all concerned with public health, epidemiology, environmental studies, climate change and development studies ... Read more

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Provides candid and critical comments that assist the NRC in making this published report discussing reformulated gasoline (RFG) in specific areas of the U.S. with substantial ozone-pollution problems in an effort to make emissions from light duty motor vehicles less ozone forming and less toxic. Softcover. ... Read more

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In light of recent evidence on the relationship of ozone to mortality and questions about its implications for benefit analysis, the Environmental Protection Agency asked the National Research Council to establish a committee of experts to evaluate independently the contributions of recent epidemiologic studies to understanding the size of the ozone-mortality effect in the context of benefit analysis. The committee was also asked to assess methods for estimating how much a reduction in short-term exposure to ozone would reduce premature deaths, to assess methods for estimating associated increases in life expectancy, and to assess methods for estimating the monetary value of the reduced risk of premature death and increased life expectancy in the context of health-benefits analysis. "Estimating Mortality Risk Reduction and Economic Benefits from Controlling Ozone Air Pollution" details the committee's findings and posits several recommendations to address these issues. ... Read more