Product Description
This volume describes how scientific information can be used to develop more effective approaches to control ozone. It covers the latest data and analysis on how tropospheric ozone is formed, how accurately we are measuring it, deficiencies in efforts to date to control the problem, approaches to reducing ozone precursor emissions that hold the most promise, and what additional research is needed. 6 x 9. Index. ... Read more

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This book treats in detail the physical, chemical, and dynamic processes that influence atmospheric ozone in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere. It describes general circulation models of these processes and discusses their further improvement. The observed features of ozone changes in these regions from satellite and ground-based measurements and future monitoring strategies are presented. ... Read more

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A balanced assessment, based on currently available scientific knowledge, of the effects that climate change may have on the environment in Europe and the health of its populations. Written in non-technical language, the book responds to growing public and political concern about the consequences of such widely publicized phenomena as global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. The book also responds to evidence that recent warming trends in Europe have already affected health.

The book opens with a brief explanation of the causes of climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion, followed by an overview of recent European and global initiatives aimed at monitoring trends and assessing their impact on health. The first main chapter, on climate change in Europe, summarizes currently documented trends and provides a scenario of possible changes throughout the rest of this century.

The second, and most extensive chapter, reviews scientific evidence on specific health consequences. These include effects related to increased episodes of thermal stress and air pollution; changes in food-borne, water-related, vector-borne, and rodent-borne diseases; mortality from floods and other weather extremes; and changes in the production of aeroallergens associated with respiratory disorders including asthma.

Chapter three considers health effects linked to stratospheric ozone depletion, giving particular attention to adverse effects on the eye and immune system, and skin cancer. The remaining chapters discuss health effects expected in the next decade, and outline actions urgently needed in the areas of policymonitoring and surveillanceand research.

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Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Land use and pollutant emission changes can have significant impacts on air quality, regional climate, and human health. Here we describe a modeling study aimed at quantifying the potential effects of extensive changes in urban land cover in the New York City (NYC), USA metropolitan region on surface meteorology and ozone (O"3) concentrations. The SLEUTH land-use change model was used to extrapolate urban land cover over this region from ''present-day'' (ca. 1990) conditions to a future year (ca. 2050), and these projections were subsequently integrated into meteorological and air quality simulations. The development of the future-year land-use scenario followed the narrative of the ''A2'' scenario described by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), but was restricted to the greater NYC area. The modeling system consists of the Penn State/NCAR MM5 mesoscale meteorological model; the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernal Emissions processing system; and the US EPA Community Multiscale Air Quality model, and simulations were performed for two 18-day episodes, one near-past and one future. Our results suggest that extensive urban growth in the NYC metropolitan area has the potential to increase afternoon near-surface temperatures by more than 0.6^oC and planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights by more than 150m, as well as decrease water vapor mixing ratio by more than 0.6gkg^-^1, across the NYC metropolitan area, with the areal extent of all of these changes generally coinciding with the area of increased urbanization. On the other hand, the impacts of these land use changes on ozone concentrations are more complex. Simulation results indicate that future changes in urbanization, with emissions held constant, may lead to increases in episode-average O"3 levels by about 1-5ppb, and episode-maximum 8h O"3 levels by more than 6ppb across much of the NYC area. However, spatial patterns of ozone changes are heterogeneous and also indicate the presence of areas with decreasing ozone concentrations. When anthropogenic emissions were increased to be consistent with the extensive urbanization in the greater NYC area, the O"3 levels increased in outer counties of the metropolitan region but decreased in others, including coastal Connecticut and the Long Island Sound area. ... Read more

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This book tells how the Montreal Protocol, the most successful global environmental agreement so far, stimulated the development and worldwide transfer of technologies to protect the ozone layer. Technology transfer is the crux of the 230 international environmental treaties and is essential to fighting climate change. While debate rages about obstacles to technology transfer, until now there has been no comprehensive assessment of what actually works to remove the obstacles.

The authors, leaders in the field, assess over 1000 technology transfer projects funded under the Montreal Protocol’s Multilateral Fund and the Global Environment Facility, and identify lessons that can be applied to technology transfer for climate change.

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The Ozone Layer is an accessible history of stratospheric ozone, from its discovery in the nineteenth century to current investigations of the Antarctic ozone hole. Drawing directly on the scientific literature, Christie uses the story of ozone as a case study for examining fundamental issues relating to the practice of modern science and the conduct of scientific debate. Linking key debates in the philosophy of science to an example of real-world science it is an excellent and thought-provoking introduction to the philosophy of science. ... Read more

Customer Reviews (1)

Calm, thoughtful and relevant
I heartily recommend this book if:

1) You are interested the question of ozone depletion but a bit hazy on the detail (did you realise that the explanation for Antartic ozone hole is really quite different from the initial theory for CFC depletion of ozone)

2) Are interested in the philosophy of science. What a good idea to tie it so closely to real example.

Incidentally there is a fine demolition of the sceptical position at the end - but that is not what drives this book.

My only criticism - it is easy to read and very clear but a bit inclined to repeat itself. ... Read more

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"The most comprehensive overview of the problem of ozone depletion yet available. Packed with information, chiefly about the causes of the problem, with sound recommendations for action. Mending the Ozone Hole should be compulsory reading for politicians. It's technical enough to meet the needs of specialists, but clear enough for the concerned general reader." -- New Scientist

There is a widely held misconception that the problem of ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere has been solved. In fact, while CFC production has been reduced in many places, the ongoing emissions of chemicals and the production of other long-lived ozone-depleting substances mean a decade will pass before the levels of ozone-depleting chlorine in the earth's atmosphere being to decline. As a result, serious ozone depletion above the southern pole and elsewhere is expected to continue for decades, posing a severe threat to human health and to ecosystems.

In this comprehensive overview, Makhijani and Gurney detail the most current knowledge about stratospheric ozone depletion. More than a review of the evolution of the ozone problem, Mending the Ozone Hole provides an objective and stimulating look at current debates surrounding the research, the technology development, and the policy-making aimed at eliminating ozone-depleting substances.

The book begins by clearly delineating the current status of stratospheric ozone loss and its epidemiological and ecological consequences -- including DNA damage, effects on the human immune system, skin cancer, the human eye, plant and aquatic life, and potential impacts of persistent severe ozone depletion. It then takes up the many sources of emissions of ozone-depleting compounds and of the alternative technologies that might reasonably replace them. This is followed by an examination of national and international policy development and industry responses, projections on the levels of ozone-depleting chlorine, assessments of various ozone-protection measures, and a consideration of the context in which policy is made. Finally, the research findings are summarized and specific recommendations for protecting the ozone layer are offered ... Read more

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Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, andProspects Since the mid-1980s, the international community hasadopted several significant instruments designed to reverse thedegradation of the life support systems of the planet. None of theseinternational agreements have been as successful as the 1987 MontrealProtocol in creating the incentives and mechanisms for protecting theozone layer. Through the efforts of industry, government and publicinterest groups, national commitments and achievements have progressedfurther and faster than expected, while the list of controlledchemicals has expanded. Now in its second decade, the Protocol entersa crucial phase of its implementation. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, and Prospectspresents a wealth of information about the scientific,legal--political, and technological hurdles that we will have toovercome if humanity is to reverse its self-destructive course. Thetechnology section in particular should appeal to industries affectedby ozone layer protection as well as those affected by climateprotection, since this is the first ozone publication featuringinsights by the companies that spearheaded the major technologicalbreakthroughs. Every initiative to improve the environmental performance of industryhas been accompanied by pronouncements of economic devastation, fromacid rain to auto emissions standards, from auto mileage improvementsto the protection of the ozone layer. Each new initiative broughtclaims from industry that this situation was different, yet none oftheir predictions have come true. At a time when industry fightsefforts to protect the environment, the ozone experience shows bothhow technical breakthroughs have enabled environmental protectionpolicies to work in the past and how they will work again in thefuture. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, and Prospects isthe product of a Colloquium that was organized in September 1997 tocelebrate the tenth anniversary of the Montreal Protocol.Contributions have been gathered from researchers and practitioners inthe field, including some of the very same scientists whose workawakened the international community to the seriousness of the dangerthat humanity now faces. Other contributors include the scholars anddiplomats who wrote and negotiated the text of the Protocol and itsamendments, and the key figures who have been influential inconvincing industry to support the process. ... Read more

Product Description
This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
The goal of this modeling study is to determine how concentrations of ozone respond to changes in climate over the eastern USA. The sensitivities of average ozone concentrations to temperature, wind speed, absolute humidity, mixing height, cloud liquid water content and optical depth, cloudy area, precipitation rate, and precipitating area extent are investigated individually. The simulation period consists of July 12-21, 2001, during which an ozone episode occurred over the Southeast. The ozone metrics used include daily maximum 8h average O"3 concentration and number of grid cells exceeding the US EPA ambient air-quality standard. The meteorological factor that had the largest impact on both ozone metrics was temperature, which increased daily maximum 8h average O"3 by 0.34ppbK^-^1 on average over the simulation domain. Absolute humidity had a smaller but appreciable effect on daily maximum 8h average O"3 (-0.025ppb for each percent increase in absolute humidity). While domain-average responses to changes in wind speed, mixing height, cloud liquid water content, and optical depth were rather small, these factors did have appreciable local effects in many areas. Temperature also had the largest effect on air-quality standard exceedances; a 2.5K temperature increase led to a 30% increase in the area exceeding the EPA standard. Wind speed and mixing height also had appreciable effects on ozone air-quality standard exceedances. ... Read more

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This digital document is a journal article from Atmospheric Environment, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
A Bayesian hierarchical regime switching model describing the spatial-temporal behavior of ozone (O"3) within a domain covering Lake Michigan during spring-summer 1999 is developed. The model incorporates linkages between ozone and meteorology. It is specifically formulated to identify meteorological regimes conducive of high ozone levels and allow ozone behavior during these periods to be different from typical ozone behavior. The model is used to estimate or forecast spatial fields of O"3 conditional on observed (or forecasted) meteorology including temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind speed and direction. The model is successful at forecasting the onset of periods of high ozone levels, but more work is needed to also accurately identify departures from these periods. ... Read more

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Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Chemistry and Radiation Changes in the Ozone Layer, held in Kolympari, Crete, Greece, May 15-24, 1999. Includes several models of the chemical composition of a number of gases in the ozone layer. ... Read more

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Univ. of Siena, Italy. Explains the fundamental basis of ozonetherapy. For scientists, clinicians, and patients. Argues that scientists and clinicians should abandon their prejudice and consider the profound difference between the endogenous oxidative stress and the new concept of ozonetherapeutic 'shock.' ... Read more