Geometry.Net - Basic_T: Turkmenistan History

Turkmenistan
History of Turkmenistan,
http://www.heritagefilms.com/Turkmenistan.htm

Extractions: Turkmenistan (1994 estimated population 3,995,000), 188,455 square miles (488,100 square km), central Asia, formerly a constituent republic of the USSR. It borders Afghanistan and Iran (South); Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan (East, North East); and the Caspian Sea (West). The Kara Kum desert occupies 90% of the country; the Kara Kum canal provides irrigation and hydroelectricity. The Turkmens (or Turkomans), a Sunni Muslim, Turkic-speaking people, comprise 60% of the population; other groups include Russians, Uzbeks, Kazakhs, and Tatars. Turkmen is the official language, and Russian is widely spoken. Turkmenistan was part of the kingdom of ancient Persia and was later (8th-19th century) ruled by the Arabs, the Seljuk Turks, Jenghiz Khan, Timur and the Timurids, and the Uzbeks. Under Russian rule from 1881, the area initially resisted the Bolsheviks but fell to the Red Army by 1920. In 1925 the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic was formed from Turkmenian portions of Soviet Turkistan. In 1991 the republic's parliament declared Turkmenistan independent following a referendum; after the Soviet Union collapsed, the republic joined the Commonwealth Of Independent States. The former Communist party has retained its hold on power in Turkmenistan, although there has been some movement toward privatizing the economy. President Saparmurad Niyazov was reelected in 1992; he was the only candidate in the election.
Population Index - Volume 56 - Number 1
5610062 Kadyrov, Sh. Kh. The population of turkmenistan history andactuality (questions and results of studies). Narodonaselenie
http://popindex.princeton.edu/browse/v56/n1/d.html

Extractions: Volume 56 - Number 1 - Spring 1990 Studies on changes over time in population size and the bases of their estimation. Studies that are concerned primarily with the methodology of trends, estimations, and projections are classified under this heading and cross-referenced to N. Methods of Research and Analysis Including Models . Studies dealing with two or more of the topics listed in this division are coded under D.2. Current Rates and Estimates and cross-referenced where appropriate. Studies of observed data on population growth in the past and its components. Includes studies that are primarily concerned with population trends up to and including World War II. Biraben, Jean-Noel; Blum, Alain. Population trends in France, 1500 to 1800: comparison with other countries in the Western world. In: Referate zum deutsch-franzosischen Arbeitstreffen auf dem Gebiet der Demographie vom 21. bis 24. September 1987 in Rouen. Materialien zur Bevolkerungswissenschaft, No. 62, 1989. 181-208 pp. Bundesinstitut fur Bevolkerungsforschung: Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of. In Eng. with sum. in Fre. Preliminary results from a historical population survey conducted in 1980 in France in 200 villages and 49 towns are presented and compared with similar data for Norway, England, and Spain. The authors identify two major fertility periods in France: the first was from 1500 to 1580, when births increased from 700,000 to one million per year; the second was from 1580 to 1800, during which time the number of births remained stable at between 900,000 and one million per year.
Deserti E Oasi - Guida Di SuperEva
Translate this page turkmenistan history Tour 28/02/2002 Tour fotografico fra i monumentistorici del Turkmenistan, le foto sono stupende. Da vedere.
http://guide.supereva.it/deserti_e_namibia/deserti_turkmenistan/
EMBASSY OF TURKMENISTAN, Washington DC USA Index
The Turkmen Embassy in Washington, DC, USACategory Regional Asia turkmenistanGENERAL INFORMATION. history CULTURE. GOVERNMENT POLITICS. CONTACT DIRECTORY.Welcome to the Embassy of turkmenistan 's World Wide Web information service.
http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/
Turkmenistan
Extended history of turkmenistan, internet links, and human rights information.The summary for this Russian page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set.Category Regional Asia turkmenistan Government
http://www.geocities.com/Athens/5246/
World History Archives: The History Of Turkmenistan
turkmenistan Select a Country Central Asia Afganistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan turkmenistan Uzbekistan About ICARP Search ICARP Institutes Bibliography Experts News Analysis Publications Biographies Quick Facts Glossary Add URL General
http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/53/index-c.html
Turkmenistan - Jewish History In Turkmenistan
Jonah Gabriel Lissner chronicles the rich history of the ancient land of turkmenistan and examines Jewish influences in its culture.
http://www.ubalt.edu/kulanu/jturk.html
EurasiaNet Culture - Turkmenbashi Forges A New, Old Nation In Turkmenistan
(Belarus and Moldova have reintroduced Soviet historiography in schools.) In turkmenistan,the Institute of history of the Academy of Sciences has been renamed
http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav021302.shtml

Extractions: A EurasiaNet Commentary by Taras Kuzio: 2/13/02 Turkmenistan was one of the last countries to declare independence from the Soviet Union, waiting until October 27, 1991 to hold a referendum on the issue. Like most of the Central Asian states, Turkmenistan was forced to confront independence unexpectedly, with the sudden collapse of the Soviet Union. Turkmen independence did not have local political roots, and the country did not have a counter-elite, drawn from dissident groups, ready to assume leadership positions. Throughout the 1990s, things have stayed that way. Turkmenistan has led the way in pursuing a top-down nation-building policy in Central Asia.
History & Culture
history of turkmenistan Tools from the StoneAge have been discoveredalong the Caspian Sea shore and near the modern port of Turkmenbashi
http://www.turkmenistanembassy.org/turkmen/history/history.html
MapZones.com History
turkmenistan, history, Back to Top. Throughout its history, the expansive,barren area between the Caspian Sea and the Amu Darya river
http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/turkmenistan/historyindex.php
MapZones.com Turkmenistan
turkmenistan Map, history, Culture, People, Population, Climate, Economy, Animaland plants, Languages,capital, island, major city, province, Communications
http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/turkmenistan/index.php
World Travel Guide - Turkmenistan - History And Government
World Travel Guide turkmenistan - history Government - includes informationon the constitution and politics. WORLDTRAVELGUIDE.NET,
http://www.travel-guide.com/data/tkm/tkm580.asp

Extractions: History: The territory of what is now Turkmenistan provided the bedrock for many of the most powerful empires of their age. The Parthians, the Seljuks and the Khans of Khoresm all based their empires at various points on the edge of the Kara-Kum Desert, while Alexander the Great conquered the region during his epic campaign of the fourth century BC. The influence of Islam dates from the seventh century AD, when the region was under Arab control. Modern-day Turkmen are descended from tribes that migrated to the area in the tenth century from the northeast. Around 300 years later, Genghis Khan arrived from the same direction and incorporated Turkmenistan into his expanding empire. From the 15th century, the area was under Persian domination until the Russian move into Central Asia at the end of the 19th century. Turkmenistan fell into the British sphere of influence but the Bolsheviks took control of the region in 1920 and incorporated Turkmenistan as a union republic in 1925.
Welcome To Turkmenistan. History.
http://valera.8m.com/page1.html
Welcome To Turkmenistan
turkmenistan has the ancient and rich history with its events, which remained manytraces in the form of splendid architectural monuments, forts and medrese
http://valera.8m.com/
Turkmenistan Origins And Early History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climat
turkmenistan Origins and Early history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate,Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population
http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/turkmenistan/turkmenistan_history_origins_and_ea

Extractions: Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies Like the other Central Asian republics, Turkmenistan underwent the intrusion and rule of several foreign powers before falling under first Russian and then Soviet control in the modern era. Most notable were the Mongols and the Uzbek khanates, the latter of which dominated the indigenous Oghuz tribes until Russian incursions began in the late nineteenth century. Sedentary Oghuz tribes from Mongolia moved into present-day Central Asia around the eighth century. Within a few centuries, some of these tribes had become the ethnic basis of the Turkmen population. The Oghuz and the Turkmen The origins of the Turkmen may be traced back to the Oghuz confederation of nomadic pastoral tribes of the early Middle Ages, which lived in present-day Mongolia and around Lake Baikal in present-day southern Siberia. Known as the Nine Oghuz, this confederation was composed of Turkic-speaking peoples who formed the basis of powerful steppe empires in Inner Asia. In the second half of the eighth century, components of the Nine Oghuz migrated through Jungaria into Central Asia, and Arabic sources located them under the term Guzz in the area of the middle and lower Syrdariya in the eighth century. By the tenth century, the Oghuz had expanded west and north of the Aral Sea and into the steppe of present-day Kazakstan, absorbing not only Iranians but also Turks from the Kipchak and Karluk ethnolinguistic groups. In the eleventh century, the renowned Muslim Turk scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari described the language of the Oghuz and Turkmen as distinct from that of other Turks and identified twenty-two Oghuz clans or sub-tribes, some of which appear in later Turkmen genealogies and legends as the core of the early Turkmen.
Turkmenistan Links
SOURCE DOCUMENTS. Constitution of turkmenistan. history. turkmenistan PicturesGallery history Tour. World history Archives history of turkmenistan.
http://www.nationbynation.com/Turkmenistan/Links.html
Turkmenistan
the Caspian Sea. Government. Oneparty republic. history. Turkmenistanwas once part of the ancient Persian Empire. The Turkmen people
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108058.html

Extractions: World Countries Infoplease Atlas: Turkmenistan Turkmenistan President-for-Life: Saparmurad A. Niyazov (1990) Area: 188,455 sq mi (488,100 sq km) Population (2003 est.): 4,775,544 (growth rate: 1.9%); birth rate: 28.0/1000; infant mortality rate: 73.2/1000; density per sq mi: 25 Capital and largest city (1994 est.): Ashgabat, 518,000 Other large cities: Chardzhou, 166,400; Tashauz, 117,000 Monetary unit: Manat Languages: Turkmen, 72%; Russian, 12%; Uzbek, 9% Ethnicity/race (1995): Turkmen 77%, Uzbek 9.2%, Russian 6.7%, Kazak 2%, other 5.1% Religions: Muslim 89%, Eastern Orthodox 9%, unknown 2% Literacy rate: Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2001 est.): $21.5 billion; per capita $4,700.
New Independent States - Turkmenistan / History And Resources
Area Studies / New Independent States. turkmenistan / history andResources. history. Basic Facts. history Resources. Though never
http://wrc.lingnet.org/turkmhis.htm

Extractions: Area Studies / New Independent States Turkmenistan / History and Resources Basic Facts Though never a goal in itself, the sun-scorched, barren land between the Caspian Sea and the Amu-Darya passed in ancient times from one empire to another as armies decamped on the way to richer territories. Alexander the Great established a city on his way to India, the Romans set up near present-day Ashghabat and, in the 11th century the Seljuq Turks used Alexander's old city, Merv, as a base from which to expand their empire into Afghanistan. Two centuries later, the heart of the Seljuq empire was torn out as Genghis Khan stormed down from the steppes into Trans-Caspia (the region east of the Caspian Sea) on his way to terrorize Europe. While the empire-builders tussled, nomadic horsebreeding tribes of Turkmen drifted in through the cracks, possibly from the Altay mountains, and grazed from oasis to oasis along the fringes of the Karakum desert and in Persia, Syria and Anatolia. With the decline in the 16th century of the Timurid empire, the region became a backwater dotted with feudal Turkmen islands. From their oasis strongholds, the Turkmen preyed on straggling caravans, pillaging and stealing slaves or skirmishing with other tribes. It was only when they started kidnapping Russians from the strengthening tsarist empire that the Turkmen fell into trouble. Military forces were sent to Trans-Caspia to rout the by now wildly uncontrollable tribes: In 1881 the Russians marched on the fortress of Geok-Tepe and massacred an estimated 7000 Turkmen. A further 8000 were cut down as they fled across the desert. Not surprisingly, the Russians met little more resistance and by 1894 had secured all Trans-Caspia for the tsar.
Bigchalk HomeworkCentral Turkmenistan (History By Nation)
Looking for the best facts and sites on turkmenistan? This HomeworkCentral sectionfocuses on 'history by Nation' and 'World history' and 'HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND
http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/His
Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: History (Turkmenistan)
Linking Policy. HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND Regional Studies Countriesof the World Asia turkmenistan history. GENERAL Origins
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