GEO World - FEBRUARY 2002 - Business News missioncritical data and integrate spatial and nonspatial mySAP Partner Value Net, SAP world Wide Web and governmental approvals and other terms that are http://www.geoplace.com/gw/2002/0202/0202bn.asp
Extractions: Cquay Inc. , Calgary, Alberta, Canada, completed a Performance and Scalability Initiative that validates the scalability of its Common Ground Service Platform. To support online location intelligence services and the anticipated delivery of 300 transactions per second from a large-scale location database, Cquay requires a high-performance, scalable application architecture and infrastructure. The initiative addressed this requirement and validated the core application architecture and scalability/performance assumptions, with assistance from various strategic partners and vendors, including Burntsand, Sun, EMC and Oracle. Contact: Cquay [ fax: 403-233-2135, Web: http://www.cquay.com
GIS Europe - June 99 - Geofocus: CAD/GIS data from engineering scales to worldscale mapping for industries that dependon quality spatial data, including View our terms of use and privacy policy. http://www.geoplace.com/ge/1999/0699/699cad.asp
Extractions: Geofocus: CAD/GIS Which way to CAD/GIS integration? CAD and GIS software are finding common ground in functionality and applications. MIKE KOCH, STEVE GREENE and LAURI THOMAS review the present CAD/GIS topography and offer some advice for those looking for the right CAD/GIS mix A variety of CAD/GIS integration options are available for today's geotechnology professionals, which can make choosing the most effective system a difficult one. Here's an overview of the products offered by today's leading GIS vendors to help solve the CAD/GIS integration dilemma. Autodesk Web: http://www.autodesk.com Autodesk originated as a CAD company with its flagship AutoCAD product, and the company has taken an aggressive approach to CAD/GIS integration. Its GIS product line includes AutoCAD Map, Autodesk World and Autodesk MapGuide. Each product focuses on different, but important, aspects of CAD/GIS integration. "The focal point for Autodesk's product development has been data and data integration," says Andrew Carothers, in Autodesk GIS public relations. "Users, whether they're in CAD, GIS or IT, are just branches that revolve around the data."
AEC Courses utilization of grain by areas of the world, the marketing emphasis is on the roleof spatial relationships in are used to evaluate alternatives in terms of the http://www.uky.edu/Registrar/bull9798/courses/aec.html
Extractions: This course provides an introduction to basic concepts used in financial analysis that can be applied to farms and small agriculturally-related businesses. It provides an overview of basic financial statements and their role in business planning. These tools will be applied to case studies of farms, agribusiness, and forestry firms. Prereq: MA 123 and ECO 201 or ECO 202 or GEN 101. AEC 300 TOPICS IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS (Subtitle required). (1-3) Study in special topics in agricultural economics. May be repeated under a different subtitle to a maximum of 6 credits. A course may be offered twice under a given subtitle. Lecture, 1-3 hours; laboratory, 0-6 hours per week. Prereq: GEN 101, ECO 201. AEC 302 AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES. (4) A comprehensive study of economic principles and management tools useful in farm and agribusiness decision making. Utilizes a systems approach to the planning, implementation and control of the agricultural business. Specific attention to application of management and decision theory, economic principles used in decision making, and risk management strategies. Emphasis on planning the future course of the business, acquiring and managing the necessary resources, and establishing physical and financial control over the business. Lab incorporates microeconomic applications of management principles developed in lectures. Prereq: GEN 101, ECO 201.
Untitled NEWS FROM AROUND THE world http//www.waite.adelaide.edu.au/spatial/TMclassAbstract.pdf ForestInventory terms in Canada http//www.pfc.forestry.ca/monitoring http://www.foresters.org/fiu/2001/53.htm
Extractions: Forest Information Update (FIU) is a free weekly email newsletter sent to people interested in the inventorying and monitoring of natural resources. FIU is produced by Forest Information Services ( http://home.att.net/~gklund/ ) and is supported by organizations, agencies and individuals working in the natural resources field. Back issues of FIU may be found at http://www.foresters.org/fiu/index.htm . Currently FIU is sent to about 5,000 email addresses world-wide including distribution through the Forest Net (run out of Finland), Global Association of Online Foresters (UK), International Forestry List (Malaysia), the Forestry Forum (Africa), the Society of American Foresters Members list and Forest Inventory (USA) as well as the lists I maintain. Many recipients forward FIU to their own mailing lists. To subscribe, unsubscribe, change your email address, or sponsor, contact me at gklund@att.net. Thanks Gyde FIU SPONSOR This issue of FIU is sponsored in part through the generous support of: ESRI - As the leader in GIS technology, ESRI offers innovative solutions that will help you create, visualize, analyze, and present natural resources information better and more clearly. Working with location information, ESRI's GIS software and solutions give you the power to solve problems you encounter every day. Forestry and other natural resource organizations around the world are using this ESRI software to make smart and timely decisions. ESRI provides powerful GIS solutions to more than 300,000 clients in more than 189 countries and offers mapping technology to meet today's global needs. Using ESRI technology, you too can unlock the spatial component of your valuable data and see your organization's information from a new perspective. For more information, visit the ESRI site at www.esri.com/forestry or contact them at info@esri.com.
Martin Ringwald Staff Research Page - The Jackson Laboratory structured dictionary of anatomical terms, developed in results from assays withdiffering spatial resolution are which has generated the world?s largest full http://www.jax.org/staff/martin_ringwald.html
Extractions: Information Technician: Lucette Glass Research: http://www.informatics.jax.org ), or directly at http://www.informatics.jax.org/menus/expression_menu.shtml During the last year, we continued to make new expression data available on a daily basis and to enhance the database infrastructure and its links to other resources. Despite a significant increase in the pertinent literature, we were able to keep the Gene Expression Data Index up-to-date as a tool for researchers to locate specific types of endogenous expression information for mouse development. The GXD Index covers, to the best of our knowledge, all relevant publications from 1993 to the present for all pertinent journals, and 1990 to the present for major developmental journals. GXD currently contains more than 22,700 entries covering more than 6,900 references and expression information for more than 4,500 genes. We made substantial progress in populating GXD with primary expression data from RNA
DTV - Internet Pointer Guide (IPG) enables public search for digital spatial data at together ecovillages and relatedprojects around the world. terms of Environment defines in nontechnical http://ipg.dtv.dk/ipg/e/8/
Extractions: Home Table Of Contents Suggest URL Feedback ... Environment in All Categories This category Advanced... Journals Guides American Petroleum Institute - API (Public) The American Petroleum Institute Home Page information on all aspects of the U.S. petroleum and natural gas industry, including key public policy issues relating to climate change, gasoline, oil supplies, energy economics, energy supply and demand, standards, health, safety, environment and statistics. Amternes Videncenter for Jordforurening (Public) The knowledgecenter gathers and distributes information on pollution in Denmark. All aspects on consequences for soil, water and people. (In Danish Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology (Public) The Department of Aquatic Ecology and Ecotoxicology studies the functioning of benthic communities in lakes and rivers, under pristine and contaminated conditions. Seasonal dynamics of invertebrates (insects and mussels) and communities of microorganisms (algae, bacteria) are influenced by natural factors like oxygen limitation and predation pressure, as well as by habitat deterioration and elevated concentrations of toxicants. Integrating field and laboratory experiments leads to a better understanding of the combined effect of natural and anthropogenic stress factors. Arbejdsmiljørådets Service Center (Public) The Service Centre of the Danish Working Environment Council pursues a policy of close collaboration with public authorities and organisations committed to improving the quality of working environment.The main ways of doing this is through the three functions mentioned in the Act: information, education and research. Formerly known as Arbejdsmiljøfondet. (In
Results it has been developed to support geospatial hypermedia coupling in computing systemsChanging our world, changing ourselves can be expensive in terms of time http://portal.acm.org/results.cfm?query= ({posex=VdkVgwKey:meta_info/27674
Astronomical Resources On The Internet background radiation at much higher spatial resolution and about 150200 basic astronomicalterms and concepts with a Proceedings of the Second world Wide Web http://www.istl.org/02-spring/internet2.html
Extractions: References Astronomical information has been available online since the early days of the Internet. Physicists were early adopters of the Internet and the web, and astronomers were not far behind. For example, when comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 struck the planet Jupiter back in July 1994, images taken of the event were immediately put onto the web. People from all over the world could see the images as soon as they were posted, and professional astronomers could immediately download scientific data. This was one of the first major scientific events that demonstrated the power of the Internet and the ability of the astronomical community to share scientific images and data quickly with the public ( Egret and Heck 1994 Many astronomical organizations have been ahead of the curve in utilizing the Internet for electronic publication. "The physics and astronomy communities have been among the first involved in EP [electronic publishing], even before the concept itself existed per se. Astronomers, space physicists, high-energy physicists and their colleagues around the world have done more than just help in setting up the Internet and the associated networks. They jumped onto the World-Wide Web (WWW) and quickly became prolific producers and eager consumers..." (
GIS Bibliography 381 p. GIS world, Inc. 1995. Glossary of GIS terms. Jour. 1987. spatial data softwareintegration merging AD/CAM/Mapping with GIS and image processing. Photo. http://www.forestry.umt.edu/academics/courses/FOR503/biblio.htm
Extractions: ACSM/ASPRS 1986. Geographic Information Systems. Technical Papers of Annual Convention, March 16-21, 1986, Washington, D.C. Volume 3. 286 p. Agee, J.K., S.C.F. Stitt, M. Nyquist and R. Root. 1989. A geographic analysis of historical grizzly bear sightings in the North Cascades. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 55(11):1637-1642. Antenucci, J. 1986. Geographic information systems and implementation considerations. In: Data management issues in forestry, proceedings of FORS computer symposium. p. 47-52 Aronoff, S. 1991. Geographic Information Systems: A Management Perspective. WDL Publications, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 294 p. ASPRS/ACSM 1987. Geographic Information Systems for Resource Management: a Compendium. Editor W. Ripple. ASPRS, Falls Church, VA. 288 p. ASPRS/ACSM 1987. GIS/LIS. Technical Papers of Annual Convention, March 29 - April 3, 1987, Baltimore, OH. Volume 5. 214 p. ASPRS/ACSM 1987. GIS '87 - San Francisco "...into the hands of the decision maker". Proceedings of the Second Annual International Conference, October 26-30, 1987, San Francisco, CA. Volume I, Sessions I-XV. p. 1-386. ASPRS/ACSM 1987. GIS '87 - San Francisco "...into the hands of the decision maker". Proceedings of the Second Annual International Conference, October 26-30, 1987, San Francisco, CA. Volume II, Sessions XVI-XXVI. p. 387-756.
Eco Companion: Glossary have relevant content and contain useful search terms. Create a world map showinga particular location The spatial extent (geographic coverage) of a dataset is http://www.indexgeo.com.au/ec/about/glossary.html
Extractions: Eco Companion Australasia About help about home feedback ... join The following technical terms and acronyms are used somewhere in the Eco Companion service. You will not need to understand these terms to use the Eco Companion catalogue. However, the explanations here will give more insight. The definitions provided here are in the context of the fields of resource discovery and geospatial information retrieval . They are intended to assist users of the Eco Companion document management service. Other useful online dictionaries and glossaries: Various organisations and individuals in the Australian and New Zealand spatial data communities have been working together over the last few years to implement co-ordinated nationwide approaches to the management, consistency, and availability of
English 131.01: Diverse Cultures/Diverse Environments Levinson, David ed. Encyclopedia of world Cultures. from the Thesaurus of PsychologicalIndex terms in Olin periodical indexes, numeric and spatial data files http://www.library.cornell.edu/okuref/eng13101.html
Extractions: English 131.01: Diverse Cultures/Diverse Environments Developing a Search Strategy Finding Background Information Finding Books Finding Periodical Articles ... Question? Ask a Librarian Search strategy is a library term for the process of finding information in a logical, step-by-step manner. Using a search strategy insures that you will find the information or material you need as quickly and efficiently as possible. Choose your topic Find background information Find books on your topic Find periodical articles Find relevant Web sites Evaluate your sources Cite your sources Return to Table of Contents Literature Guides Kibbee, Josephine Z. Cultural Anthropology: A Guide to Reference and Information Sources . Englewood, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited, 1991. (OLIN Ref Z 5111 K46 1991) The major, most comprehensive literature guide for general anthropology with an emphasis on cultural anthropology. Provides citations and informative annotations on reference sources, including handbooks and manuals, bibliographies, indexes, databases, literature surveys and reviews, catalogs, dissertations, book reviews, conference proceedings, and employment and grant sources. Separate sections are focused on 12 subfields of anthropology, including physical, linguistic, medical, cognitive and urban anthropology, archaeology, and anthropology of women, among others. Kibbee's research guide can also be approached by area study; an extensive chapter on resources is organized into 7 geographic sections.
Www.ecotourism.org/textfiles/mccool.txt force debate about scale (both temporal and spatial), fundamental purposes We mustbegin to think in terms of appropriate I. Washington, DC world Wildlife Fund http://www.ecotourism.org/textfiles/mccool.txt
Extractions: LINKING TOURISM, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABILITY: SETTING THE STAGE Stephen F. McCool In: McCool, Stephen F.; Watson, Alan E., comps. 1995. Linking tourism, the environment, and sustainabilityótopical volume of compiled papers from a special session of the annual meeting of the National Recreation and Park Association; 1994 October 12-14; Minneapolis, MN. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-323. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. ABSTRACT The tourism and recreation industry is at a crossroads in its development. Now one of the world's largest industries, it is increasingly confronted with arguments about its sustainability and compatibility with environmental protection and community development. Consideration of tourism, the environment, and concepts of sustainability should consider four key challenges: (1) a better understanding of how tourists value and use natural environments; (2) enhancement of the communities dependent on tourism as an industry; (3) identification of the social and environmental impact of tourism; and (4) implementation of systems to manage these impacts. THE CHALLENGE The tourism and recreation industry is confronted with serious and difficult choices about its future. The decisions made now will for decades affect the lifestyles and economic opportunity of residents in tourism destination areas. Many of these decisions are irreversible because once communities lose the character that makes them distinctive and attractive to nonresidents, they have lost their ability to vie for tourist-based income in an increasingly global and competitive marketplace. One option is to continue the road of the past, focusing on delivering the service and retail sectors that have provided the bulk of economic benefit to local communitiesólodging, transportation, food and retail salesówithout considering the emerging concerns about the industry. This option is based on assumptions about stability in values and preferences of travelers, and it delays answers to vital questions about the tourism product, appropriate scale and type of development, sustainability, and hosts' quality of life. These assumptions are questionable in an era of rapid social change where the future is no longer a straight-line projection of the past. Worldwide, tourism is undergoing fundamental change, from the experiences and settings travelers demand to the regulations governments impose to protect the environment. Signs of these shifts are everywhere, from tourism industry statements on the value of the environment (Cook and others 1992) to the demand for "ecotourism." This transformation of demand and values leaves the industry no alternative other than to pursue a different, yet difficult, courseóone that builds upon the key questions of purpose, objectives, values, and strategies. Decisions about tourism development are difficult. The fundamental questions they implyósuch as the visions we have for our communities, how changes brought about by development will impact these visions, and how the community can absorb such changesóhave largely been ignored in the past. These decisions are controversial because they will prevent or diminish some traditional uses of natural resources and affect the people who have or who might have benefited from those uses. Powerful economic forces entrenched in the current direction are reluctant to open dialogue. The decisions are essentially judgments reflecting divergent value systems and how those value systems will be integrated. Our clients, primarily the public, are communicating through changes in tasties and preferences and, consequently, they are demanding that the industry pursue sustainability and care of the environment. We need to systematically explore the linkage that exists, whether recognized or not, between tourism, the environment, and sustainability. To begin that exploration, I will briefly review the significance of sustainability and the environment and the questions that implies for tourism researchers. CONCEPTS OF SUSTAINABILITY As we humans become more aware of our impact on the Earth and its life support systems, we increasingly look for examples of economic and community development other than unconstrained growth. Some have argued that gross national product or per capita income are incomplete measures of well-being. These measures may not accurately portray the distribution of economic benefits among people, they do not faithfully capture important quality of life factors, and they do not measure the temporal or social distribution of existing and anticipated costs and benefits of resource development programs. Many argue for the development of "sustainable" economies as the new guidepost to deal with issues of growth, economic and community development, and environmental protection. Sustainable growth and natural resource development will help communities use natural resources more prudently and sensitively than in the past and ensure their continued survival. Sustainability contains the appeal of an attractive model for action but is difficult to implement practically or operationally. Sustainability is often associated with such terms as "sustainable development," "sustainable management," "sustainable agriculture," "sustainable forestry," and "sustainable tourism." In the tourism and recreation context, it is frequently associated with discussions of "ecotourism" and "nature-based tourism" (Boo 1990; Whelan 1991). Sustainability has become an attractive ideal for both scientists and activists, but operational details, objectives, or actions provided by advocaties are scarce. Dixon and Fallon (1989) conclude that the sustainability debate involves "how to pursue the goal and how to measure progress toward it." Sustainability, as Dixon and Fallon note, was originally a biophysical concept that is now being applied in a social and policy context, contributing to confusion about what is to be sustained and for whom. For example, by sustainability do we mean sustaining physical outputs, such as board feet of timber or room occupancy, or do we mean the ecological patterns and processes that maintain naturally occurring ecosystems? Or by sustainability are we concerned with the ongoing social, political, and cultural processes that give communities character and individuals security? Gale and Cordray (1991) defined eight approaches to the concept of forest sustainability, then in 1994 expanded this to nine (table 1). Gale and Cordray portray the discussion about sustainability as answers to four defining questions: What is to be sustained? Why sustain it? How is sustainability measured? And what are the politics? One of their approaches emphasizes the economic sustainability of natural resource-dependent social systems. This is a narrow approach, however, and does not address other relationships communities have with natural resources that make them dependent on these resources, such as access to forests for recreational, educational, and spiritual purposes. A related approach, also defined by Gale and Cordray, is the sustainability of human benefits that flow from natural resources. Again, this approach is narrowly focused on specific product benefits. Often, discussions of sustainability are presented within the context of stability, particularly about communities (defined in a territorial versus an interest sense). We generally want our communities to be stable and predictable and to provide a sense of belonging. Sustainability goes beyond economic considerations and biophysicial issues; it must deal with important concepts of social order, such as hierarchy, territory, and norms (Burch and DeLuca 1984). We must understand how tourism development may impact the distribution of wealth or power, may affect land uses and zoning laws, and may interject new behaviors or institutions. We must discuss the acceptability of tourism-based interventions in the normative social order: What do these changes mean for community stability? And we must consider factors affecting a community's capacity to deal with such interventions. In other words, how do the type and intensity of tourism-induced disturbances affect our social world? Sustainability definitions also frequently speak to intra- and intergenerational equity and option maintenance. The tourism industry receives substantive criticism about the distribution of jobs and income (Barrett 1987; Smith 1989). While job quality encompasses more than wages and monetary benefits, inequities in income are a major concern that residents hold about tourism development (Martin and McCool 1992). Nearly 58 percent of the adult Montanans participating in the Martin and McCool (1992) study agreed that tourism industry jobs are low paying, and over 55 percent disagreed that their household standard of living was higher because of tourist expenditures. What is an equitable distribution of options and income? Sustainable tourism allows visitors to enjoy an attraction, community or region with a volume and impact in such a way that the local culture and environment are unimpaired (Hill 1992). Strictly speaking, tourism and recreation use always lead to some level of impairment in natural systems. The question is primarily how much change is acceptable. Hunt (1993) argued that the tourism industry should care both for visitors and for the places they visit: "the communities in which we live." Clearly, researchers view sustainability as more than physical commodities from natural ecosystems. Despite the extensive discussion about sustainability since the 1987 report from the World Commission on Environment and Development, which popularized the issue, few answers have been found. Entering sustainability-based management is essentially a value judgment, a decision that says that current management is inadequate or inappropriate. Sustainability is a concept decisionmakers can use to assess the consequences of actions on human communities. A human focus is deliberately taken here because it is the human population that places values on social structure, cultural values and traditions, economic opportunity, and ecosystems and their species. Maintenance of ecosystems and the protection of individual species are human-based values and, therefore, can be described from only a human viewpoint. Human communities are impacted in a variety of ways by tourism, including social structure and function, cohesiveness, economic and educational opportunity, community stability, provision of and payment for services (police protection, fire), physically (architecture, location and design of highways), competition in access to recreation opportunities and other services, and interaction with the natural environment and the noncommodity values it produces. The general concept is that sustainability is not only a goal for specific industries, but it is also an objective for the human communities that benefit and that are impacted from various economic development scenarios. Industry sustainability goals are most likely physical output or net revenue goals, such as board feet of timber, room-nights occupancy, and skier visits. These sustainability goals, however, may not achieve broader community sustainability goals, goals that may be difficult to quantify and measure. Several other questions must be dealt with. At what spatial or social organizational scale do we want to measure sustainabilityóglobally, regionally, locally? We also are concerned about the temporal scale of sustainabilityótomorrow, next week, next year, and the next generation. We need to examine not only industry- specific sustainability, generally addressed by physical commodities, but also the impacts of distinctive economic development actions on the larger community. Returning to Gale and Cordray's four defining questions, can we determine what should be sustained, for what reason, and how? Would our clients have similar answers to these defining questions about sustainability? What processes would we use to address these questions and resolve differences? These questions would certainly confront the tourism researcher. While discussions of sustainability may not result in on-the- ground applications, the discussions do force debate about scale (both temporal and spatial), fundamental purposes, and appropriate means. The result is that sustainability discussions require biologists and sociologists. Tourism and the Environment Cook and others (1992) state that "environment is the travel industry's base product." While many tourism promotion efforts banner the climate, sun, warmth, and sand of particular destinations, tourism's dependency on environments, in particular, nature-dominated environments, does not appear to be well understood within the tourism and recreation industry. That dependence is rarely discussed in the literature. Cook and others, for example, focus more on how the tourism industry is meeting legal obligations for environmental protection (such as emissions) than the dependency of tourism on high-quality natural environments. The importance of the environment in attracting vacation travel is significant, and as Williams (1992) staties, "natural beauty and cultural heritage represent a competitive advantage" for many areas. In a recent poll (Angus Reid Group 1993), 65 percent of California travelers stated that "a place that takes care of its environment" is very important in choosing a destination outside of the state. "A chance to see wildlife and undisturbed nature" was rated as very important by 44 percent of the respondents. While there is a question about the congruence of attitudes and behavior, such relatively high ratings of environmental attributies signal the increasingly important role of ecosystem amenities in tourism development. In their study of visitors to Montana during the fall, Menning and McCool (1993) report that potential visitors who hold both an environmental motivation and an image of a destination as "natural" were more likely to visit the area than were other respondents The linkage between environment as an attraction and economic impact can be substantial. Yuan and Moisey (1992) estimated that about half of the economic impact from Montana's tourism industry can be attributed to recreation activities occurring in wildland settings. Obviously, impacting these settings negatively could significantly affect the jobs and employment of thousands of people. Our examination of linkages should consider four key questions. First, we need to better understand how tourists value and use natural environments. We know that outdoor recreation activities (pursuits that are heavily dependent on natural environments) are important components of many staties' tourism industries. For example, in Idaho, about 42 percent of the nonresident visitors participate in these activities. Among vacationers in Montana, scenery is the most important reason for visiting the state and is the most frequent source of visitor satisfaction. Research not only can help us better understand the motivations of visitors attracted to natural environments (Eagles 1992) but can also identify attributies important to visitors, how to maintain those attributies, and how visitors interact with them. Science can also play an important role in identifying the benefits visitors derive from interactions with the environment and how those perceived benefits can be measured. Through research we may find specific linkages between benefits sought, recreation behavior, and money expenditures. Second, research can help tourism development agencies use this information to enhance the livability of communities that are dependent on this industry. All too often, we have viewed tourism agencies as concerned with promotion, but not concerned with the fundamental rationale for their marketing efforts. I submit that the reasons we are interested in tourism are to provide communities with the necessary resources to enhance their livability, to protect their natural and cultural heritage, and to provide economic opportunity for their citizens. Tourism agencies narrowly view their mission as one of promotion and have neither considered the effects of promotion nor placed their efforts within a larger context of community development. Understanding alternative theories of economic developmentóin this case sustainabilityómay help put promotion within a context that helps communities identify their goals and the role of tourism in achieving them. Third, researchers play an important role in identifying the social and environmental impact of tourism. Rigorous discussions of impacts on the environment as well as useful conceptual models of impact processes are sadly lacking in the tourism literature. While a body of literature has been developed to deal with impacts at the micro scale (see Cole 1987 for an example), few tourism researchers have concerned themselves with identifying impacts on the natural environment. Because the environment is the product, we need to understand how people may negatively affect the very values they seek. Fourth, we need systems to manage both the environmental and social impacts to tourism. This concern has been popularized in the phrase "tourism destroys tourism," although a paraphrase could be applied to many resource extractive industries and, therefore, the concern is not a differentiating characteristic of this industry. In marketing terminology, we need more knowledge of product quality management. Any amount of tourism use results in some impact. So the questions that most tourism communities and environmental managers are confronted with deal with acceptability and manageability of tourism impacts. While some (for example Getz 1983) advocate a carrying-capacity approach, such approaches may be too simplistic for the complexity and range of issues presented by tourism development. Williams and Gill (1991) conclude: Despite the rhetoric concerning tourism use 'limits,' 'ceilings,' 'thresholds,' difficulties with traditional numerical carrying capacity indicators exist. As for recreation, little evidence exists to suggest that by simply lowering or raising a specific carrying capacity standard, predictable changes in an area's ability to handle tourist use will occur. Instead, the key appears to lie in how change associated with tourism is managed. An adequate framework would (1) recognize that the interface between tourism and the environment involves primarily social questions as opposed to biotechnical ones, (2) avoid the excessively reductionistic and limited perspective provided by a carrying-capacity- based approach, and (3) include the wide range of stakeholders affected by tourism development choices in the planning and management processes (McCool and Stankey 1993). One such framework was proposed by Williams and Gill (1991) in their monograph on growth management. The limits of acceptable change process (McCool 1994; Stankey and others 1985) is another. CONCLUSIONS Sustainability and the linkages to both social and natural environments that the concept implies provide new challenges for tourism researchers. Our research must now be more holistic, more encompassing, and more sensitive to the needs for relevant policy. The science of tourism can play an important role in discovering implications for the choices facing the industry. If not pointing the way, it can inform the industry of the consequences of alternative paths to economic development, resource protection, and enhancement of our quality of life. It can illuminate both the costs and benefits of alternative economic development scenarios and provide challenges to the conventional wisdom of tourism development. We must begin to think in terms of appropriate frameworks of tourist-environment-community interactions, how these can be modeled, how hypotheses can be tiested, and how results can be implemented. We need to define the role of the researcher in tourism and community development issues. How the industry and the research community respond to value changes will have much to say about the industry's continued viability . REFERENCES Angus Reid Group. 1993. Pacific Northwest travel study - detailed tabulations. Angus Reid Group, Calgary, Alberta. Barrett, R. 1987. Tourism employment in Montana: quality vs. quantity. Western Wildlands. 13(2): 18-21. Boo, E. 1990. Ecotourism: the potentials and the pitfalls, Vol. I. Washington, DC: World Wildlife Fund. Burch, W. R., Jr.; DeLuca, D. R. 1984. Measuring the social impact of natural resource policies. Albuquerque, NM: University of Mexico Press. Cole, D. N. 1987. Research on soil and vegetation in wilderness: a state-of-knowledge review. In: Lucas, Robert C., comp. Proceedingsónational wilderness research conference: issues, state-of-knowledge, future directions; 1985 July 23-26; Fort Collins, CO. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-220. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 135-177. Cook, S. D.; Stewart, E.; Repass, K. 1992. Tourism and the environment. Washington, DC: Travel Industry Association of America. 79 p. Dixon, J. A.; Fallon, L. A. 1989. The concept of sustainability: origins, extensions, and usefulness for policy. Society and Natural Resources. 2: 73-84. Eagles, P. F. J. 1992. The travel motivations of Canadian ecotourists. Journal of Travel Research. 31(2): 3-7. Gale, R. P.; Cordray, S. M. 1991. What should forests sustain? eight answers. Journal of Forestry. 88(6): 31-36. Gale, R. P.; Cordray, S. M. 1994. Making sense of sustainability: nine answers to "What should be sustained?" Rural Sociology. 59(2): 311-332. Getz, D. 1983. Capacity to absorb tourism: concepts and implications for strategic planning. Annals of Tourism Research. 10(2): 239-263. Hill, B. J. 1992. Sustainable tourism. Parks and Recreation. 27(9):84. Hunt, J. D. 1993. The promise and challenge of tourism for Montana: achieving sustainability. Paper presented at: 1993 Governor's conference on tourism and recreation, Helena, MT, March 9, 1993. Martin, S. R.; McCool, S. F. 1992. Attitudes of Montana residents toward tourism development. Res. Rep. 23. The University of Montana, Missoula: Institute for Tourism and Recreation Research. McCool, S. F. 1994. Planning for sustainable nature- dependent tourism development: the limits of acceptable change system. Tourism Recreation Research. 19(2): 51-55. McCool, S. F.; Stankey, G. H. 1993. Managing tourism and recreation in protected habitats: prerequisities for effective strategies. Paper presented at: Second World Congress on Tourism for the Environment, Isla de Margarita, Venezuela, September 27-October 2, 1993. Menning, N. L.; McCool, S. F. 1993. The environment as tourism product: the case of fall travelers to Montana. In: Proceedings, travel and tourism research association annual conference. Washington, DC: 220-229. Smith, M. 1989. Behind the glitter. Lexington, KY: Southeastern Women's Employment Coalition. Stankey, G. H.; Cole, D. N.; Lucas, R. C.; Peterson, M. E.; Frissell, S. S. 1985. The limits of acceptable change (LAC) system for wilderness planning. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT- 176. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 37 p. Whelan, T. 1991. Ecotourism and its role in sustainable development. In: Whelan, T., ed. Nature and tourism: managing the environment. Washington, DC: Island Press. Williams, P. W. 1992. A local framework for ecotourism development. Western Wildlands. 18(3): 14-19. Williams, P. W.; Gill, A. 1991. Carrying capacity management in tourism settings: a tourism growth management process. Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC: Centre for Tourism Policy and Research. Yuan, M. S.; Moisey, N. 1992. The characteristics and economic significance of visitors attracted to Montana wildlands. Western Wildlands. 18(3): 20-24. Stephen F. McCool is Professor of Wildland Recreation Management, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801. At the time of the symposium, he was on special assignment as a Social Scientist to the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture.
World Species List - Animals Databases Glossary, JP A GLOSSARY OF terms USED IN plants and animals National spatial Databasewww.cast.uark Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures cultures world www.cbs http://species.enviroweb.org/oanimal.html
Definitions This means that real world coordinates are attached to matching In our research,these terms have been expanded to apply to spatial filter.gif (40819 bytes). http://www.ag.unr.edu/serdp/tutorial/definition.htm
Extractions: DEFINITIONS Aerial Imagery This aerial imagery was acquired with a digital (no film), color infrared, airborne camera. It records data in the blue, green, red, and near-infrared wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum. It was flown at a low enough altitude to obtain pixel resolutions of 1m x 1m. The camera and associated hardware were assembled in a light aircraft with a port in the floor. The camera lens was aimed downwards through the port, perpendicular to bottom of the plane. The imagery was later downloaded to produce digital image files. These were then georefe re nced and mosaicked, creating spatially oriented image layers of the area of interest. Albedo is the term used to describe the portion of light radiation incident on the earths surface which is reflected, not transmitted or absorbed by materials on the earths surface. Classification A classification groups pixels into discrete classes based on their multi-dimensional numerical values. Each input raster serves as an axis, and similar groups of pixels can form clusters. This figure shows an ideal clustering scheme of a classification with three input bands. In reality, clusters are usually not as discrete, and must be divided using statistical methods. Most image processing software packages offer numerous classification algorithms which divide data uniquely, and can have differing results.
Framingham State College - Www.framingham.edu and decline of cities, and the spatial location of the economic systems used in differentcountries of the world. China, and the Soviet Union in terms of these http://www.framingham.edu/fullcourselist.asp?dept=6
4.02.03 Newsletter, December 1998 Good news is that, although we represent the smallest division in terms ofnumber of IUFRO units, our The use of spatial analysis at the world Bank. http://iufro.boku.ac.at/iufro/iufronet/d4/wu40203/newsletter/dec98.htm
Extractions: Inventories on Successive Occasions - ISSN 1326-0626 IUFRO 4.02.03 December 1998 Newsletter Contents: Introduction IUFRO Division and Group News World Congress 2000 Field Data Collection ... Publications Introduction Greetings, and welcome to the final 4.02.03 Newsletter for 1998. The rest of this Newsletter contains information about other IUFRO activities, and conferences and references of possible interest. I hope this Newsletter continues to be of interest to you. I also hope that you had a successful 1998 and are looking forward to a productive and interesting 1999. Finally, I would like to wish you all the Best of the Season. Cris. IUFRO News Division 4 News (extracted from a report by Klaus V. Gadow) Please feel free (and encouraged) to get involved! IUFRO 4.02 (from a report by Risto Pairvinen) Risto Paivinen proposed during the meeting of European Forestry Commission in Finland with Hosny El Lakani and Kit Prins the idea of having a special session on FRA2000 in Malaysia. It seems that both Rome and Geneva would see it as an useful exercise. The idea would be to have a contribution of the scientific community to FRA process, by - having a critical view on that what has been done - discuss about new methods which could be applied for FRA2005 This could be done by a number of invited papers. 4.02 groups could be responsible for preparing these papers. I could imagine that groups dealing with resouce data in the Tropics and Boreal zones could have something to say, as well as multiresource inventories (non wood goods and services especially), and 4.02.05 about new Remote Sensing methods etc. These matters could be even taken up and discussed during the 4.02 meetings between now and August 2000, as discussed for instance with organisers of Rogow meeting.
Geography And Regional Development, Courses Fall 2000 of settlement and resource utilization in the world's arid lands; spatial interrelationshipsof effects of particular strategies in terms of impacts (both http://catalog.arizona.edu/2000-01/courses/004/GEOG.html
Extractions: Courses listed below are approved UA courses as of Fall 2000. Not all approved courses will be offered during this term. For course offerings/availability during a specific term, see the Schedule of Classes . Each course number below links to the Schedule of Classes. Geography and Regional Development (GEOG) Dept Info College Info GEOG 110 Regional Land Use (3) I II (Identical with PLN 110, which is home). GEOG 151 World Regional Geography (3) I II Geographic concepts and information organized by conventional region and nation. Appropriate for elementary and secondary teaching. GEOG 171 Introduction to Meteorology and Climatology (3) I II P, MATH 110. (Identical with ATMO 171, which is home). GEOG 171L Introduction to Meteorology and Climatology Laboratory (1) I II P, or CR, ATMO 171. (Identical with ATMO 171L, which is home). GEOG 195A Topics in Geography and Regional Development (1) I II GEOG 199H Honors Independent Study (1-6) [Rpt./]
Dyslexia Resources And Links for education and work, especially in our world of radical examines the role of visualspatialstrengths and that tests knowledge of grammar terms and improves http://www.dyslexiahelp.co.uk/DYSLEXIA TEACHING RESOURCES AND LINKS.HTM
Extractions: BEHAVIOURAL / VISUAL OPTOMETRY PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS THE EINSTEIN FACTOR Links to: ADD/ADHD dyslexia teaching software handwriting jigsaws ... puzzles for dyspraxia s tudy skills/memory semantic pragmatic disorder text to speech software ... wordsearches You are just a click away from dyslexia materials that teachers choose again and again... Phonic games Copiable workbooks Maths games and resources (including great maths language posters) The Study Skills handbook Accessories like card stands (for children who struggle to make a "fan"), and our great new electronic dice. THE LINKS ON THIS PAGE (Apart from the "generally useful" ones like BDA etc.) are either to lesser-known companies whose material we feel confident to recommend because we know the people and/or their material ourselves, or to websites that we've visited and have found useful. Keep coming back- we'll be updating this page regularly (weekly if possible). To suggest a link, please email links@dyslexiahelp.co.uk
Extractions: http://www.conservationgis.org/aatribal.html This site provides annotated lists of Native American, Indigenous and First Nations groups involved in Conservation GIS, Tribal GIS papers and the Native Geography Magazine online, which includes many articles about First Nations GIS. GIS Implementation at the Squamish Nation http://www.innovativegis.com/papers/sngis97/sngis97.html "Today much of the [Squamish Nations] land and resource base has been alienated, exploited and depleted and the Squamish people and their culture face numerous challenges to survive. The Squamish Nation has had to look for new tools to manage the increasing needs of its members and the decreasing land and resource base. This investigation has resulted in the implementation of a Geographic Information System (GIS). This paper will explains the experiences of the Squamish Nation in implementing a GIS. " Discusses hardware and software considerations, data sources and structures, training and methodologies of analysis.
F O R E S T N O T E S members of the world Trade Organi. zation est products in preparation for the world. Trade Organization (WTO) world resources Institute. Center for International Environmental http://www.wri.org/pdf/treetrade.pdf
