41. Puff Adder Puff adder. PUFF adder (Bitis Arietans) snakes that sit and wait forfood are charactorized by their large heads and heavy bodies. http://www.expage.com/page/snake3004

Puff Adder PUFF ADDER (Bitis Arietans) Snakes that sit and wait for food are charactorized by their large heads and heavy bodies. They tend to have some kind of disruptive pattern which serves as a good camouflage. Many vipers, boas, pythons, and adders have these charactoristics. The puff adder is a very obvious example of a sit and wait predator. Description: The puff adder has a dark brown body with some dark blue highlites. Light brown lines are down its back and sides. Many times these lines form arrow shapes on its back. It can also be recognized by the line on its head from one eye to the other. On average the puff adder grows to 36-48in. On some occasions it will grow over 72in. Housing: Cage size is important to the health of a snake. Too large a tank can make a snake feel insecure and it won't feed well. Too small a tank can also be unhealthy. It can cramp the snake and have bad effects on its bone structure. The rite terrarium size for a baby adder is 20 gallon. Remember, this will not support the snake throughout its growing life so larger cages will become neccessary. The turf in the terarium can be anything from astroturf, to wood chips. The recomended turf for most snakes is aspen bark because it is easy to clean and effectivly eliminates odors. The terrarium will also require a heat pad, hide box, water bowl, and a climbing branch. The climbing branch should be bought or any found driftwood should be bleached and baked to eliminate parasites. WARNING: Do not use "Hot Rocks" because they can cause severe burns on snakes. They should not be used for any reptile.

42. Namaqua Dwarf Adder adder (Bitis Caudalis) This burrowing snake depends on its camouflage to hide frompredators and hunt for food. It burrows in the sand that matches the snakes http://www.expage.com/page/snake3002

Namaqua Dwarf Adder NAMAQUA DWARF ADDER (Bitis Caudalis) This burrowing snake depends on its camouflage to hide from predators and hunt for food. It burrows in the sand that matches the snakes color making it virtually impossible for prey and predators to see it. Description: This species has choppy dark spots and a red coloration. Like all Adder species, this Dwarf Adder has a small head and a large body. Also, like all Adders it is a sit-and-wait predator Housing: This species will require a 20 gallon tank for baby snakes but the tank size will need to increese to support the growing snake. To save money it would be best to start with a tank that is suitable for a full grown snake. Tank accessories should include a water bowl, suitable turf, and a sheltered place where the snake can hide. Feeding: This species will feed on mice in captivity but may have a different diet in the wild where it feeds on what is available. Snakes can be difficult to feed or extremely easy to feed. If the snake won't eat the food that is offered, try different food. Even a different color mouse can make a difference. Water: As with all snakes, a water bowl should be provided with luke warm water. This snake is a desert snake so humidity can be kept around 10%. This little amount of humidity will aid the skin shedding process a suprising amount.

43. Snakes Alive! Adders Slither Into Reverse - Smh.com.au - National Frogeating snakes such as the death adder, the red bellied black snake and theking brown snake have disappeared in some parts of Queensland where they once http://old.smh.com.au/news/0201/29/national/national17.html

[an error occurred while processing this directive] advertisement Tuesday, January 29, 2002 Home National Article news business technology sport ... place an ad NATIONAL Snakes alive! Adders slither into reverse Craig Adams-Maher from the Australian Reptile Park milks a common death adder. Photo: Ben Rushton By Nick Leys "Wanted - Alive or Alive." So declare posters being distributed by the Australian Reptile Park in a push to replace badly depleted stocks of venom from the death adder. In the 18 months since fire gutted the park of animals and stock, staff from the park, near Gosford, have travelled Australia collecting death adders and other dangerous snakes. The park's director, John Weigel, said the number of animals involved in the venom-milking program - the only supplier of venom to CSL (the former Commonwealth Serum Laboratory) in Melbourne - had returned to normal, except death adders, whose numbers are reaching a critical low point. [an error occurred while processing this directive] Because of shrinking death adder populations and anti-venoms, the CSL categorises death adders "as no longer considered near the top of the list of Australia's dangerous snakes". Bites can be fatal, however, and antivenom is badly needed in Papua New Guinea, where it saves an estimated 50 lives a year.

44. CSL Antivenom Handbook - Death Adder Antivenom 50 to 100 years ago, death adder bites were greatly feared, carrying a 50 no longerbe considered near the top of the list of Australia's dangerous snakes. http://www.wch.sa.gov.au/paedm/clintox/cslavh_antivenom_deathader.html

CSL Antivenom Handbook CSL Death Adder Antivenom Return to Antivenom listing Contents Toxinology home page Basic Information ... What to do prior to discharge Basic Information Used for neutralising systemic envenoming by members of the Australian death adder group. It is made from horse IgG. Each ampoule contains 6000 units of neutralising capacity against the target venoms. Average volume per ampoule is 25-26mL. The immunising venom is from the common death adder. Return to start of page Information about the snakes covered by this antivenom The species Death adders are distinctive snakes, with triangular heads, squat bodies, and thin tails, sometimes used as a lure. They are the only dangerous Australian venomous snake habitually nocturnal, though most other species will be active on hot nights. They are also known as "deaf" adders, with good reason. Like all snakes, they lack external ears and so rely on vibration rather than hearing to detect the approach of large animals, including humans. All other dangerous Australian snakes will usually try and move away from a potential threat. Death adders often rely on camouflage, burrowing deeper into leaf litter or other ground debris, rather than moving out of the way. If stepped on they will bite rapidly and effectively. It is therefore fortunate that death adders seem to have adjusted poorly to human encroachment on their environment. In many parts of southern Australia, at least, their range is contracting. They are a rather infrequent cause of bites now.

45. Outdoor Survival Skills - Poisonous Snakes And Lizards: Poisonous Snakes Of Euro Its color is variable.......OUTDOORSURVIVAL. Poisonous snakes and Lizards Poisonous snakes of Europe.Common adder Vipera berus. http://www.theoutdoorlodge.com/survival/poisonous_snakes_and_lizards_five.html

SECTIONS Back to Survival Introduction Psychology of survival Survival planning and survival kits ... Survival in man-made hazards Appendixes Survival kits Edible and medicinal plants Poisonous plants Dangerous insects and arachnids ... Contingency plan of action format SEARCH Search our site for the outdoor-related info you need: WEBMASTER TOOLS Add our search box to your Web site. Offer your visitors a co-branded guides and outfitters directory. Home Outdoor Survival OUTDOOR SURVIVAL Poisonous Snakes and Lizards: Poisonous Snakes of Europe Common adder Vipera berus Description: Its color is variable. Some adult specimens are completely black while others have a dark zigzag pattern running along the back. Characteristics: The common adder is a small true viper that has a short temper and often strikes without hesitation. Its venom is hemotoxic, destroying blood cells and causing tissue damage. Most injuries occur to campers, hikers, and field workers. Habitat: Common adders are found in a variety of habitats, from grassy fields to rocky slopes, and on farms and cultivated lands. Length: Average 45 centimeters, maximum 60 centimeters.

46. Outdoor Survival Skills - Dangerous Animals: Poisonous Snakes POISONOUS snakes OF EUROPE. Common adder (Vipers berus); Pallas' viper(Agkistrodon halys). POISONOUS snakes OF AFRICA AND ASIA. Boomslang http://www.theoutdoorlodge.com/survival/dangerous_animals_four.html

SECTIONS Back to Survival Introduction Psychology of survival Survival planning and survival kits ... Survival in man-made hazards Appendixes Survival kits Edible and medicinal plants Poisonous plants Dangerous insects and arachnids ... Contingency plan of action format SEARCH Search our site for the outdoor-related info you need: WEBMASTER TOOLS Add our search box to your Web site. Offer your visitors a co-branded guides and outfitters directory. Home Outdoor Survival OUTDOOR SURVIVAL Dangerous Animals: Poisonous Snakes There are no infallible rules for expedient identification of poisonous snakes in the field, because the guidelines all require close observation or manipulation of the snake's body. The best strategy is to leave all snakes alone. Where snakes are plentiful and poisonous species are present, the risk of their bites negates their food value. Apply the following safety rules when traveling in areas where there are poisonous snakes: Walk carefully and watch where you step. Step onto logs rather than over them before looking and moving on. Look closely when picking fruit or moving around water.

47. Top Ten Most Deadly Snakes - Reptile Gardens® A good sized Death adder can deliver up to 180mg in a single bite. *On exhibit atReptile Gardens. Other snakes that are tied in the 10 position include the http://www.reptilegardens.com/reptile/topten.html

The Deadliest Snakes in The World Return to Main Reptile Page Return to Reptile Gardens Home Page The following is a list of what are currently considered the most toxic snake venoms. It is important to keep in mind that regarding venoms, the most deadly snake, and the most dangerous snake are two entirely different concepts. Some of the snakes with the most toxic venom, i.e., the most deadly rarely bite people. In fact, the sea snakes are generally quite docile. The title of most dangerous snake, i.e., the one that kills the most people, would go to different animals than those listed below. In the United States the coral snake has a very toxic venom but has killed few people because it is small, secretive and gentle. The most dangerous are the rattlesnakes like the Eastern and Western Diamondbacks. These rattlesnakes are large, have large venom glands, are relatively common, and are more likely to hold their ground and bite. In Africa common Egyptian Cobras, Saw-scaled Vipers, and Puff Adders would be the most dangerous for the same reasons listed for the rattlesnakes above. In Asia the common Cobra and the Russell's Viper are the snakes that kill the most people.

48. SurvivalIQ Handbook: Survival Skills - Dangerous Animals - Poisonous Snakes POISONOUS snakes OF EUROPE. Common adder (Vipers berus). Pallas' viper (Agkistrodonhalys). POISONOUS snakes OF AUSTRALASIA. Death adder (Acanthophis antarcticus). http://www.survivaliq.com/survival/dangerous-animals_s4.htm

Home Survival Skills Land Navigation Survival Fitness Contents 1. Introduction 2. Psychology of survival 3. Survival planning and survival kits 4. Basic survival medicine ... - Bats - Poisonous snakes - Dangerous lizards - Dangers in rivers - Dangers in bays and estuaries - Saltwater dangers ... H. Contingency plan of action format POISONOUS SNAKES There are no infallible rules for expedient identification of poisonous snakes in the field, because the guidelines all require close observation or manipulation of the snake's body. The best strategy is to leave all snakes alone. Where snakes are plentiful and poisonous species are present, the risk of their bites negates their food value. Apply the following safety rules when traveling in areas where there are poisonous snakes: Walk carefully and watch where you step. Step onto logs rather than over them before looking and moving on. Look closely when picking fruit or moving around water. Do not tease, molest, or harass snakes. Snakes cannot close their eyes. Therefore, you cannot tell if they are asleep. Some snakes, such as mambas, cobras, and bushmasters, will attack aggressively when cornered or guarding a nest. Use sticks to turn logs and rocks.

49. Adder Fact Sheet What do adders look like? The adder is Britain’s only poisonous snake.They are shorter than grass snakes, rarely longer than 65cm. http://www.worcestershire.gov.uk/biodiversity/Factsheets/Adder.htm

Homepage View the Action Plans Newsletters, Press Releases Publications ... Contact Us Biodiversity In Worcestershire The Adder What do adders look like? The adder is Britain’s only poisonous snake. They are shorter than grass snakes, rarely longer than 65cm. They have a dark zig-zag line running down the back. Males are usually grey, cream or straw-yellow. Females are usually reddish or brown. On average females grow to 55cm. Males rarely grow above 50cm. adder picture Note the v-shaped mark on the top of the head... How else might I recognise an adder? Adders are generally thicker than grass-snakes and smooth snakes (Britain’s only other snakes). They usually have a "V", "X" or "H " shaped mark on the top of the head. Classification Phylum: Vertebrate Class: Reptile Order: Squamata Suborder: Serpentes Family: Veperidae Genus: Vipera Species: Vipera berus Related to?

50. Australian Snakes In the early days of settlement, Tiger snakes were blamed for the majorityof deaths from snake bite. Death adder. Acanthophis antarcticus. http://www.angelfire.com/folk/tales6/snakes.html

Australian Snakes. Australia has many unique and strange inhabitants including the wildlife. Enclosed within this page are some that should be avoided. Most inland native Australian creatures are harmless to man, but the same cannot be said for the reptiles; there are some realy venomous fellows in this lot! The creatures shown in the photos below can easily and quickly paralise or kill an unsuspecting child or adult. These reptiles are best left alone or they will inflict their deadly dislike for humans without hesitation. Children should never be left unattended near any of these creaturs, they can strike without warning. Fierce Snake. Oxyuranus microlepidotus Said to be the world's most deadliest snake! Although it has existed in Australia for millions of years, the first live specimen was not captured until 1975. The Fierce snake's venom is extremely toxic and a small animal would die within seconds, its nervous system and heart instantly paralysed. Because of its late discovery, few facts are known about this snake's habits. Fortunately, the Fierce Snake only lives in an isolated area around where the South Australian, New South Wales and Queensland borders meet.

51. Snakes In Chitipa Decapitated cobra. Scott with dead Puff adder, Here's another Scott and anotherdead snake. This Puff adder was killed by villagers on the road to Mwenifuvya. http://wolkon.com/malawi/snakes.htm

Home Malawi Travel Music Friends Family ... Links Snakes in Chitipa Previous Page Malawi Home Page Next Page (Please click on an image to see the full size picture.) Scott (left) discovered a visitor coming into our house during lunchtime. The panga (machete) in his right hand was the major implement of destruction for the unfortunate Egyptian cobra. On the right is a better picture of both the cobra and the panga. Both of them can be scary. Here's another Scott and another dead snake. This Puff Adder was killed by villagers on the road to Mwenifuvya. We thought we may have a use for it. Someone had the great idea that this adder would make a good meal. Katherine took on the role of head chef and made a Puff Adder pasta sauce. Previous Page Malawi Home Page Next Page Home Malawi Travel Music Friends Family ... Links This website was created and is maintained by Adam Wolkon. Please contact me if some portion of my page is not functioning properly. This page was last edited March 11, 2000.

52. The Adder's Byte I held the adder behind its head as I had held snakes before, but casually, smoothlythis one unhurried, stretched its neck, as perhaps only snakes can do, and http://www.offwell.free-online.co.uk/the1.htm

P romoting the British Countryside Home About us Conservation Education ... Sponsors by Geoff Jones, Rural Affairs Officer, East Devon Distict Council , England. Why do these sort of things always happen in slow motion? I held the adder behind its head as I had held snakes before, but casually, smoothly this one unhurried, stretched its neck, as perhaps only snakes can do, and gently nipped my index finger with the side of its mouth. Half an hour on, passing stonechats chatting on the way back to the car, the finger, then the hand, felt distinctly numb, my lips rubbery and anaesthetised. The gear stick in the car was difficult to shift, the hand was puffy and it was now a case of waiting to see what happened next. Back home the next day the arm held high in a sling I read about adders. The swelling went down over the next few days to be replaced by banana coloured bruising, the result of the anti-blood clotting qualities of the venom, all the way up my arm. For a couple of weeks afterwards the finger itched and when on a bike ride the finger went dead and blue in the cool air. I returned to work to find an office draped in rubber snakes and a card with commiserations to Indiadder Jones. A year later as I remember and write, the finger is still slightly numb, the circulation poor and my days of picking up poisonous snakes are over. A week after the incident I returned to the spot and saw the same adder. Crouched I looked into its beautiful liquorice black iris, surrounded by gold.

53. Webshots Community - Snakes Pets Reptiles snakes snake pictures. View Slideshow View Guestbook InviteFriends to This Album, Rock Python, Burrowing Asp, Boomslang. Puff adder crossing http://community.webshots.com/album/20393673dhEoCFjWuR

HOME DOWNLOAD WEBSHOTS - FREE GET CD HELP ... Add sgt_cheetah to My Favorite Members sgt_cheetah's albums: Old Glory Antique Tractors Snakes Wild Animals Wild Creatures New York City Critters ... Reptiles Snakes snake pictures View Slideshow View Guestbook Invite Friends to This Album Rock Python ... Invite Friends to This Album contributed and has sole responsibility for the content on this page. Tell a friend about Webshots! Download the Webshots Desktop Buy a Webshots CD Webshots Unplugged ... Privacy Statement We want your feedback! - Make Suggestions Here Customer Support

54. Webshots Community - Puff Adder Community Pets Reptiles snakes of the World 2 Puff adder, Previous Photo,Send as an eCard Download to Webshots View Fit Window. Next Photo, http://community.webshots.com/photo/15813047/22209173UJQMkBfsZH

HOME DOWNLOAD WEBSHOTS - FREE GET CD HELP ... Snakes of the World 2 Puff Adder Send as an eCard Download to Webshots Fit Window Normal Puff Adder by hokum Photo 13 of 15 : Image resolution 800 x 600 Send as an eCard Download to Webshots Fit Window Normal Album: Snakes of the World 2 View Slideshow View Guestbook Invite Friends to Album Back to Album Other albums by hokum hokum's Member Homepage Snakes of the World 1 Snakeskin Wallpaper Cave Formations Arizona Alaska If God Isn't A Broncos Fan , Why Are Sunsets ... Desert Cactus Tropical Fish Aquatic Plant Life Nudibranches More about hokum View hokum's Favorite Members angelwhisperz carmylita forestforest Add hokum to My Favorite Members hokum contributed and has sole responsibility for the content on this page. Tell a friend about Webshots! Download the Webshots Desktop Buy a Webshots CD Webshots Unplugged ... Privacy Statement We want your feedback! - Make Suggestions Here Customer Support

55. Deadly Snake Hunted For Lifesaving Venom Like that of other snakes, death adder venom, is a form of saliva.When a venomous snake bites, it injects venom into its victim http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/01/0106_030108_snakewrangler.html

Sign up for our free e-mail newsletter Also see: Today's Top Stories This Story E-mail this story Sponsored in part by Deadly Snake Hunted for Lifesaving Venom Brian Handwerk for National Geographic News March 10, 2003 Get National Geographic Subscribe now for a year of animal adventures, dinosaur discoveries, and more. Which snake has the longest fangs? In Australia, life-threatening poisonous animals have always posed a hazard to humans. But some of the most dangerous also act as lifesavers. Such is the case with the notorious death adder, a snake that's essential to the production of lifesaving snakebite antivenins. The National Geographic Channel tags along with snake wranglers from the Australian Reptile Park in Somersby, New South Wales, as they hunt death adders for their valuable and deadly venom. Death Adder Duet is an installment in the Snake Wranglers series, which brings viewers face-to-fang with the planet's most compelling snakes. Craig and Jackie Adams with an Olive python Photograph Watch Death Adder Duet

56. Venomous Snakes Of Liberia And West Africa It hisses ominously when disturbed, hence the name puff adder. Thisis one of the frontfanged snakes. When it strikes, the fangs http://www.liberian-connection.com/tlc_snakes.htm

V enomous Snakes of Liberia and West Africa Description Western Bush Viper Co mmon Name: Western Bush Viper, West African Bush Viper; Green Bush Viper Scientific Name: Atheris chlorerchis - Atheris chlorechis is found in the forests of West Africa from Guinea east to Gabon. Description This slender bush viper is relatively large. Adults are often 45-60 cm (18-24 inches). Some specimens may reach 70 cm (28 inches). The keeled body scales are smaller than other members of the genus giving it a smoother appearance. Its tail is long and strongly prehensile with a yellow tip. Not nearly as variable as other species, western bush vipers are light green with a pale green or bluish venter and pale yellowish Western Bush Viper Continues... Habitat and Behavior This species is primarily arboreal and is often found in low bushes and shrubs in rainforest at altitudes of up to 560 meters Puff Adder Common Name: Puff Adder Scientific Name: Bitis arietans PUFF ADDER A large and stocky adder found throughout much of sub-Saharan Africa. This snake is responsible for many serious snakebite cases in many areas of its range.

57. HarrowLive - Pest Control - Snakes & Slow-Worms The adder is a rather squat snake which grows up to a length of 47cm widely throughoutthe British Isles (except Ireland where there are no snakes, banished it http://www.harrow.gov.uk/council/departments/environmentalhealth/snakes.asp

Site Search HOME News and Events Contact Us About Harrow A-Z of Services Your Council Best Value New Harrow Project Key Pages Consultations Council Tax Councillors E-Billing E-Newsletters Electoral Services Emergency Planning Jobs Links Online Payment Schools and Colleges The Adder The Grass Snake The Smooth Snake The Slow-Worm ... Further Advice Snakes and slow-worms are relatively rare creatures that can inspire fear and loathing in people who may be fond of most other sorts of animals. But those found in this country are almost entirely harmless. They are reptiles, which means they are cold blooded and therefore rely on the heat of the sun to raise their body temperature to a level that enables them to become active. Snakes and Slow-worms need to bask in the sun and they are most likely to be seen on dry, south facing banks, rockeries and other slopes. The species which are found in Britain are the Adder or Viper ( Vipera berus ), our only venomous snake; the Grass Snake ( Natrix natrix ); the Smooth Snake ( Coronella austriaca ) and the Slow-worm ( Anguis fragilis The Adder The Adder is a rather squat snake which grows up to a length of 47cm (19 inches) and can be readily identified by the wide zig-zag dark or black stripe along its back. It is spread widely throughout the British Isles (except Ireland where there are no snakes, banished it is said, by St. Patrick). It prefers to live in scrubland, heathland and light woodland where it can find sunny areas to bask. Adders eat small mammals such as mice and voles, other reptiles and small birds, especially nestlings.

58. "Adder And Smooth Snake" Sidewinding is the method of locomotion which the snake uses on a smooth surface(eg by some NorthAmerican snakes, adders as well as the common adder) http://www.ringelnatter.net/_english/behaviou.htm

Behaviour Individual reactions and ways of behaviour for warning and threatening of the grass snake are explained in the following paragraphs. They are divided into the following titles: Reactions of flight: "Early evading" Flight "Slipping away during handling" Emptying of postanal gland "Rotation about its own axis" Aggressive behaviour: Symbolic stab "Cobra position" Biting Defensive behaviour: "Warning darting of tongue" Throwing up nutrition "Coiling" Pretending to be dead Issuing of blood (Mucous membrane of the mouth) Unusual threatening and warning behaviour: Vibrating of the tail "Sidewinding" "Jumping" Complex behaviour Description of terms During this project quantitative data have been collected only regarding the ways of behaviour described below which were given the following short titles (also in the graphics): "Zero – Hissing – Attacking – Pretending to be dead – Issuing of blood – Cobra Position – Sidewinding " "Zero" – No visible threatening or warning reaction; those grass snakes which emptied their postanal glands, excreted excrements or tried to "slip away" were also considered to belong under category "Zero".

59. Snakes salve made of snake fat mixed with rust of bronze. Ones sight was improvedby rubbing adder skin or a snakes slough from the spring. http://members.chello.nl/~m.vandervoort1/x2-slangen/artikelen/artikelen-engels/a

home snakes - columns to part 4 back Ancient herpetology. Consisting of four parts Part 3 SUBSERVIENT SERPENTS The previous article described how snake bites were avoided and cured, this article gives a survey on the pharmacological use of snakes for curing snake bites and a lot of other diseases. Cataracts and diminishing sight were cured by a medicine that could be obtained in the following way: burn a living adder in new pottery, add fennel juice until one cyhathus (which is about half a deciliter) and add a corn of incense. This medicine is called echeon. As usual, Pliny does not say how to use it. Staying with sight: very beneficial was an eye salve that was obtained by letting an adder rot in a glass jar. The maggots that were bred in this way should after adding saffron, be crushed. If this was too grubby, the alternative was to lick an adder that had been salted in a stone bottle. The salting of adders tempted Pliny to a digression. Some people use adders as food. As soon as an adder is killed, one should put salt into the mouth and this salt should melt. Then cut the snake in pieces that should measure one finger length each and remove the entrails. The rest should be boiled in water. Add oil, dill and salt and eat it pure or mixed with bread, so that one can eat more of it. Have a nice meal! Salve of asses and adders head is an excellent remedy against eye diseases. Fat of an adder has the same effect. Pliny is very reluctant where the snake’s gall bladder is concerned. The gall bladder of other animals is often used in medicines, but according to Pliny the gall bladder of the snake is the same as the venom. Therefore it should not be used, except if one did not have the curing of people in mind. In Rome, the city were Pliny lived this way of dealing with enemies was not unusual.

60. Snakes by an adder;. when a snake crawls over somebody's clothes that are lying out to dry,there develops in the kidneys of the person who wears those clothes, snakes http://members.chello.nl/~m.vandervoort1/x2-slangen/artikelen/artikelen-engels/a

home snakes - columns back VENOM EXISTS ONLY IN THE INMAGINATION OF THE ADDER Introduction In ancient times, man believed that frogs came from drops of rain, that fell down during a shower. This fact was accepted for centuries as the truth, then in 1964, along came someone with the idea to catch one of these frogs and dissect it. The remains that he found in the stomach and intestines, made it obvious that the frog had lived for some time and therefore made it impossible to have originated during the rain shower. In ancient times man believed that a she-bear brought her young into the world, as shapeless blobs of flesh. The mother then licked these blobs, until she had formed the shape of a bear. An 'unlicked cub' these days is someone whose mother had not sufficiently licked him into shape and therefore lacks all sense of decency but in the past man took this expression literally. In olden days, until not so long ago, man took the most bizarre interpretation from nature to be the truth. Classically taught scholars, whose names were only spoken in awe, had particular conceptions about acts of nature and were taken to be true. These 'true facts' ended up in books, just because they were true. Because the only way to copy a book, long ago, was to write it down, it made it possible with a slip of the pen, to create the strangest creatures or creatures with the strangest idiosyncrasies. No one came up with the idea to 'question' these warped facts, by putting them to the test. One important quality from the sciences in general, was, for example emphasised by Aristotle (384-322 BC) until the middle of the 17

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