21. GhanaHomePage Feature Articles development problems of africa, students of african development language policy and planning in africa. Taking the technologies with the indigenous people, apparently nobody ever http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghana/articles/lang.html

Columnists Abudu, Dr. Paul B. Acheampong, Kobby Annoh, Lyssiemay Baah, Robert Nana ... Feature Articles ON LANGUAGE AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: The Case of Ghana* by Adams B. Bodomo Department of Linguistics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim (NTNU), Norway. email: adams.bodomo@hf.ntnu.no Tel: 47 73596633 (office) Fax: 47 73596119 [forthcoming in Nordic Journal of African Studies (1996)] Abstract In their search for solutions to the development problems of Africa, students of African development have often ignored linguistic and other socio-cultural resources (Prah 1993). When linguistic issues are addressed at all, the fact that there is a multiplicity of languages in African countries is often seen as a hindrance to the development of the continent. This paper focuses on the relationship between language and development and offers a specific proposal for addressing issues of language policy and planning in Africa. Taking the language situation in Ghana as a case study, a model of development communication and education termed localized trilingualism is proposed; a model, it is believed, will enable Africa to harness its multilingual resources for accelerated and sustainable socio-cultural, economic and technological development in the 21st century. 1. Introduction

22. “Chief In Their Millennium Sandals: The Relevance, Challenges And Prospects For Second Lecture in the Calgary Institute for the Humanities 25th Anniversary Lecture Series Chiefs in Their Millennium Sandals Traditional Authority in Ghana Relevance, Challenges and Prospects Donald I. Ray, Ph.D. the pre-colonial roots of custom or history, indigenous culture as well as those aspects of pre-colonial states and post-colonial states in africa constantly paid and continue to http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/Others/CIH/chiefsinmillenniumsandals.htm

Second Lecture in the Calgary Institute for the Humanities 25th Anniversary Lecture Series “Chiefs in Their Millennium Sandals: Traditional Authority in Ghana” - Relevance, Challenges and Prospects Donald I. Ray, Ph.D. 2000 – 2001 Annual Fellow, Calgary Institute for the Humanities Department of Political Science University of Calgary, Canada and International Coordinator Traditional Authority Applied Research Network (TAARN) I. Introduction In southern Ghana, the sandals of a chief have very special significance, as they are part of his/her royal regalia. When a chief is impeached and removed from office, the sandals are removed from his/her feet to signify that this person is no longer sacred, since the feet have touched the ground: thus this person is no longer a chief. The leader of the major nationalist movement, Kwame Nkrumah, led Ghanaians to independence in 1957. He became Prime Minister and then President of the Ghanaian state. On the way to achieving independence, he and his nationalist movement, the Convention People’s Party (CPP), defeated electorally several political groupings led by or on behalf of chiefs. On January 5, 1950 Nkrumah tried to move chiefs to support his nationalist movement by predicting that unless the chiefs supported Nkrumah and the CPP, the chiefs might well lose their sandals: in other words, the chiefs would be forced from their traditional offices once Nkrumah and his party gained control of the post-colonial state:

23. Africans Art must consider both perspectives the indigenous as well the cultures of other peoplesonly by from a longstanding Western, imperialistic involvement in africa. http://www.webzinemaker.net/africans-art/index.php3?action=page&id_art=360

24. Africans Art 15,000 members of the Bidjogo peoples inhabit some manage to preserve many indigenoustraits Bidjogo Akan Benin Urhobo Igbo akuapem Akye Bamileke http://www.webzinemaker.net/africans-art/index.php3?action=page&id_rubr=38

25. Traditions Index: Local Traditional Religions akuapem Funerals (33043314 no annotations). Life Cycle (1603-1622) Part III-IndigenousDress within Fetishes and Kachinas of the Pueblo peoples of Southwest http://www.hds.harvard.edu/cswr/imagbank/local-trn.htm

Image Bank Traditions Index: Local Religious Traditions Sequence titles: African Nomadic Architecture ( The Afo-A-Kom ( Akan Terracotta Heads from Akuapem (3298-3303) [no annotations] Akuapem Funerals (3304-3314 [no annotations]) Art and Death in a Mossi Village ( Birom Iron-Smelting (5054-5061) Bugisu Circumcision Ritual, Uganda (2426-2433) Burial in an Aklutan Indian Village in Alaska (5104-5107) Carnaval, Rio de Janeiro ( Chihamba: An Ndembu Ritual (2436-2449) Constructing a Men's House, Papua New Guinea (4220-4240) [no annotations] Day of the Dead, Lago de Patzcuaro (5074-5085) Day of the Dead, Oaxaca ( Egungun, The Return of the Ancestor in Masquerade Form Among the Yoruba ( Ewe Funerary Monuments (3291-3297) [no annotations] Ewe Protective Deities (3284-3290) [no annotations] A Girl's Initiation: Nkang'a, Ndembu, Zambia (2393-2411) Guatemala: The Role of Indigenous Maya Dress in Religious Expression (1583-1622, 4947-4966) Part I-Background Information (1583-1602) Part II-Municipal Variety in Indigenous Dress; Indigenous Dress and the Human Life Cycle (1603-1622) Part III-Indigenous Dress within the Context of Religious Life (4947-4966) Hopi Flute and Antelope-Snake Ceremonies, ca. 1900 (

26. SouthWestern Bell Worldroom At The International Center The most numerous peoples are the coastal Fanti use in educational institutionsAkuapemTwi, Asante Roman Catholics, Protestants, and indigenous African sects http://worldroom.tamu.edu/VirtSuit/ghana.htm

SOUTHWESTERN BELL World Room About World Room Briefing Room World Scholar Learning Activities Resources Virtual Suitcase W O R L D R O O M AT THE INTERNATIONAL CENTER About the World Room Programs Briefing Room World Scholars ... International Programs Ghana Ghana Ghana , country in western Africa, bounded on the north and northwest by Burkina Faso , on the east by Togo , on the south by the Atlantic Ocean , and on the west by . Formerly a British colony known as the Gold Coast, Ghana became, in 1957, the first black nation in sub-Saharan Africa to achieve independence. The country is named for the ancient empire of Ghana, from which the ancestors of the inhabitants of the present country are thought to have migrated. The total area is 238,537 sq km (92,099 sq mi). Accra Climate The climate of Ghana is tropical, but temperatures vary with season and elevation. Except in the north two rainy seasons occur, from April to July and from September to November. In the north the rainy season begins in April and lasts until September. Annual rainfall ranges from about 1100 mm (about 43 in) in the north to about 2100 mm (about 83 in) in the southeast. The

27. African Studies Centre - Webdossier Asante Kingdom by forming alliances with neighboring peoples, leading to Akwamu Denkyira Akuapemand Ashanti in the lives of and eastern Wangara an indigenous West African http://asc.leidenuniv.nl/library/webdossiers/dossierasante.htm

DOSSIER ASANTE KINGDOM ABOUT THIS DOSSIER This year the tercentenary of diplomatic relations between Ghana and the Netherlands is being celebrated, both in Ghana and in the Netherlands. Events have been organized to inform the Dutch public, the media, civil society and politicians about what Ghana has to offer and to strengthen public support for development cooperation ( www.ghana300holland.nl) OPAC ). For more information about this dossier please contact us by email at asclibrary@fsw.leidenuniv.nl or phone (+31 (0)71 527 3354). INTRODUCTION The celebrations to mark 300 years of diplomatic relations between Ghana and the Netherlands include a visit by the King of the Asante (in English: Ashanti), Osei Tutu II, to the Netherlands in June 2002. Osei Tutu is the traditional leader of the Asante, the largest ethnic group in Ghana and became king in 1999 after the death of Nana Opoku Ware II. The Asante were one of the Akan-speaking peoples who settled in the forest region of modern Ghana between the 11thand 13th centuries. The separate Asante chiefdoms were united by Osei Tutu in the 1670s and in 1696 he took the title of Asantehene (king) and founded the Asante empire. Ghana Source: His nation rapidly became more powerful by forming alliances with neighboring peoples, leading to the formation of the Ashanti Union around 1700. He built a capital, Kumasi, and created the legend of the Golden Stool to legitimize his rule. The throne became the symbol of Ashanti authority. By 1750 the Asante Empire was the largest and most powerful state in the region. The empire's wealth and prosperity was based on mining and trading in gold and trading in slaves. The Asante also became famous for woodcarvings, furniture, and their brightly coloured woven cloth, called 'kente'. The kingdom continued to expand until, under King Osei Bonsu (1801-1824), Asante territory covered nearly all of present-day Ghana.

28. Untitled Akropongakuapem, Ghana. The other has been the theological exploration into the indigenouscultures of African peoples, with particular stress on their pre http://www.hs.unp.ac.za/theology/bediak.htm

This paper has been published in ThemeliosAn international bulletin for theological and religious studies students vol. 20, no.1, October 1994, pp.14-20.) Understanding African Theology in the 20th Century Kwame Bediako Director, Akrofi-Christaller Memorial Centre Akropong-Akuapem, Ghana. African Christian Thought in the post-missionary era:Liberation and Integration This article will focus on the second of these "trends", which is what is generally meant by the designation, "African Theology". It needs to be pointed out, though, that the two are by no means to be regarded as mutually exclusive. Rather, they may be described as "a series of concentric circles of which Black Theology is the inner and smaller circle". Nonetheless it will be more helpful to make "Black Theology" the subject of a separate discussion. An early shared concern: The African religious past as a prime theological issue The predominant concern with the pre-Christian religious traditions of Africa in the early literature of African Theology has been characterised, sometimes, as an unhealthy, inward-looking preoccupation with an imagined African past. No less an interpreter of African Christianity than Adrian Hastings has made this criticism, and is to be taken seriously; he saw greater possibilities in the more politically-attuned theologia crucis of Black Theology . At the same time, African non-Christian critics have vehemently rejected what they have regarded as African Theology's attempt to "christianise", and hence, to distort African tradition. For them, the effort to seek an integration of the pre-Christian religious tradition and African Christian experience is misplaced and unwarranted, being the search for the reconciliation of essentially and intrinsically antithetical entities

29. Untitled of Western Christian perspectives on peoples with a of the Bible in African indigenouslanguages in Venue AkrofiChristaller Centre, Akropong- akuapem, Ghana. http://www.hs.unp.ac.za/theology/ethos.htm

E T H O S THE EVANGELICAL THEOLOGICAL HOUSE OF STUDIES P R O S P E C T U S Contextual Evangelical Theology printed Feb 1998 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. THE CONCEPT AND HISTORY 3 2. GOALS 3 3. ETHOS STAFF 3 4. GOVERNING STRUCTURE 4 5. COURSE OFFERINGS 5 5.1. Master of Theology 5 5.2. Bachelor of Theology/ Arts 13 5.3. Diploma in Theology 13 5.4. Pastors Uprade Programme(PUP) 20 6. ASSIGNMENTS 20 7. EXAMINATIONS 21 8. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS 21 9. LOCATION AND FACILITIES 22 10. ETHOS NETWORK 22 11. IMPORTANT INFORMATION 24 12. REGISTRATION 25 1. THE CONCEPT AND HISTORY The history of ETHOS starts in 1986. It was in the Concerned Evangelicals' conference which was held at the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Southern Africa centre (ELCSA) situated at Central Western Jabavu in Soweto. ETHOS was conceptualised as a theological institution which will help produce a relevant contextual evangelical theology which was meant to assist in the political struggle for freedom and to confirm faith in Jesus Christ in a situation of gross racial segregation. It was at a time where there was no single evangelical nor pentecostal Bible college which had a relevant evangelical programme with a social conscience training pastors specifically to engage the apartheid situation with faith in Jesus Christ. The evangelical churches and their denominationally based colleges were mute concerning apartheid and yet audible in condemning those who worked for its downfall.

30. The Ga-Dangme People:A Historical Sketch III by government has left indigenous peoples with severely and Politics in the AkuapemState, Northwestern D., Akan and GaAdangme peoples, International African http://members.tripod.com/tettey/Gapart3.htm

LECTURE IV THE FORGING OF NEW GA-DANGME UNITY AND THE KATAMANSO WAR To lead the Gá-Dangme you need the courage of Okaikoi and the sagacity of great high priests. It is a task in selflessness and courage. In all things be bold and fearless,seeking above all to ensure the security and happiness of the people. Like a good tree the strong nation requires continual pruning and reform. The good leader sleeps not for an hour, constantly seeking the interests of his people In this Lecture we examine the factors that led to the emergence of the Gá-Dangme as major players in the political scene of the Gold Coast; look at the principal reasons for the Katamanso War. Accra started to emerge from its short eclipse; the short reign of Ofori Tibo saw the the re-stabilisation of Gá-Dangme politics. The emergence of Tetteh Ahinakwa or Momotse and Okaidja as King of Accra and chief of Gbese respectively led to a reform movement which tried to cleanse the city of corruption and re-establish its politics on a sounder footing. Princes Tetteh Ahinakwa and Okaidja had been ransomed to the Dutch and had gained considerable Western education; they were therefore in a relatively good position to stand back from Gá society and objectively analyse its failures and difficulties. However, once they acceeded to office they lacked a reform party to carry out their reformist programme in the various Gá-Dangme quarters and towns. Attempts to involve the manbii or citizens were not entirely successful.

31. WCRD - Christian Audio Resource Directory churches among the least accessible peoples of the to advise language teams and indigenouschurches/agencies of NW corner of S. Guatemala) Akan, akuapem (40 km http://missionresources.com/christianaudio.htm

Christian Audio Resource Directory This resource directory includes Bible, New Testament, scripture portions and music recordings on audio cassettes in many languages. Please send any additions, deletions and recommendations to ken@missionresources.com Audio Book Evangelism, Verwer-Style George Verwer, founder of Operation Mobilization, and Spear Books are putting together a new strategy using Digital Content for both evangelism and spiritual nourishment. The vision is to see Audio Books become a major player in influencing people around the world. Information can be found at http://www.spearbooks.com . (Click on "Audio Books".) Missionaries can also register as "Reps" and earn commissions as well. Audio Copies Of The Bible Check out http://www.audiotreasure.com , which offers free MP3s of the Bible for download in a variety of languages (including English, Hindi, Tagalog, Urdu, Slovak, Spanish, Mandarin, and Cantonese). You can download them and burn CDs or you can order them from audiotreasure.com

32. Dick Grune's Annotated Literature Lists The Language of the Sea peoples , Amsterdam, Najade G. Charachidzé, Ubykh , in TheIndigenous Languages of It consists of three dialects, akuapem, Asante and http://www.cs.vu.nl/~dick/Summaries/Misc/NatLang.html

Languages and Linguistics Literature references and annotations by Dick Grune, dick@cs.vu.nl . Last update: Thu Mar 6 13:05:05 2003. These references and annotations were originally intended for personal use and are presented here only in the hope that they may be useful to others. There is no claim to completeness or even correctness. Each annotation represents my understanding of the paper at the moment I wrote the annotation. No guarantees given; comments and content criticism welcome. Anne van der Meiden, "Biebel in de Twentse Sproake, Oale Testament, deelen 1", in Twents: Bible in the Twents (Tubantian) Language, Old Testament, Part 1, Stichting Twentse Bijbelvertaling, Enschede, 2001, pp. 390. Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, "Genes, Peoples, and Languages", University of California Press, Berkeley, 2000, pp. 228. Bernd Heine, Derek Nurse, "African Languages An Introduction", Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000, pp. 396. Consists of very many relatively short entries. Made for Koreans: no explanations in English. English entries divided in syllables, with pronunciation and frequency indication; Korean entries with Hanja alternatives. Joseph Harold Greenberg, "Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives The Eurasiatic Language Family Vol. 1. Grammar", pp. 326. 2000, Stanford University Press, Stanford

33. African Languages recognized for us schools Akan (Asante, akuapem, and Fante Berber was the originalindigenous language before the arrival of the Arabicspeaking peoples. http://chora.virtualave.net/afrilang1.html

African Languages Source: Colin Baker and Sylvia Prys Jones' (1998) Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education- Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp.355-367 Algeria The Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, formerly French colony, gained independence in 1962, following e war against France. The population of 28.5 million 995 estimate) is of Arab, Berber or mixed Arab-Berber ancestry. After 1962, the majority of the one million Europeans resident in Algeria left the country, and now s than one percent of the population is of European origin. French still enjoys a high status in Algeria. It is a major foreign language and is still widely read and spoken by many educated Algerians. National radio has a French station. The only TV channel is in Arabic with some French material. The majority of newspapers and magazines are in French, and French is widely used in higher education. Scientific material in school and university text books is almost exclusively in French, while Arabic is the medium of primary education. A law to Arabize local administration, business, politics and the media from July, 1992 was postponed indefinitely, because it was felt that the necessary conditions for adequate implementation of the law did not yet exist. English is also a recognized foreign language in Algeria and is gaining in prestige. Angola The People's Republic of Angola was formerly part of Portuguese West Africa. The country gained independence from Portugal in 1975 after 14 years of guerrilla warfare and a brutal civil war. The population in 1995 was estimated at 10 million. Because of the devastation and social unrest caused by sporadic warfare since independence, it is not easy to assess the language situation in Angola. It is estimated that there are more than 90 ethnic groups in Angola, and numerous local languages are spoken. Over 90 percent of the population speak Bantu languages. There are three major ethnolinguistic groups, the Ovimbundu (37 percent) in the central and southern regions, the Kimbundu (25 percent) in Luanda and the east, and the Kikongo (13 percent) in the north.

34. Rightful Heirs Of The Holy Land in the eastern region of Ghana of the akuapem people until being driven out by theindigenous Nile Valley described in their old pictures to be black (peoples). http://www.triniview.com/cgi-bin/rasta/webbbs_config.pl/noframes/read/37824

RastafariSpeaks.com U.S. Crusade Rastafari Times Race and History ... Rastafari Speaks Board Use the Free For All Board for all Non-Rastafari related posts and discussions Return to Index Read Prev Msg Read Next Msg Rightful Heirs of the Holy Land Posted By: Ras Joe Date: 16, December 02, at 11:57 a.m. Why The Arabs And So-called Jews Can Never Ever Find Peace Together In The So-called Holy Lands Of The Middle East? Part 1 The reason why the Arabs and so-called Jews can never ever find peace together in the so-called Holy Lands is that neither one of them is the true Heir to this property. Reader, in order to treat this subject with truth and scholarship, it is very necessary to shed some light on the historical background of this area, and identify the true indigenous people who lived throughout this entire region as early as 6000 years ago. Thus, to this end, this writer, Teacher Maulana, shall herein this article highlight historical research and documentation that will give the reader an indispensable truth of who is the rightful heir to this most controversial and volatile piece of real estate property in the world, today. Moreover

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