21. Aplastic Anemia And Myelodysplasia Association - Alberta aplastic anemia and Myelodysplasia Association of Canada. AlbertaChapter We are currently a group of 1520 people who meet once http://www.aplastic.ualberta.ca/alta.html

Aplastic Anemia and Myelodysplasia Association of Canada Alberta Chapter We are currently a group of 15-20 people who meet once a year and work in our local communities to provide patient support for people with aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndromes and PNH, to disseminate information about the disorders, to support the Canadian Blood Services programs directly affecting patients with bone marrow failure diseases, and to raise funds to support research. For more information about the Alberta Chapter, please contact: S. Marchesin 10003 - 82 Street Edmonton, Alberta tel: (780) 465-3414 smarchesin@shaw.ca < Back Home This file last updated: document.write(document.lastModified) // unhide >

22. NMDP - Treatment Of Acquired Aplastic Anemia, Advanced This page provides a basic overview of the symptoms, diagnosis, possibletreatment options for severe aplastic anemia. NMDP Home, http://www.marrow.org/MEDICAL/aplastic_anemia_advanced.html

Home Medical Information Diseases Treatable By Stem Cell Transplantation Aplastic Anemia (Severe), basic > Aplastic Anemia (Severe), advanced Treatment of Acquired Aplastic Anemia, advanced September, 25, 1998 by Bruce M. Camitta, M.D. Rebecca Jean Slye Professor of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Midwest Children's Cancer Center, Department of Pediatrics Medical College of Wisconsin and the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin U.S.A. Many articles on this Web site are written at two levels: The basic version is written at an introductory level and includes explanations of medical terminology. The advanced version contains in-depth information written in the style of a medical journal. Jump to a Section: Abstract Background Definitions: Severity and Response Treatment: Non-Transplant ... References Abstract Return to Top Background Aplastic anemia is a group of acquired and inherited disorders characterized by deficient hematopoietic stem cells, a hypocellular bone marrow, and peripheral blood cytopenias. The incidence of aplastic anemia is approximately 2-3 cases per million population per year in Europe and the United States. For unknown reasons the disease is 2 to 3 times more frequent in many Asian countries. These estimates do not include patients in whom predictable bone marrow suppression develops after exposure to irradiation, chemotherapy or other drugs. Similarly, patients who develop marrow failure as a precursor to acute leukemia or myelodysplastic syndromes are not considered to have aplastic anemia.

23. Aplastic Anemia Library A B. aplastic anemia. aplastic anemia Foundation of America PO Box 613Annapolis, Maryland 21404-0613 (800) 747-2820 Email aafacenter@aol.com. http://www.familyvillage.wisc.edu/lib_apls.htm

Aplastic Anemia Who to Contact Where to Go to Chat with Others Learn More About It Web Sites ... Search AltaVista for "Aplastic Anemia" Who to Contact Aplastic Anemia Foundation of America P.O. Box 613 Annapolis, Maryland 21404-0613 Email: aafacenter@aol.com The Aplastic Anemia Foundation of America provides free educational materials and updated medical information, serves as a resource directory for patient assistance and emotional support, and financially support research for Aplastic Anemia and related syndromes. AAFA publishes a quarterly newsletter at no charge. There are also various publications and fact sheets available including, Drug Therapy, and Bone Marrow Transplantation. They have audio tapes and books that are free, and are printed in English, Spanish, French, and Japanese. Where to Go to Chat with Others AA-MDS-TALK A listserve based mailing list in support of Aplastic Anemia (AA) and Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS) patients, friends, families, and care providers Learn More About It Aplastic Anemia Aplastic Anemia Answer Book Web Sites Aplastic Anemia Foundation of America The Bone Marrow Transplant Web Site Back to [ A - B Family Village Home Library Coffee Shop ... Information Last Updated July 7, 1999 by

24. Aplastic Anemia-Blood Diseases & Disorders Blood Diseases. aplastic anemia. What is aplastic anemia? Aplastic Whatcauses aplastic anemia? aplastic anemia has multiple causes. Some http://www.umm.edu/blood/aneaplas.htm

Donations / Banking Blood Diseases Facts About Blood Bone Marrow Transplantation ... Site Map Related Resources Within UMM Hematology Pediatric Oncology Blood Diseases Aplastic Anemia What is aplastic anemia? Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow produces too few of all three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. A reduced number of red blood cells causes hemoglobin to drop. A reduced number of white blood cells makes the patient susceptible to infection. And, a reduced number of platelets causes the blood not to clot as easily. What causes aplastic anemia? Aplastic anemia has multiple causes. Some of these causes are idiopathic, meaning they occur sporadically for no known reason. Other causes are secondary, resulting from a previous illness or disorder. Acquired causes, however, may include the following: history of specific infectious diseases such as infectious hepatitis history of taking certain medications, such as antibiotics and anticonvulsants exposure to certain toxins such as heavy metals exposure to radiation history of an autoimmune disease inherited condition What are the symptoms of aplastic anemia?

25. Aplastic Anemia: BC Cancer Agency Agency Home Patient/Public Info Recommended Links Cancer Related Websites aplastic anemia. Recommended Links. aplastic anemia. Brain CNS. Breast. http://www.bccancer.bc.ca/PPI/RecommendedLinks/CancerRelatedWebsites/AplasticAne

Agency Links: Home Contact Us Legal Privacy ... Cancer Related Websites Aplastic Anemia Recommended Links Cancer Related Websites Aplastic Anemia Breast Carcinogens Clinical Trials Colorectal ... Other Health Websites Cancer Related Websites - Aplastic Anemia Print Wizard Print this Page Aplastic Anemia and MDS International Foundation Print Wizard ... Print this Page The BC Cancer Agency is a part of the Provincial Health Services Authority If you notice a problem with this page, please report it via the Bug Report Form . Thank you. Unofficial document if printed . Please refer to the following web address for up-to-date information:

26. Aplastic Anemia: Pathophysiology And Treatment aplastic anemia Pathophysiology and Treatment. aplastic anemia Pathophysiologyand Treatment Author(s) H Schrezenmeier and A Bacigalupo http://www.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader$1702

Bloodline Home About Call for Papers Free Membership ... Search Educational Features Image Atlas Case Studies Private Lectures Conference Reviews ... Glossary Resources Conference Calendar Hematology Links Full Text Journals Classifieds Specialties BMT/Stem Cell Cord Blood Thrombosis Hemostasis ... Veterinary News Hematology News BloodLink Newsletter Blood News Update Discussion Today's Discussion Create New Topic List by Topic Members Join Now Login Aplastic Anemia: Pathophysiology and Treatment Aplastic Anemia: Pathophysiology and Treatment Author(s): H Schrezenmeier and A Bacigalupo Cambridge University Press, n.p., 2000, 391 pages, hardbound. Significant progress has been made in the past several years in understanding the pathophysiology and causes of aplastic anemia. Likewise, the therapy of aplastic anemia has evolved as studies of both bone marrow transplantation and immunosuppressant treatments have been performed and have matured. This book is an effort to provide a concise and up-to-date summary of the currently established body of information on the pathophysiology and treatment of aplastic anemia. The editors indicate that the genesis of the book lay within the aplastic anemia working party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). This book is intended for those who desire a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia and for those needing practical information on the management of patients with this disorder. A special chapter is devoted to children with acquired aplastic anemia and there is also a chapter on clonal transformation. This section ends with a chapter entitled, "Guidelines for treating aplastic anemia" which is, in fact, a concensus document from a group of international experts. Overall, this section is quite good with a thorough review of bone marrow transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy. The guideline section is practical and well written. Disappointingly, there is little review of an intriguing recent therapy for aplastic anemia using high-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell infusion. Moreover, although this text is reasonably up-to-date in most sections, some areas are already becoming anachronistic, such as, the advice that allogeneic peripheral blood stem cells are experimental and should not be used.

27. Minimum TBI In Aplastic Anemia With Unrelated Donor BMT Minimum TBI in aplastic anemia with Unrelated Donor BMT. Marrow TransplantsFrom Unrelated Donors for Patients With aplastic anemia http://www.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader$2696

Bloodline Home About Call for Papers Free Membership ... Search Educational Features Image Atlas Case Studies Private Lectures Conference Reviews ... Glossary Resources Conference Calendar Hematology Links Full Text Journals Classifieds Specialties BMT/Stem Cell Cord Blood Thrombosis Hemostasis ... Veterinary News Hematology News Blood News Update Discussion Today's Discussion Create New Topic List by Topic Members Join Now Login Minimum TBI in Aplastic Anemia with Unrelated Donor BMT Marrow Transplants From Unrelated Donors for Patients With Aplastic Anemia: Minimum Effective Dose of Total Body Irradiation Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 7:208-215 7.4.Deeg Carden Jennings Publishing Co., Ltd. Featured Resources Blood and Marrow Transplantation Reviews Volume 12, Issue 4 New Concepts in the Treatment of GVHD with Photopheresis Private Lecture: Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Content and the Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Bloodline Reviews Volume 2, Issue 1 Radioimmunotherapy in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma BloodLine Image Atlas Autologous Blood and Marrow Transplantation X: Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium

28. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Secondary Aplastic Anemia Secondary aplastic anemia. Alternative names Return to top Anemia secondary aplastic; Acquired aplastic anemia. Definition Return http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000529.htm

Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Secondary aplastic anemia Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Bone marrow aspiration Blood types Alternative names Return to top Anemia - secondary aplastic; Acquired aplastic anemia Definition Return to top Secondary aplastic anemia is a failure of the blood-cell forming capacity of the bone marrow that affects all blood-cell types. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Secondary aplastic anemia is a condition that is a result of injury to the stem cell, a cell that gives rise to other blood cell types when it divides and differentiates. Consequently, there is a reduction in all types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (which is called pancytopenia). Causes of secondary aplastic anemia include chemotherapy , drug therapy to suppress the immune system, radiation therapy toxins such as benzene or arsenic, drugs, pregnancy , and congenital disorders. When the cause is unknown, it is then referred to as

29. MEdIC - Health Explorer - Iron Overload MEdIC aplastic anemia patients who receive repeated blood cell transfussions may develop iron overload. A look at this condition and who needs treatment. http://medic.med.uth.tmc.edu/ptnt/00001041.htm

Iron Overload Aplastic anemia patients who receive repeated blood cell transfussions may develop iron overload. Iron from transfused red cells builds up in the blood and eventually accumulates in the heart, liver, pancreas, and endocrine organs. This excess iron may eventually damage vital organs and cause complications like liver disease, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus. Normal body iron stores are 3-4 grams. Each unit of transfused red cells contains 200-250 mg of iron. Thus, a patient who receives 2 units of blood each month would accumulate approximately 5-6 g of extra iron in one year. Without treatment to remove excess iron, damage to the heart and other organs occurs in patients who have received as few as 100 units of blood, or 20 grams of excess iron. Visible signs of iron overload, such as bronze or slate grey skin pigmentation, don't usually appear until enough iron has accumulated to cause tissue damage. In the United States, the only way to prevent or treat iron overload is with the iron chelating drug deferoxamine (Desferal). Desferal binds excess body iron and promotes its excretion by the kidneys in urine and via the bile in feces. Desferal is administered by subcutaneous or intravenous infusion by a small portable pump about the size of a Walkman. Typically the patient inserts a subcutaneous needle and wears the pump for 9-12 hours each day, usually at night while sleeping. Severely iron overloaded patients may need a continuous infusion through an indwelling central venous catheter. Several studies have demonstrated that regular chelation therapy with Desferal can remove excess body iron, prevent organ damage, and prolong life.

30. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Idiopathic Aplastic Anemia Idiopathic aplastic anemia. Definition Return to top Idiopathic aplastic anemiais a failure of the bone marrow to properly form all types of blood cells. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000554.htm

Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Idiopathic aplastic anemia Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Bone marrow aspiration Antibodies Alternative names Return to top Anemia - idiopathic aplastic Definition Return to top Idiopathic aplastic anemia is a failure of the bone marrow to properly form all types of blood cells. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Idiopathic aplastic anemia is a condition that results from injury to the stem cell, a cell that gives rise to other cell types after it divides. Consequently, there is a reduction in all cell types red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets with this type of anemia , which is called pancytopenia. The cause of idiopathic aplastic anemia is unknown, but is thought to be an autoimmune process (the body reacting against its own cells). Causes of other types of aplastic anemia may be chemotherapy radiation therapy toxins , drugs, pregnancy , congenital disorder, or systemic lupus erythematosus Symptoms arise as the consequence of bone marrow failure. Anemia (low

31. Fanconi Anaemia Resource Page A rare disorder found in children that involves the blood and bone marrow. The symptoms include severe aplastic anemia, hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and patchy discoloration of the skin. http://www.cancerindex.org/ccw/fanconi.htm

Home Site Map Cancer Types Treatments ... About Fanconi Anaemia Menu Cancer-Types Fanconi Anaemia What is Fanconi Anaemia ? Fanconi Anaemia is a rare disorder found in children that involves the blood and bone marrow. The symptoms include severe aplastic anemia , hypoplasia of the bone marrow, and patchy discoloration of the skin. This is an autosomal recessive condition, affected children usually develop severe aplastic anemia by age 8 to 9 years. Treatment usually consists of bone marrow transplant. Fanconi Anaemia is not a cancer, though recent research has shown an association between Fanconi Anaemia and leukaemia. There are 8 types of Fanconi Anaemia; known as complementation groups A through to H. Some definitions: Anemia below normal levels of erythrocytes (red blood cells) Aplastic anemia anemia that is resistant to treatment; often accompanied by deficiencies of other blood cells. Hypoplasia incomplete / under development of a part of the body. Pancytopenia deficiency of all types of blood cells. Recessive (genetics) if the required allele (a type of gene) is not present in both members of a pair of chromosomes then that allele is not expressed.

32. Disease Category Listing (282): Aplastic Anemia Clinical Trials aplastic anemia. New York. New York; ColumbiaPresbyterianMedical Center Study of standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy http://www.centerwatch.com/patient/studies/cat282.html

Clinical Trials: Aplastic Anemia New York New York; Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center Study of transplantation using umbilical cord and placental blood New York; Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center Study of standard chemotherapy and radiotherapy before allogeneic stem cell transplantation Back to Clinical Trials by Medical Areas Research centers specializing in this illness area Additional resources ... in this illness area This site is run by CenterWatch, a publishing company that focuses on the clinical trials industry. The information provided in this service is designed to help patients find clinical trials that may be of interest to them, and to help patients contact the centers conducting the research. CenterWatch is neither promoting this research nor involved in conducting any of these trials. Trial listing updated: April 2, 2003 at 2:05:07 PM Patient Resources: [ Trial Listing Notification Services Drug Directories About Clinical Research ... Patient Bookstore Professional Resources: [ Research Center Profiles Industry Provider Profiles Industry News Professional Resources ... Professional Bookstore General: [ Search Site Map Your Privacy CW World ... Home This site was developed in association with Illumina Interactive of Boston, MA

33. InteliHealth: Aplastic Anemia crossreferenced in an AZ format. aplastic anemia. Health A to Z, Reviewedby the Faculty of Harvard Medical School aplastic anemia http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/20861.html

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34. InteliHealth: It occurs when the amount of hemoglobin in the blood decreases. aplastic anemia. Anemia,Reviewed by the Faculty of Harvard Medical School aplastic anemia http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/14294/29412.html

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35. Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma aplastic anemia, Book, Home Page. Diamond Syndrome; Familial aplasticAnemia (Preleukemia). Differential Diagnosis See Pancytopenia. Labs http://www.fpnotebook.com/HEM131.htm

Home About Links Index ... Editor's Choice Paid Advertisement (click above). Please see the privacy statement Hematology and Oncology Lymph Assorted Pages Lymphadenopathy Generalized Lymphadenopathy Regional Lymphadenopathy Lymphoma ... Medication Causes of Lymphadenopathy Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Book Home Page Cardiovascular Medicine Dental Dermatology Emergency Medicine Endocrinology Gastroenterology General Medicine Geriatric Medicine Gynecology Hematology and Oncology HIV Infectious Disease Jokes Laboratory Neonatology Nephrology Neurology Obstetrics Ophthalmology Orthopedics Otolaryngology Pediatrics Pharmacology Prevention Psychiatry Pulmonology Radiology Rheumatology Sports Medicine Surgery Urology Chapter Hematology and Oncology Index Anemia Cancer Coagulopathy Cardiovascular Medicine Dermatology Endocrinology Otolaryngology Examination Gastroenterology Hematology and Oncology Hemoglobin Hemolysis Histiocytosis HIV Infectious Disease Laboratory Leukemia General Pulmonology Lymph Marrow Neurology Obstetrics Orthopedics Pediatrics Pharmacology Platelet Prevention Procedure Psychiatry Rheumatology Surgery Symptom Evaluation Vascular Page Lymph Index Adenopathy Adenopathy Causes Adenopathy Causes Regional Lymphoma Lymphoma Hodgkin's Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin's See Also Lymphoma Epidemiology Most common of solid hematologic malignancies Incidence : 40,000 new cases/year in United States

36. BMT InfoNet Home Page aplastic anemia. AAMDS-TALK and care providers. To subscribe, visitwebsite. aplastic anemia MDS International Foundation, Inc. http://www2.bmtnews.org/resource/index.cfm?Fuseaction=ResourceResults&Category=1

37. EMedicine - Aplastic Anemia : Article By Sameer Bakhshi, MD aplastic anemia aplastic anemia is a marrow failure syndrome characterizedby peripheral pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia. aplastic anemia. http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic162.htm

(advertisement) Home Specialties CME PDA ... Patient Education Articles Images CME Patient Education Advanced Search Link to this site Back to: eMedicine Specialties Medicine, Ob/Gyn, Psychiatry, and Surgery Hematology Aplastic Anemia Last Updated: February 19, 2002 Rate this Article Email to a Colleague Synonyms and related keywords: progressive hypocythemia, aregeneratory anemia, aleukia hemorrhagica, panmyelophthisis, hypoplastic anemia, toxic paralytic anemia AUTHOR INFORMATION Section 1 of 11 Author Information Introduction Clinical Differentials ... Bibliography Author: Sameer Bakhshi, MD , Assistant Professor, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Coauthor(s): Roy Baynes, MB, BCh, PhD, FACP , Charles Martin Professor of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University; Esteban Abella, MD , Medical Director of Inpatient Care Unit Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Associate Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University

38. EMedicine - Aplastic Anemia : Article Excerpt By: Sameer Bakhshi, MD aplastic anemia aplastic anemia is a marrow failure syndrome characterized byperipheral pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia. Excerpt from aplastic anemia. http://www.emedicine.com/med/byname/aplastic-anemia.htm

(advertisement) Excerpt from Aplastic Anemia Synonyms, Key Words, and Related Terms: progressive hypocythemia, aregeneratory anemia, aleukia hemorrhagica, panmyelophthisis, hypoplastic anemia, toxic paralytic anemia Please click here to view the full topic text: Aplastic Anemia Background: Aplastic anemia is a marrow failure syndrome characterized by peripheral pancytopenia and marrow hypoplasia. Paul Ehrlich, MD, introduced the concept of aplastic anemia in 1888 when he studied the case of a pregnant woman who died of bone marrow failure. However, it was not until 1904 that this disorder was termed aplastic anemia by Chauffard. Pathophysiology: The theoretical basis for marrow failure includes primary defects in, or damage to, the stem cell or the marrow microenvironment. The distinction between acquired and inherited disease may present a clinical challenge, but more than 80% of cases are acquired. In acquired aplastic anemia, clinical and laboratory observations suggest that this is an autoimmune disease. Morphologically, the bone marrow is devoid of hematopoietic elements, showing largely fat cells. Flow-cytometry shows that the CD34 cell population, which contains the stem cells and the early committed progenitors, is reduced significantly. In vitro colony culture assays suggest profound functional loss of the hematopoietic progenitors, so much so that they are unresponsive even to very high levels of hematopoietic growth factors.

39. Aplastic Anemia - Lucile Packard Children's Hospital Hematology Blood Disorders. aplastic anemia What is aplastic anemia? Whatcauses aplastic anemia? aplastic anemia in children has multiple causes. http://www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/hematology/aplsanem.html

Bone Marrow Transplantation Hematology Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Oncology ... Oncology Aplastic Anemia What is aplastic anemia? Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow produces too few of all types of blood cells: red cells, white cells, and platelets. A reduced number of red blood cells causes the hemoglobin (a type of protein in the red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues of the body) to drop. A reduced number of white blood cells causes the patient to be susceptible to infection. A reduced number of platelets can cause the blood not to clot as easily. What causes aplastic anemia? Aplastic anemia in children has multiple causes. Some of these causes are idiopathic, meaning they occur sporadically for no known reason. Other causes are secondary, resulting from a previous illness or disorder. Nearly 50 to 75 percent of childhood cases of aplastic anemia occur sporadically for no known reason. Acquired causes, however, may include the following: history of specific infectious diseases such as hepatitis, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), parvovirus B19, or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

40. Aplastic Anemia In A Petrochemical Factory Worker aplastic anemia in a Petrochemical Factory Worker. Abstract A petrochemicalworker with aplastic anemia was referred to our hospital. http://ehpnet1.niehs.nih.gov/docs/1999/107p851-853baak/abstract.html

Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 107, Number 10, October 1999 Citation in PubMed Related Articles St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea Aplastic Anemia in a Petrochemical Factory Worker Young Mann Baak, Byoung Yong Ahn, Hwang Shin Chang, Ji Hong Kim, Kyoung Ah Kim, and Young Lim Department of Industrial Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea Abstract A petrochemical worker with aplastic anemia was referred to our hospital. He worked in a petroleum resin-producing factory and had been exposed to low-level benzene while packaging the powder resin and pouring lime into a deactivation tank. According to the yearly environmental survey of the working area, the airborne benzene level was approximately 0.28 ppm. Exposure to benzene, a common chemical used widely in industry, may progressively lead to pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, and leukemia. The hematotoxicity of benzene is related to the amount and duration of exposure. Most risk predictions for benzene exposures have been based on rubber workers who were exposed to high concentrations. In the petroleum industry, the concentration of benzene is relatively low, and there are disputes over the toxicity of low-level benzene because of a lack of evidence. In this paper we report the case of aplastic anemia induced by low-level benzene exposure. Key words : aplastic anemia, benzene, petrochemical worker.

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