21. Africa adding much to the fabric of indigenous African cultures The Standard Bank of SouthAfrica provides detailed and religious beliefs of the Akan asante peoples. http://home.san.rr.com/cfamily/swres/history/midages/africa/africa.htm

Content Standard 7.4 Performance Standard 7.4.1 The student describes the geographical and cultural factors leading to the growth of trade and state-building in West Africa. 1C, 1F, 2C, 2D, 2F,3C Performance Standard 7.4.2 The student describes the development of towns and maritime trade in East and Southern Africa. 1C, 1E, 2F, 3C Performance Standard 7.4.3 The student describes the effects of population movement, trade, and cultural diffusion on sub-Saharan Africa. 1A, 1D, 2B, 2D, 2F, 3B, 4A Africa Guide The Africa Guide is a complete and comprehensive guide to all of Africa with detailed information for each country - containing hundreds of links to other sites. Africa Guide is a GREAT resource for information about Africa! Civilizations of Africa Start with this first link and learn about the spread of the use of iron in Africa. Using the navigation bar at the bottom of the page learn more about the early Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Zimbabwe to name a few. Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan "Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan" provides a narrative historical overview of Mali, Songhay, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausaland before the modern era, a hyperlinked glossary with pronunciation helps, and self-tests on the history of these regions.

22. Boston University 2) asante not Ashanti is the indigenous name of and historically accurate accountof the asante kingdom. Gives myths of origin of Akan peoples, early history http://www.bu.edu/africa/outreach/materials/handouts/ghanares.html

Boston University African Studies Center 270 Bay State Road Boston, Massachusetts 02215 www.bu.edu/afr GHANA An Annotated List of Books and Other Resources for Teaching About Ghana This list is organized in 6 sections: 1. Travelling Kit 2. Children's books 3. Teacher resources 4. History books 5. Videos 6. Internet resources This list was compiled by Barbara Brown, Ph. D., of the Outreach Program of the African Studies Center at Boston University and Patricia Carrington and Christine Terry of the Agassiz School. in Boston. Additional annotations with an asterisk* in front are from Brenda Randolph, Africa Access, 2204 Question Road, Silver Springs, MD 20910. TRAVELLING KIT Ghana Kit Rental from: CHILDREN'S BOOKS (for elementary grades unless otherwise noted) Aardema, Verna. Anansi Does the Impossible. Atheneum Books for young Readers, 1997. Anansi and his wife outsmart the Sky God and win back the beloved folktales of their people. Ahiagble, Gilbert and Louise Meyer. Master Weaver from Ghana. Open Hand Publishers, 1988. This beautiful picture book introduces a contempoarary Ghanaian weaver and his art.

23. Guide To Ethnic Studies Resources the political struggles waged by indigenous peoples to assert A directory of resourceson africa, including news asante, Molefi K. The Historical and Cultural http://www.gustavus.edu/oncampus/academics/library/subjectguides/ethnicstudies.h

Guide to Ethnic Studies Resources This guide points out some of the reference materials available-print and electronic-that have an emphasis on diversity or focus on a particular culture group. It is by no means complete, but serves as a sampling of what the reference collection offers; don't hesitate to ask a librarian for assistance if you aren't finding what you need. Reference Works Finding Books Finding Articles Ethnic Studies Journals ... Citing Your Sources Reference Works General reference books and bibliographies: Ref Atlases E Allen, James Paul and Eugene J. Turner. We the People: An Atlas of America's Ethnic Diversity . New York: Macmillan, 1988. Represents in maps the distribution of 36 ethnic groups according to the 1980 census, with comparisons to the 1920 census. Includes tables, bibliography, and explanatory text. Ref E American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation . New York: Macmillan Reference, 1997. Covers culture groups from Acadians to Zoroastrians, covering each groups defining features, patterns of cultural variation, immigration history, demographics, cultural characteristics, and relevant published literature. Ref GN Encyclopedia of World Cultures . Boston: G. K. Hall, 1991. This multivolume set covers over 1,500 culture groups, alphabetically arranged within regions. The information summarizes information on the distribution, belief systems, kinship structures, and history of the groups and provides selective bibliographies for further research.

24. Reference Sources On of the political struggles waged by indigenous peoples to assert html A directoryof resources on africa, including news Ref E 185 .A1 C36 1991, asante, Molefi K http://www.gustavus.edu/oncampus/academics/library/Guides/amamotoFTS.html

Reference Sources for Other Lives, Other Perspectives Finding Books and Articles General Reference African and African-American Asian and Asian-American ... Citing Your Sources This guide points out some of the reference materials available—print and electronic—that have an emphasis on diversity or focus on a particular culture group. It is by no means complete, but serves as a sampling of what the reference collection offers; don't hesitate to ask a librarian for assistance if you aren't finding what you need. A note about subject headings: There are a number of ways of describing a particular ethnic or minority group, which can make searching a catalog or database tricky. The Library of Congress subject headings tend attempt to keep books under a topic under the same headings, so they are slow to change and don't always reflect current usage. For example, catalogers don't use "African Americans," but rather "Afro-Americans;" not "Latino" or "Latina" but "Hispanic;" not "Native Americans" but "Indians of North America." The subject headings listed at the end of a book record in the catalog can tell you which headings are in use, or you can consult the Library of Congress Subject Headings list, four red volumes shelved between the PALS terminals on the main floor of the library and near terminals on all three floors. Other databases use other language; be aware that you may have to reword a search to find what you need. Finding books and articles: Library Catalogs WebPALS Our library catalog. Click on "Search" next to the green banner, then search by keyword, author, title, etc. The Limit option lets you limit by date, additional keywords, collection area, and so on. The Location line lists the call numberwhere the book is shelved. Locations beginning APQ are on the third floor. Locations PRZ are shelved on the second (main) floor.

25. Forgotten Africa Part 1 - By Monty Rainey example, the kingdom of Ashanti (asante) had profited did not have colonies in africa,but the Liberians used firearms to conquer indigenous peoples and extend http://www.juntosociety.com/monty/mrfa1.html

Home About Us Breaking News] Commentary ... Store Forgotten Africa Part 1 Monty Rainey October 3, 2002 There has been much talk about all of the problems facing Africa today. Most people are aware of the land theft taking place in Zimbabwe, the genocide of Sudanese Christians in southern Sudan, the starvation throughout Africa, the growing AIDS epidemic, and the endless list of other African problems. Almost everyone has an opinion, but as usual, as is sadly the case, Americans for the most part, are poorly informed of the overall scope of what is occurring. To fully understand things, one must first take a look at how the problems developed in the first place. The slave trade, which began about 1450 and lasted roughly 400 years, removed millions of people in their most productive years from Africa and left the continent ill-prepared to cope with the European "scramble for Africa. " From the 1870s through the early twentieth century, nearly the entire sub-Saharan region was divided among the European powers. The Europeans built a basic economic infrastructure; but imposed a bureaucratic system of government and strengthened traditional chiefs and other "big men" to help them rule. These patterns deepened divisions in African societies and strengthened anti-democratic patterns of government.

26. Untitled South africa has a diversity of peoples and communities asante (199026) thus believesthat an Afrocentrist be the religious story of the indigenous people, the http://www.geocities.com/culdif/manona.htm

University of Venda Discourses on Difference and Oppression STRUGGLING FOR SURVIVAL IN A MULTI-RELIGIOUS SOCIETY: AN AFROCENTRIC APPROACH Ncumisa Manona Department of Religious Studies University of Venda ABSTRACT This paper seeks to explore the existence of many religions in South Africa. The author concerns herself with the religious story of the society and how religion has allowed people to experiment in different ways of being human. In South Africa, religion has been implicated in acts of dehumanization, which has resulted in a loss of identity amongst the Traditional African peoples of the country. This identity needs to be restored. The author believes that it may be restored through adopting and applying an Afrocentric approach to life and religion. This would assist one in finding ways of surviving in a society that seems so diverse, and in redressing what is fundamental to religion, that is, togetherness. This would seem to indicate a need for social change. INTRODUCTION In any given society religion always plays an important and decisive role. As such, religion has been one of the most powerful sources in history. A fundamental aspect of religion is to provide people wih a sense of identity – to prevent them from falling apart. The Latin word ‘religare,’ from which the word ‘religion’ is derived, means ‘to bind together.’ Ironically, however, within the South African context, religion has become a dividing force rather than a binding one. The author of this article, a Xhosa-speaking lady currently residing in Venda, has seen and experienced this for herself. One of the basic reasons for this negative effect of religion may be found in the multiplicity or plurality of races, cultures, and thus religions that are found in South Africa.

27. Africa South Of The Sahara - Culture And Society An annotated guide to internet resources on african culture and society.Category Regional africa Society and Culture...... The case studies are asante political expansion, Batimalliba story architecture,Islam and indigenous african cultures site for her course peoples and Cultures http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/culture.html

Topics Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: Countries Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Africa e Mediterraneo (Roma : Istituto sindacale per la cooperazione allo sviluppo) In Italian. A quarterly magazine about African culture and society. Has the table of contents. Topics covered: literature and theatre, music and dance, visual arts (painting, sculpture, photography), cinema, immigration. Owned by Lai-momo, a non-profit co-operative. Contact: redazione@africaemediterraneo.it [KF] http://www.africaemediterraneo.it Africa: One Continent. Many Worlds Extensive site for the traveling art exhibit from the Field Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

28. AFRICA Christians affected a disunion of indigenous African people The asante believe thatlineage should be passed of authority to sit while lesser peoples will stand http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~yaselma/africa.html

Oh Africa Oh Africa, weep not for me since it is I who must weep for you! For are those not the tears of the Maker that flow down your shiny cheeks and course through those arteries new and raw? Oh Africa Oh Africa, my soul mourns the days of our youth, now so long past, when you would succour me and I would nurture you and cherish your gifts so generously given... Oh Africa Oh Africa, alas no more - for, like a plague, the ravaging seething mass moves across your face breeding, breeding, breeding, breeding swarming, all consuming, devouring... Oh Africa Oh Africa, what will become of our beloved friends elephant, cheetah, rhino lion and little duiker? Who will care for them now? And in your sickness you struggle on... and now the mass consumes your lungs it stifles your breath Oh Africa I weep... Be as proud of your race no matter what was the case ! today, as our ancestors were, in the days of yore. We have a beautiful history full of mistiry We shall create another and dedicate it to the African mother. in the future, that will astonish the world Kiswahili AFRICA Africa was and still the most colorful continent on earth even before the colonization. The diversity in Africa is seen every where, climat, nature, languages, colors and cultural diversity. This diversity makes it difficult to generlize ideas and stereotypes about Africa and Africans.

29. Anthropology : The Americas atlas of african Americans / M. asante, 1991 REFERENCE and spirit mediumship in africa Afro International Human Rights and indigenous peoples Bibliography A http://www.library.adelaide.edu.au/guide/soc/anthro/area/america.html

The University of Adelaide Home Departments Search ... Help/Feedback The University of Adelaide Library North Terrace ADELAIDE SA 5005 Telephone: Facsimile: Email: The Americas : a guide to library resources for Anthropology Last update: 6 December 2001 by Chris Smith Contents: North America North AmericaAfrican Americans North AmericaNative Americans South America The following are in addition the general indexes listed in the Electronic databases for Anthropology guide Alternative approaches to contemporary Mayan cultures : an annotated bibliography / D. Pardue, 1994 Bulletin of Bibliography REFERENCE 010.5 B93 51 Annotated ethnographic bibliography of Trinidad / S. Glazier, 1982 [Published in vol.17 (1982) of Behavior science research JOINT STORE H6864-6876 Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas / B. Trigger, 1996- [Vol.2 Mesoamerica] MAIN COLLECTION 970.00497 T828c Caribbean Amerindian Centrelink [This site provides annotated links to Websites dedicated to the Amerindians of various Caribbean islands as well as links to archives and libraries and reference materials] Encyclopedia of world cultures REFERENCE 306.03 L665

30. Powell's Books - Used, New, And Out Of Print made and exercised claims on land in asante, Ghana used by foreign development agentsor indigenous new elites to the lives of ancient peoples, including their http://www.powells.com/subsection/WorldHistoryAfrica.25.html

Technical Books Kids' Books eBooks more search options ... Windows World History Writing view all sections... Africa There are 1243 books in this aisle. Browse the aisle by Title by Author by Price See recently arrived used books in this aisle. Featured Titles in World History -Africa: Page 25 of 33 next Used Trade Paper List Price $24.95 Africa Since 1935 (99 Edition) by Ali Alamin (ed.) / Wondji, Christophe (ed.) Mazrui Synopsis This eighth and final volume of the UNESCO General History of Africa examines the period from 1935 to the present day. As liberation from colonial rule progresses, the volume analyzes political, economic and cultural dimensions of the continent... read more about this title check for other copies New Hardcover Zulu War: Rorke's Drift to Ulundi by Michael Barthorp Publisher Comments It was meant to be a quick knockout blow: the British firmly believed that their rifles and artillery would make short work of the Zulus and then they would be home to London for tea. In an atmosphere of breezy arrogance, three columns of British... read more about this title check for other copies New Hardcover Crime and Policing in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Transforming Under Fire by Mark Shaw Publisher Comments Since the mid-1990s, South Africa has experienced a crime wave of such unprecedented proportions that the ability of the new democracy to form a stable civil society and govern effectively has been called into question. In this timely book, Mark Shaw...

31. Egypt Was Geographically Africa We in africa even know the indigenous african tribal studied the Akan Religion ofthe asante people to the conquering Romans Asiatic peoples the bloodlines http://www.stewartsynopsis.com/ancient_egypt_was_geographically.htm

Home Feedback Form New Caucasian Race Synopsis #1 ... Published Books The Africans Who Wrote The Bible: Ancient Secrets Africa and Christianity Have Never Told By: Alex Darkwah Visit Mr. Darkwah's new website at: http://www.africansbible.com Along with Cheikh Anta Diop, Alex Darkwah also traces Ancient Egypt to geographical Africa. Darkwah has DNA on his side; whereas, Diop used archeological artifacts, culture, and documentary text but was still challenged with his findings which were labeled "untrue" by the scientific world. Darkwah proves that Africans wrote the Bible even though your personal Bible may have pages laced with White Greek characters and distributed throughout the world. I thought that the following excerpts were extremely interesting. A website visitor suggested that I read the Darkwah's book. Thanks O. Tucker. Thanks to the website reader who suggested that I limit my research to Sub-Saharan Africa. You’ve started a greater quest to delve deeper into Europe's concealment of our history and to shed more light on how the global world exists in its current state. LAND OF THE BLACKSLAND OF THE BIBLE : Ancient Egypt was known indigenously as Kemet (Land of the Blacks). Ancient Egyptians have pinpointed their own ancestral origins to the Mount Rwenzori range in the east African cradle, otherwise known as the Mountains of the Moon. Some accounts state that Egyptian civilization came out of Ethiopia, which as a term was used to designate the land south of Egypt (the Upper Nile Valley), or was alternatively used to refer to the entire African continent. Chronologically therefore Egypt’s southern neighbor Nubia, which had its own distinct civilization, was her Nile Valley predecessor.

32. Africa Draft capital and the forest kingdom of asante in J in Meillassoux (ed.), The Developmentof indigenous Trade and Mair, L., peoples of africa, chapters 5, 10 (Nuer http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Courses/SE512/Preceeding_Years/se5121999.html

AFRICAN SOCIETIES Michaelmas and Lent Terms Course Convenor: Room: Eliot Extension L31 Dr David Zeitlyn Email d.zeitlyn@ukc.ac.uk Telephone extension: 3360 Other Teachers: Room: Eliot Extension L41 Dr. N I Lovell Email n.i.lovell@ukc.ac.uk Telephone extension: 7845 Location of Lecture: DLT2 (Monday 2.00 p.m.) Location of Seminar: DLT2 (Monday 3.00 p.m.) Number Registered for Course : max 40 Email list for Course : af-anth@ukc.ac.uk Assessment Procedure : You will be assessed by a combination of two essays, a bibliography on one of the topics covered and contributions to the course email list. At the end, a three hour examination is held. Essays etc contribute 10% of all marks, the examination 90%. You must make at least four contributions to the email list which include at least two article summaries (but not including essays and the bibliography which should not be sent to the list). Assignment Requirements : Essays need to be of at least 2000 words, not more than 3000 in length and must be typed Deadlines for Assignments Essays must be handed in to the Departmental Office, L46 Eliot Extension and a receipt obtained as follows: first essay on 18 December 1998 by 3.00 p.m.

33. Africaresource.com: Voices - Back To Africa oppression, and the changing of indigenous names. our survival as distinct Africanderived peoples no matter about the significance of Molefi asante's call for http://www.africaresource.com/voi/okantah3.htm

Voices W.A.R West Africa Review IJELE Art eJournal of the African World JENDA A Journal of Culture and African Women Studies African Philosphy Journal on African Philosophy Art Gallery Art works Bibliolist Bibliographies Books Publications Telecom Calling service Scholars Essays Poetry Written word Data Resources eAfrica Database Health HIV/AIDS Conferences Upcoming conferences Fellowships Fellowship opportunities Search ARC Still can't find what you are looking for? Narratives Back to Africa By Mwatabu S. Okantah I understand, now, why Langston Hughes titled one of his autobiographies, " I Wonder As I Wander." The wondering and the wandering began in my life at about the same time I discovered my affinity for the work of Hughes, and several other black writers: Zora Neale Hurston, Aime Cesaire, Gwendolyn Brooks, Leon Damas, Lance Jeffers and Toni Morrison. I did not realize then that this wondering and wandering that began in some distant place in my mind would lead me to my own cultural heritage in West Africa. I did not realize then that there was relief to be found waiting inside the culture, that there was peace to still the tension; self-knowledge to embrace the alienation.

34. Beyond Development: Sub-Saharan Africa And The World Davidson notes that the asante provide a remarkable Europeans advanced on africa inlandvia their coastal 5 Manipulation of the indigenous peoples against one http://www.trinity.edu/dspener/global_free/presentations_2001/africa/brannen.htm

Sub-Saharan Africa and Development: Political History, Obstacles, and possible solutions by Sam Brannen Sub-Saharan Africa: Ignored and Exploited Trinity University does not specifically offer any classes on Sub-Saharan African history, politics, culture or religion. Of the classes I have taken during my career at Trinity, only three have directly mentioned anything at all about the nations and people who comprise this second-most-populated and second-largest continent in the world (containing an estimated 797 million people in 2000). On the contrary, I have been inundated with information regarding every other continent. It is correct to say that Sub-Saharan Africa is academically marginalized at Trinity, and this trend reflects general Northern hemispheric consideration and perspective on the continent. Africa has failed to advance through the development and globalization projects, and for the past two centuries it has been repeatedly exploited for the economic growth of the North, whether through expropriation of its resources, the exploitation of its people’s labor, or by way of structural adjustment programs. It is key to note that the exploitation of Africa has always existed through formal, institutional channels from the North.

35. Akan Cultural Symbols Bibliogrphy Inculturation and africa religion indigenous and Western approaches to medical Thestool and asante chieftancy. of identity among the Akan peoples of Southern http://www.marshall.edu/akanart/akanartbiblio.html

AKAN CULTURAL SYMBOLS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY AKAN CULTURAL SYMBOLS PROJECT G. F. Kojo Arthur and Robert Rowe - 1998-2001 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abraham, W. E. (1962). The mind of Africa . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ackah, C. A. (1988). Akan ethics . Accra: Ghana Universities Press. Adjaye, Joseph K. (1994). Editor. Time in the black experience . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Diplomacy and diplomats in nineteenth century Asante . Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Agbenaza, E. (n.d.). The Ewe Adanudo. Unpublished B.A. Thesis, Arts Faculty Library, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Aggrey, J. E. K. (1992). E b o b o bra d e n 1. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Asafo . Tema: Ghana Publishing Corporation. Ebisaa na abrome . Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Agyeman-Duah, J. (n.d.). Ashanti stool histories . Accra: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana. Ceremonies of enstoolment of Otumfuo Asantehene . Ashanti Stool Histories, Volume 2, Series No. 33. Accra: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.

36. Films & Video Recordings On AFRICA the old West African kingdoms of asante and Dahomey communism, apartheid in SouthAfrica, discrimination in and the associations of indigenous peoples who seek http://www.info.library.yorku.ca/depts/smil/filmographies/africa.htm

AFRICA Last updated October 2001 The films and videorecordings listed below are owned by York University Libraries and available for academic use by the York University community. Requests for these materials can be made in writing, by telephone, or in person to the 125 Scott Library York University 4700 Keele Street North York, Ontario M3J 1P3 E-Mail: imagelib@yorku.ca Telephone:416-736-2100 ext.33324 Fax:416-736-5838 Fall/Winter Hours: Summer Hours: Please note the following abbreviations: MP : 16mm film VC : VHS videotape VC 3/4 : 3/4" videotape Table of Contents General Algeria Angola Benin ... Zimbabwe GENERAL AFRICA SERIES 52 min. each 1984 RM Arts Prod. 1. DIFFERENT BUT EQUAL VC #1206 and #4494 Traces the early history of the continent noting that some of the world's greatest prehistoric civilizations had their origins in Africa. 2. MASTERING A CONTINENT VC #1207 and #4494 Examines how African farmers created a viable way of life in an often hostile environment. 3. CARAVANS OF GOLD

37. Early History Of Africa indigenous plants include African yams, African rice, bulrush peoples around 6500and 8500 BC developed pottery states of Ghana, Mali, Songhai, asante, Ife, and http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/history1.htm

ART HOME Program Goals Lesson Plans Year Plan ... To top of page Early History of Africa History of Africa Internet Lesson Reasons for Art Images of African Art ... Bibliography Africa . Third Edition. Indiana: Indiana University Press. Aspects of Early History and Prehistoric Africa Oral Traditions Archaeology Ancestor Stories (see Dogon Stone Age People Later Stone Age Domestication Early Technology ... Oral traditions were often not reliable and had to be decoded and studied within the wider cultural context. Different societies had different traditions. Those with centralized power and hereditary dynasties had selected individual entrusted with the memorization of history the griots (known as Jelis ... among the Manding groups) Archaeology Every ethnic group has legend on the beginning of history how ancestors arrived in their present area. (See examples of the Dogon). Others simply say that their present day location is the original homeland. Traditions of migration are most common and useful in understanding a great deal of African history particularly the emergence of dynasties and interactions between different groups. The movement of people contributed to the spread of new ideas and technology. There is a degree of similarity between widely separated societies. Common in the element of traditions in the formation of state is the role of the environment.

38. Africa Overview left was filled by desert Berbers, an indigenous African people and the villages ofthe Ibo, asante, and Yoruba Of all the peoples the Europeans tried to subdue http://www.adams.edu/academics/art_letters/hgp/civ/110/1africaoverview.html

Return to syllabus African Civilizations Africa south of the Sahara Africans south of the Sahara lived largely in nomadic, hunter-gatherer groups up until 200 BC. As a result, African populations were very sparse. There are several speculations as to why sub-Saharan Africans remained in hunting-gathering groups, but they are all guess-work. Perhaps the most reasonable explanations involve the abundance of resources and the protection that their isolation gave them from invasion and migration pressures. Still, early sub-Saharan Africans developed metallurgy at a very early stage, possibly even before other peoples. Around 1400 BC, East Africans began producing steel in carbon furnaces (steel was invented in the west in the eighteenth century). The Iron Age itself came very early to Africa, probably around the sixth century BC, in Ethiopia, the Great Lakes region, Tanzania, and Nigeria. Iron technology, however, only spread slowly across Africa; it wasn't until the first century AD that the smelting of iron began to rapidly diffuse throughout the continent. The instrument of that spread was the Bantu migrations Urban settlement began at a very early date in Africa. The earliest urban settlements were stone-walled towns in southern Mauritania that date back to sometime in the second millennium BC. An explosion of urban settlement in the Sahel region immediately south of the Sahara began between 600 and 200 BC. The Sahel is a hot, dry savanna that can support human agriculture and settlement. The first urban settlements were Sahelian: Jenne, Gao, and Kumbi (later Kumbi Saleh, the capital of the kingdom of Ghana). All of these urban centers grew up in oasis and river regions which could support such large populations.

39. African Studies - History And Cultures Taxation in West africa and the governable person the relationship between settlers and indigenous peoples from government directed at indigenous peoples have changed since the http://www.columbia.edu/cu/libraries/indiv/area/Africa/cult.html

History and Cultures of Africa A B C D ... Sights and Sounds of a Continent (University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries and African Studies Program, Madison, Wisconsin) Under construction: Downloadable images, sound files, and other materials on Africa. "This online collection ... contains digitized visual images and sounds of Africa contributed over the years to the African Studies Program of the University of Wisconsin-Madison." Africa Forum (H-Africa, H-Net Humanities and Social Sciences OnLine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.) The full text article reprinted from History in Africa. 22 (1995): 369-408. "History facing the present: an interview with Jan Vansina" (November 2001) and Reply by Jean-Luc Vellut "Photography and colonial vision," by Paul S. Landau (May 19, 1999, Dept. of History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut) Excerpt from "The visual image in Africa: an introduction" in Images and empires: visuality in colonial and post-colonial Africa, ed. by Paul S. Landau and Deborah Kaspin. H-Africa Africa Forum Home Page H-Africa Network Home Page Africa's 100 Best Books (Zimbabwe International Book Fair, Harare; via Columbia University)

40. AFRICA - UHON COURSE PROPOSAL Course UHON 219 africa Through Its Literature - 3 continent and its peoples through a reading, africa - specific issues, specific countries; africas indigenous, Chapts. http://www.utc.edu/~ikizza/UnHonors219/SyllabusUhon219.html

SPRING Course: UHON Africa Through Its Literature 3 hrs Instructor: Immaculate Kizza Office number: Holt 232D; Office phone: E-mail: Immaculate-Kizza@utc.edu Web page: http://www.utc.edu/~ikizza Office hours: MWF and by appointment Course Description: A study of the socio-cultural, historical, and political dynamics of the continent and its peoples through a reading, discussion and analysis of African literary works by and about Africans, to be supplemented by scholarly articles, movies, film documentaries, lectures and internet resources Required Texts: Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Doubleday, Nwapa, Flora. Efuru Heinemann, 1966 Ngugi wa Thiong’o. The River Between Heinemann, 1965 Achebe, Chinua. No Longer at Ease Doubleday, 1994. p’Bitek, Okot. Song of Lawino Heinemann, Mazrui, Ali, and Toby Kleban Levine. The Africans: A Reader. Praeger, 1986. Recommended Text: Kizza, Immaculate. Africa’s Indigenous Institutions Edwin Mellen, 1999. Course Objectives: To introduce you to a continent of diverse peoples and experiences, and challenge you to think critically and re-examine your perceptions of Africa in a global context To create and nurture an ideal atmosphere for academic dialogue

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