1. Experiences With The Austrian Powder Avalanche Model Experiences with the Austrian Powder Avalanche Model Most of the disasters in the years of 1974, 1984 and 1988 were caused by flowering avalanche with extremely high powder components. Coordination of the serveying teams in case of avalanche disasters. Project oriented data collection http://fbva.forvie.ac.at/inst8/publ/schaffhauser/model/model.html

Experiences with the Austrian Powder Avalanche Model Horst Schaffhauser fbva.aiatr@magnet.at Abstract Most of the disasters in the years of 1974, 1984 and 1988 were caused by flowering avalanche with extremely high powder components. Therefore in 1991 a common research project was started between WLV (Austrian Torrent and Avalanche Control System), the Austrian Institute for Avalanche and Torrent Research (AIATR) at the FBVA (Federal Forest Research Station) and the AVL (Research for Fire Engine) in Graz/Austria developing a three dimensional numerical powder avalanche model for optimizing the hazard zoning. On hand of two events the results are discussed. Introduction and Objectives The effects of the powder part influence during the event in St. Anton 1988, which caused seven victims and severe damages was the final impact to develope more detailed avalanche models, based on a 3-dimensional fluid dynamics. In view of a practice-oriented improvement of the powder-snow avalanche model and for a technical and financial control the Federal Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry established a working group with representatives of the AVL, the WLV and the AITAR to optimize cooperation, the task were divided between those three institutes. The tasks of the AVL were: to develope the gas dynamic numerical simulation model for the powder snow part of avalanches the user friendliness of the software

2. Colorado Avalanche Disasters Colorado avalanche disasters An Untold Story of the Old West. SanJuan Mountains Avalanche Peaks In Colorado's silvery San Juans http://www.mines.edu/fs_home/jjenkins/colorado_avalanche_disasters.htm

Colorado Avalanche Disasters: An Untold Story of the Old West San Juan Mountains: Avalanche Peaks In Colorado's silvery San Juans snow fell deeper and longer than in any other mountain region. Avalanches blocked roads and railroads requiring tunneling or expensive snow sheds. Here a stagecoach emerges from an avalanche tunnel on Red Mountain Pass road - the Million Dollar Highway. The tunnel lasted until spring when warming temperatures softened the snow enough to be removed. Homestake: The First Mining Disaster An avalanche caused Colorado's first serious mining disaster. On Homestake mountain near Leadville, the world's largest silver mining region of the time, ten perished in their cabin in February 1885. The avalanche buried the cabin to a depth of over thirty feet. Rescuers finally reached the cabin's roof after a full day of digging. When they entered they saw a sight of men in life like poses - playing cards, writing letters and asleep in bunks. As the slide passed overhead life preserving air was sucked out and the men died of asphyxiation in the vacuum it created. Woodstock and Silverplume John Jenkin's CSM Home Page

3. Colorado Avalanche Disasters Colorado avalanche disasters An Untold Story of the Old West San Juan Mountains Avalanche Peaks In Colorado's silvery San Juans snow fell deeper and longer than in any other mountain region. http://www.mines.colorado.edu/~jjenkins/colorado_avalanche_disasters.htm

Colorado Avalanche Disasters: An Untold Story of the Old West San Juan Mountains: Avalanche Peaks In Colorado's silvery San Juans snow fell deeper and longer than in any other mountain region. Avalanches blocked roads and railroads requiring tunneling or expensive snow sheds. Here a stagecoach emerges from an avalanche tunnel on Red Mountain Pass road - the Million Dollar Highway. The tunnel lasted until spring when warming temperatures softened the snow enough to be removed. Homestake: The First Mining Disaster An avalanche caused Colorado's first serious mining disaster. On Homestake mountain near Leadville, the world's largest silver mining region of the time, ten perished in their cabin in February 1885. The avalanche buried the cabin to a depth of over thirty feet. Rescuers finally reached the cabin's roof after a full day of digging. When they entered they saw a sight of men in life like poses - playing cards, writing letters and asleep in bunks. As the slide passed overhead life preserving air was sucked out and the men died of asphyxiation in the vacuum it created. Woodstock and Silverplume John Jenkin's CSM Home Page

4. Waterhole Slide Colorado avalanche disasters An Untold Story of the Old West Four people diedin this accident. Colorado avalanche disasters. John Jenkin's CSM Home Page. http://www.mines.edu/fs_home/jjenkins/WaterholeSlide.htm

Waterhole Slide at Camp Bird mine near Ouray. A team, wagon and teamster being buried by an avalanche around1900. In spring the string of mules,wagon and driver were found. Husky Denali drinks from the pipe that still delivers water from a spring to the foundation of the Woodstock tank destroyed in the 1884 avalanche. Searchers scouring the Silverplume avalanche hoping to find survivors. Colorado Avalanche Disasters: An Untold Story of the Old West From the earliest days of the gold rush avalanches have been a part of life for anyone venturing into the mountains and valleys of Colorado. As early as 1860 a prospector died on the North Fork of the South Platte River by an avalanche as his brother watched in horror. Even Horace Tabor experienced the power that an avalanche can have on the minds of people. West of Golden in 1859 he prospected for gold near Georgetown. A prospector alarmed Augusta by stories of deadly avalanches as the snow season began. Frightened for son Maxi, Horace was compelled by Augusta to bring them to Golden and safety. While gone the wiley prospector jumped Tabor's claims. The winter of 1883-84 is recorded as the year of most avalanche deaths. At least fifty-three persons lost their lives in avalanche accidents. At Woodstock, west of the Alpine Tunnel near Pitkin, an avalanche buried nineteen in 1884. Thirteen died including six of the eight children of Marcella Doyle who ran the boardinghouse for the Denver South Park and Pacific railroad at that location. Her other two children survived because they had jobs and remained at home in Golden. The water tank was completely destroyed but the pipe feeding it still delivers fresh mountain spring water for hikers and motorists along the route.

5. Education Planet Store - Search Results For Disasters Education Planet StoreSearch Results for keyword Disasters to this exploration into the history and science of avalanche disasters. Includes danger signs and offers survival tips. http://www.educationplanetstore.com/store?productid=172773&keywords=Disasters

6. Education Planet Store - Search Results For Natural Disasters to this exploration into the history and science of avalanche disasters. Includes danger signs and offers survival tips. http://www.educationplanetstore.com/store?productid=167839&keywords=Natural+Disa

7. Geological And Logging Data Of The Deep Observation Wells avalanche disasters in Toyama Prefecture. (1880/811998/99). By. KaoruIZUMI*, Yutaka YAMADA**, Takashi IKARASHI** and Yoshio OHZEKI***. http://www.bosai.go.jp/ad/Jpn/technical_note/abstract/n202.htm

Avalanche Disasters in Toyama Prefecture By Kaoru IZUMI*, Yutaka YAMADA , Takashi IKARASHI and Yoshio OHZEKI *The Research Institute for Hazards in Snowy Areas, Niigata University, Japan Nagaoka Institute of Snow and Ice Studies, Japan ***A Former senior researcher in Tohkamachi Experiment Station, Forestry and Forest products Research Institute, Japan Abstract Key words: Avalanche disaster, Toyama Prefecture, Statistics –hÐ‰ÈŠw‹ZpŒ¤‹†ŠŒ¤‹†Ž‘—¿ˆê——‚Ö–ß‚é

8. Researches03 season. In this way, human casualties due to snow avalanche disastersoccupy even nowadays the large ratio among snowice acidents. In http://www.bosai.go.jp/nagaoka/research/e_researches03.html

Study on more accurate evaluation of snow avalanches A snow avalanche accident occuerred 57 times and took a loss of 11 lives in 1995/96 winter season. In this way, human casualties due to snow avalanche disasters occupy even nowadays the large ratio among snow-ice acidents. In this study, we are aiming to elucidate a route and run-out distance of a snow avalanche through site investigation of snow avalanche disaster and through simulation by using the simulated materials and computer simulations. In addition, a risk of snow avalanche occurrence has been analyzed by using the satellite data and so forth, and hence a map showing snow avalanche risks has been being developed. This map showing snow avalnche risks is utilized for selecting and designing an optimum place to set snow avalanche prevention facilities, and furthermore for analyzing their effects. Nou-Machi,Niigata Prefecture @A photo showing an image of JAvalanche which is a risk evaluation program developed by this study, to predict a sliding route of an avalanche. This software, which is a simulation model of now avalanche movement, can be applied for any actually existing terrains. Back

9. AVALANCHE RELEASE HAZARD MAP USING GIS one investigates cause of avalanche disasters, predicts avalanche release, and plans or designs. avalanche protection http://www.dot.state.mn.us/maint/files/sirwec_cd/yamaday.pdf

10. Waterhole Slide the Silverplume avalanche. hoping to find survivors. Colorado avalanche disasters An Untold Story of the Old West http://www.mines.edu/~jjenkins/WaterholeSlide.htm

Waterhole Slide at Camp Bird mine near Ouray. A team, wagon and teamster being buried by an avalanche around1900. In spring the string of mules,wagon and driver were found. Husky Denali drinks from the pipe that still delivers water from a spring to the foundation of the Woodstock tank destroyed in the 1884 avalanche. Searchers scouring the Silverplume avalanche hoping to find survivors. Colorado Avalanche Disasters: An Untold Story of the Old West From the earliest days of the gold rush avalanches have been a part of life for anyone venturing into the mountains and valleys of Colorado. As early as 1860 a prospector died on the North Fork of the South Platte River by an avalanche as his brother watched in horror. Even Horace Tabor experienced the power that an avalanche can have on the minds of people. West of Golden in 1859 he prospected for gold near Georgetown. A prospector alarmed Augusta by stories of deadly avalanches as the snow season began. Frightened for son Maxi, Horace was compelled by Augusta to bring them to Golden and safety. While gone the wiley prospector jumped Tabor's claims. The winter of 1883-84 is recorded as the year of most avalanche deaths. At least fifty-three persons lost their lives in avalanche accidents. At Woodstock, west of the Alpine Tunnel near Pitkin, an avalanche buried nineteen in 1884. Thirteen died including six of the eight children of Marcella Doyle who ran the boardinghouse for the Denver South Park and Pacific railroad at that location. Her other two children survived because they had jobs and remained at home in Golden. The water tank was completely destroyed but the pipe feeding it still delivers fresh mountain spring water for hikers and motorists along the route.

11. Preparedness Of a few snow observers sta In the wake of avalanche disasters in the last year thatleft tioned at the threatenedvillages but their work was mostly 36 people http://www.avalanche.org/~issw/96/art_10_.html

H a z a r d M a n a g e m e n t a n d P u b l i c Wa r n i n g Preparedness of the Icelandic Meteorological Office in response to potential avalanche danger Mar Icelandic Meteorological Office, Bustadarvegi 9. IS -150 Reykjavik. Key Words: Avalanche, Evacuation, Monitoring, Defenses, people to realize that this is indeed a very serious threat in Risk Iceland. Eighteen months ago there were two people employed ABSTRACT in the field of avalanches and a few snow observers sta- In the wake of avalanche disasters in the last year that left tioned at the threatenedvillages but their work was mostly 36 people dead, the law in Iceland concerning avalanche voluntary since no funding was available to employ them safety was changed. In addition to monitoring potential to the extent that wasactuallyneeded. Now there are seven avalanchesituations, the responsibility of defining evacu- people employedfull time at IMO andsnow observers have ation areas and ordering evacuationswas given to the Ice- been employedat severalcommunities in varying capacity, landic Meteorological Office (IMO).

12. AVALANCHE SURVIVAL CHANCES 2 on all avalanche disasters in Switzerland from 1981 to 1991, we have calculatedsurvival probability in relation to the length of time buried under the snow. http://www.avalanche.org/~moonstone/rescue/avalanche survival chances.htm

Avalanche Survival Chances Markus Falk Hermann Brugger Liselotte Adler- Kastner SIR - The risk of triggering an avalanche makes ski touring the most dangerous winter sport, claiming about 150 lives annually in the Alps alone . Using data on all avalanche disasters in Switzerland from 1981 to 1991, we have calculated survival probability in relation to the length of time buried under the snow. At 15 min the survival probability (92%) is markedly higher than previously assumed, but the survival function then drops precipitously to only 30% at 35 min, representing deaths through acute asphyxiation. Thereafter, survival is impossible without an air pocket. After 90 min, victims gradually succumb to hypoxia and hypothermia unless the air pocket is open to the outside. This reassessment of survival probability has far-reaching implications for recommended rescue strategies, emphasizing the importance of rapid and efficient help by uninjured companions and explaining the low success rate achieved by organized rescue parties. We have analysed precise, minuted rescue data

13. RTRI REPORT Vol.12 No.12 ABSTRACT New Alarm System for Preventing avalanche disasters Using Vibration Sensors. ShigehiroIIKURA, Katsuhisa KAWASHIMA, Toru ENDO Ryoji IZUNAMI, Toshishige FUJII. http://www.rtri.or.jp/infoce/rtrirep/1998/abst/rep12_papers2.html

RTRI REPORT December 1998 New Alarm System for Preventing Avalanche Disasters Using Vibration Sensors Shigehiro IIKURA, Katsuhisa KAWASHIMA, Toru ENDO Ryoji IZUNAMI, Toshishige FUJII To improve the safety of railways in snowy regions, we are developing a new alarm system for preventing avalanche disasters. This system is composed of a detecting unit, signal conversion device and alarm device. The detecting unit installed at a slope subject to avalanches detects vibration due to avalanches strike with a built in small vibration sensor. Operating tests of the new system were carried out using a snow avalanche chute at the Shiozawa Snow Testing Station. The tests revealed that the system can not only detect the occurrence of avalanche, but also judge its scale. Trains may securely be stopped by this system, therefore, when an avalanche has occurred.

14. Disaster Message Service World Trade Center Collapses 09/26 0637am. Nigerian Ferry 08/12 1125pm.avalanche disasters 04/30 0147pm. Nigerian Ferry 04/21 0915am. http://216.157.75.11/discus/messages/85/85.html

Other Disasters Disaster Message Service : Other Disasters Concerned relatives continue to post messages with hope for information on missing loved ones. Please post if you can help. READING THIS COULD CHANGE YOUR LIFE! Disappearing Messages So sad WTC: a different view from a proud american, a hurt newyorker! ... Ferry Sinks In The Philippines Welcome to Other Disasters

15. Avalanche Emergencies. New Perspectives On The Pathophysiology And Management Of rescue techniques. This paper is the very first review of the problemsencountered in avalanche disasters. The developments over http://ndrd.gsfc.nasa.gov/ndrdres/new/1105.html

TITLE: Avalanche emergencies. New perspectives on the pathophysiology and management of persons buried in an avalanche AUTHOR(S): Brugger H, Falk M, AdlerKastner L REFERENCE: WIENER KLINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT 109: (5) 145-159 MAR 14 1997; ISSN: 0043-5325 MAJOR KEYWORDS: ACCIDENTAL PROFOUND HYPOTHERMIA, SURVIVAL CHANCES, ARREST MINOR KEYWORDS: avalanches, asphyxia, air pocket, hypothermia, triage ABSTRACT: DATABASE SOURCE: Current Contents

16. Avalanche Information The 1999 avalanche disasters in the villages of Galtür in Austria and near Chamonixin France were the result of truly exceptional snowfalls and weather http://www.instant-ski-insurance.co.uk/avalanche/

Instant Ski Insurance Avalanche Information In normal circumstances, you should be safe in villages and on marked and open pistes in Europe and open areas within the ski area boundary in North America. But as soon as you venture outside these avalanche-controlled areas, the risks escalate. The vast majority of avalanche victims are holiday skiers or riders who have gone off-piste and according to the Swiss Federal Institute of Snow and Avalanche Research, almost all fatal avalanches are set off by the victims themselves . Of the 600 cases it studied in a recent report, 80 per cent were set off by off-piste or cross-country skiers. Snowboarders and hikers accounted for the other 20 per cent. If you are unlucky enough to be taken by an avalanche, try to escape to the side or grab a rock or a tree. If you are knocked down, try to ditch your equipment and swim to try to stay on top and avoid obstacles. As the avalanche slows down, try to swim to the surface or make an air pocket around your mouth and nose. Try to keep your mouth shut at all times. It is imperative that you are found and dug out as rapidly as possible. A study of avalanche accidents by researchers at the University of Innsbruck showed that 92 per cent of skiers completely buried by snow were still alive after 15 minutes. After 45 minutes the survival rate had dropped to 25 per cent. The last 25 per cent survived for one more hour on average. So rescuing avalanche victims quickly is the key to saving lives. Carrying and being able to use the proper safety equipment off-piste is essential. Avalanches occur when the stress trying to pull the snow downhill (gravity) is greater than the strength of the snow cover (the bonding of snow crystals).

17. Avalanche Awareness: An Account Of Survival (The mistakenly reassuring presence of other climbers in otherwise dangeroussituations has been identified as a factor in other avalanche disasters.). http://nsidc.org/snow/avalanche/survival.html

Avalanche Awareness Includes: Surviving an avalanche: A true account Avalanche Books See Also: Other Avalanche Sites Surviving an avalanche on Long's Peak, Colorado A true account of avalanche survival by Dan Bedford On November 13, 1994, I was avalanched off the lower east face of Long's Peak, the highest mountain in Colorado's Rocky Mountain National Park. I was climbing with my friend Paddy McCarthy, an experienced and capable mountaineer. We climbed together frequently, and had made an unsuccessful attempt on Alexander's Chimney (one of the faces of Long's Peak) two weeks before. On this occasion, the day dawned gray and miserable. However, we were only an hour or so away from the climb, so we decided we should go up to the base of the chimney "to take a look." The chimney's steepness, and the absence (we thought) of any obvious collecting areas for snow at the top of the route suggested to us that, despite the poor weather, the avalanche hazard would be fairly low. We reached a point on the lower east face at which it was possible to climb up easy (fourth class) but somewhat loose terrain for about 80 feet to the base of the chimney. Another party had set up in the best spot, well to the left of the chimney. The only alternative spot that offered the chance of belay was very close to the start of the chimney and just off to the right. As we debated the wisdom of proceeding with the climb from our perch, a small but heavy avalanche of dry snow blasted down the chimney, covering me in white powder. I looked to Paddy and commented that if something like that came down while one of us was leading on the steep ice, it would be very easy to be knocked off balance and fall. I said, "Let's go home," and we began packing up to leave. During this time, at least one more similar avalanche came down on us, and, seeing our decision, the other party decided to leave, too. They yelled up to us, "You guys can have it!"

18. Ski-Insurance.co.uk : Low Cost, Comprehensive Ski Insurance And Snowbaord Insura The 1999 avalanche disasters in the villages of Galtür in Austria and near Chamonixin France were the result of truly exceptional snowfalls and weather http://www.ski-insurance.co.uk/ski/news/avalanche.html

The 1999 avalanche disasters in the villages of Galtür in Austria and near Chamonix in France were the result of truly exceptional snowfalls and weather conditions. Never in living memory have there been such tragic accidents and hopefully there never will be again. But these events should heighten awareness of the dangers of the mountains. In normal circumstances, you should be safe in villages and on marked and open pistes in Europe and open areas within the ski area boundary in North America. But as soon as you venture outside these avalanche-controlled areas, the risks escalate. The vast majority of avalanche victims are holiday skiers or riders who have gone off-piste. And, according to the Swiss Federal Institute of Snow and Avalanche Research, almost all fatal avalanches are set off by the victims themselves. Of the 600 cases it studied in a recent report, 80 per cent were set off by off-piste or cross-country skiers. Snowboarders and hikers accounted for the other 20 per cent. If you are unlucky enough to be taken by an avalanche, try to escape to the side or grab a rock or a tree. If you are knocked down, try to ditch your equipment and swim to try to stay on top and avoid obstacles. As the avalanche slows down, try to swim to the surface or make an air pocket around your mouth and nose. Try to keep your mouth shut at all times. It is imperative that you are found and dug out as rapidly as possible. A study of avalanche accidents by researchers at the University of Innsbruck showed that 92 per cent of skiers completely buried by snow were still alive after 15 minutes. After 45 minutes the survival rate had dropped to 25 per cent. The last 25 per cent survived for one more hour on average. So rescuing avalanche victims quickly is the key to saving lives. Carrying and being able to use the proper safety equipment off-piste is essential.

19. Cold Regions Calendar Of Events themes include avalanche engineering, avalanche forecasting, avalanche formation,avalanche modelling, avalanche disasters, avalanche rescue, mountain climates http://www.coldregions.org/calendar.html

Cold Regions Calendar of Events If you'd like to submit a meeting announcement, contact us 2nd Snow and Avalanche Workshop Meeting Dates: April 15-17 Location: Sewell, Chile Contact: Dr. Jose Vergara E-mail: avalanchas@entelchile.net Notes: Conference themes include avalanche engineering, avalanche forecasting, avalanche formation, avalanche modelling, avalanche disasters, avalanche rescue, mountain climates, operational analysis and forecasting in mountains, snow accumulation, snow-air interface, snow and ice engineering, and snow hydrology. Abstracts not exceeding 300 words are invited on these topics. Abstract submissions should include the paper title and the name and correspondence address of the author. Send submissions to: avalanchas@entelchile.net . A technical exhibition and a series of field trips will be held in conjunction with the conference. International Conference on Earth Cryosphere as a Habitat and an Object for Nature Management Meeting Dates: May 19-21 Location: Pushchino, Russia Contact: David Gilichinsky E-mail: gilichin@issp.serpukhov.su

20. Natural Hazards, Vol. 18 Issue 1, Table Of Contents The physicosociological impacts of avalanche disasters, avalanche mappingand zoning of disaster areas on local people are also studied. http://www.earthscape.org/r2/nh/nhvol18-1/nhvol18-104.html

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