41. Rights And Status Of Indigenous Peoples in the 1970s, and, from 1989 to 1991, Carlos Palenque, an aymara Indian, was communitiesand the work of a Special Commission of indigenous peoples (CEPI), the http://www.law.harvard.edu/studorgs/hrj/iss12/wiessner.shtml

Rights and Status of Indigenous Peoples: A Global Comparative and International Legal Analysis Siegfried Wiessner I. THE LEGACY OF CONQUEST: A REVIEW A. The United States of America B. Canada C. New Zealand ... IV. CONCLUSION Wounded Knee, the Trail of Tears, the Siege of Cusco endured by indigenous peoples around the world. The focus of the Interna- *** Top of Page 58 *** which has forced itself to the top of the international agenda. Its values could be, and increasingly are, sought-after models for a world drifting slowly, but seemingly inexorably, into alienation. Beyond the cultural sphere, indigenous peoples have reentered the arena of power. Under the battle cries of human rights and self-determination, they have become recognized actors in the world constitutive process. This Article is designed to review the legacy of conquest in various arenas around the planet, and to arrive at a transnationally valid conclusion, if possible, on the status of indigenous peoples under domestic law (Part I); to describe the actors and trends in decision-making in international indigenous law (Part II); and to appraise these developments with particular focus on the issues of conceptualization of indigenous peoples, their claims to self-determination, unique collective rights, as well as innovative avenues of enforcement (Part III). I. THE LEGACY OF CONQUEST: A REVIEW

42. Folk Catholicism Unlike Christianity, indigenous religions were not exclusive borrowed scores ofgods from their conquered peoples. Even today aymara religion reveals its pre http://oncampus.richmond.edu/~tlewelle/courses/latam/PP/04 religion.html

Peoples of Latin America Anth 308 Dr. Lewellen Folk Catholicism in Latin America This is the outline of a PowerPoint lecture given in class. It is not meant as a substitute for the images or oral lecture that accompanies it. For exams, students are responsible for all the material, not just that contained here. The indigenous peoples won... There are two Catholicisms in Latin America: That of the upper and middle classes The folk Catholicism of the poor and indigenous peoples Syncretism, and Compartmentalization Unlike Christianity, indigenous religions were not exclusive... The Aztecs, for example, borrowed scores of gods from their conquered peoples Precolumbian state religions were highly codified and represented the structure of the state: The Maya Cosmos Three levels Centered on a pyramid Each quarter associated with a color The Inca cosmos: The high Inca was the son of Gods Viracocha, god of the sun Inti, his wife-sister, goddess of the moon Pachamama, the earth Even today Aymara religion reveals its pre-Inca origins as well as Inca influences Three worlds A focus on Pachamama Many place spirits ( achachillas) Demons, such as

43. NativeWeb Resources: Aboriginal & Indigenous Nations aymaraNet, aymara, South America, 750. donors, governments and civil society andto provide access to information, services and resources to indigenous peoples. http://www.nativeweb.org/resources/organizations/aboriginal_indigenous_nations/

Home Login Contact Us Resources for Indigenous Cultures around the World Resources Community Services About Us Resource Center Internet Links Nations Index Geographic Region Index Search the Site ... Top 5 Percent Hosted Resources Hosted Pages NativeLaw News NativeTech Site Information Get your FREE EMAIL @NativeWeb.Net! Community About Us Hosting Information ... Organizations Resources: 85 listings Name and Description Nation Location Hits Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission is Australia's main Indigenous agency. ATSIC's site is an important international resource for information on Indigenous programs, activities and issues. Aboriginal Nurses Association of Canada Canada ANAC is a non-governmental, non-profit organization whose membership works mainly in First Nations Communities. An affiliate group of the Canadian Nurses Association, it is the only Aboriginal professional nursing organization in Canada. Canada The Aboriginal Services Kiosk has information on services, programs and people to support First Nations and Métis People. Right now the information is only for services in Regina, Saskatoon and Prince Albert, but at a later date, we hope to expand this site to include information on aboriginal services from all across Saskatchewan. Akwesasne Mohawk US - Northeast Akwesasne Mohawk Territorys' Premier website (the US/Canadian border runs thru Akwesasne territory) Alaska Community: Matanuska-Susitna Valley Alaska Information about (1) Alaskan Natives: Yupik Inupiat Aleut Tlinget Haida Athabaskan Native Americans Non-Native, and (2) people in the Matanuska-Susitna Borough: Wasilla Palmer Houston Big Lake Butte Willow Knik Tallkeetna Trapper Creek Chickaloon Meadow Lakes

44. NativeWeb Resources: State Relations aymara in the North, to the Rapa Nui from Easter Island, compiled an 18 page proposalto all political parties running in the elections. indigenous peoples' http://www.nativeweb.org/resources/speeches_statements_essays/statements/state_r

Home Login Contact Us Resources for Indigenous Cultures around the World Resources Community Services About Us Resource Center Internet Links Nations Index Geographic Region Index Search the Site ... Top 5 Percent Hosted Resources Hosted Pages NativeLaw News NativeTech Site Information Get your FREE EMAIL @NativeWeb.Net! Community About Us Hosting Information ... Statements State Relations Resources: 21 listings Name and Description Nation Location Hits Barbados III: On Democracy and Diversity Caribbean Islands Rio de Janeiro, December 1993 Colombia: Consolidating liberation South America The conflicts which have surfaced in the north of CAUCA where our organization has seen itself confronted by some of the directors of the communist party, the Front of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, (FARC) necessitates some explanation. Consejo Político del Movimiento Indio Tupaq Katari (MITKA) Aymara South America El Consejo Político de Mallkus y Amawt'as del MOVIMIENTO INDIO TUPAQ KATARI (MITKA) viendo la pudredumbre de la "alta Sociedad" o la Casta política de Bolivia analiza y confirma los siguientes aspectos desintegradores del Estado boliviano. Patamarka (El Alto), 15 de julio de 2001. CRIC Statement on M-19 Guerrillas South America We reject the declaration of the M-19 guerrilla movement which was announced by radio September 6, 1986.

45. ROUNDTABLE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES North American indigenous peoples Biodiversity Project Roy Taiwanese indigenousPeople Reorganization Association Yung Andina (Thoa) aymara Carlos MAMANI http://www.wipo.org/eng/meetings/1998/indip/list.htm

WIPO WIPO/INDIP/RT/98/INF/1 ORIGINAL: DATE: July 23, 1998/23 juillet 1998/23 de julio de 1998 WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION GENEVA ROUNDTABLE ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES Geneva, July 23 and 24, 1998 LIST OF PARTICIPANTS/ LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS/ LISTA DE PARTICIPANTES prepared by the International Bureau/ preparada por la Oficina Internacional I. INDIVIDUAL PARTICIPANTS/PARTICIPANTS INDIVIDUELS/ PARTICIPANTES INDIVIDUALES Ghulam ALI HAIDARI, Tanzeem Nasle Nau Hazara Mughal Quetta, Quetta, Pakistan Nadir BEKIROV, Mejilis of the Crimean Tatar People, Simferopol Crimea, Ukraine Egor BEKRENEV, Shoria People Council of Elders, Kemerowskaja Oblast, Russian Federation Jean BURGESS (Ms.), Cape Cultural Heritage Development Council (CCHDC), Cape Town, South Africa Marco Antonio CURUCHICH MUX, Escuela Maya de Derechos Humanos Ixim-Che, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala Laurentious S. DAVIDS, Khoekhoegowab Curriculum Committee, Okahandja, Namibia Herminia DEGAWAN (Ms.), Cordillera Peoples Alliance, Baguio City, Philippines Carlus DHARMA DHANGDA, All Indian Coordinating Forum of the Adivasi, Thane District, India

46. Indigenous Peoples' Rights The foundation will focus on children from the aymara, Quechua, and Amazonian NorthernArizona indigenous peoples Legal Defense Fund A legal effort to halt the http://www.saveourplanet.org/memorgs/indig.html

Education Land Preservation Cultural-Performance Spiritual - Metaphysical Indigenous Peoples' Rights Full organization list Donate Now! Indigenous Peoples' Rights: ActionLA www.ActionLA.org Join thousands in Los Angeles to let the world know that business cannot continue as usual. We demand a total change of priorities from the production of things to the caring for people and the environment. Join us in marches, nonviolent direct actions, and events. ActionLA, the umbrella for ChangeLinks, ActionLA affinity group, LA Taco Bell campaign, and many other LA based activist groups, is calling all concerned individuals and organizations to join us in building unity and mobilizing popular support for Justice, Peace and Democracy. Our vision is to see the efforts of the many struggles for Justice, Peace, and Dignity in this region United and Standing Together to change the world! People and Planet Before Profits! Action Resource Center Action Resource Center (ARC) is an environmental and human rights group whose mission is to spearhead and support campaigns that protect the environment, human rights and social justice; and to provide training and coordination for grassroots organizing, education, and nonviolent direct action. Los Angeles-based environmentalists and human rights activists formed ARC in 1996. We seek environmental justice by actively opposing the destructive operations of multinational corporations and military regimes that repress, oppress, and exploit lands, peoples, cultures, and other life forms.

47. Zeal.com 28,950), edited category, aymara Transaction history. Jan 31, 2003 1044 AM, idouna(28,950), changed category sort order, indigenous peoples Transaction history. http://www.zeal.com/category/transaction/history.jhtml?cid=10133057

48. The World Bank - Indigenous Peoples see Box 6). Victor Hugo Cardenas, an aymara Indian and Vice President of Boliviasummarizes the importance of political activity for indigenous peoples. http://lnweb18.worldbank.org/essd/essd.nsf/28354584d9d97c29852567cc00780e2a/01a5

49. Dialogue Between Nations of this declaration and also allow indigenous peoples, who have the free transit ofthe indigenous population of President of the Pueblo Qullana aymara el Alpu http://www.dialoguebetweennations.com/N2N/PFII/English/TomasAlarcon.htm

CAPAJ LEGAL COMMITTEE ON SELF-DEVELOPMENT OF INDIGENOUS ANDEAN PEOPLES Special Advisory Board of the United Nations Economic and Social Council Session 1 Thank you Mr. Chairman, The establishment of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues within the United Nations system has proved the Indigenous Peoples' right to be adequately heard by the international organizations supporting the States' policy. In South America, the governments of the so-called "Andean Community of Nations" (Comunidad Andina de Naciones CAN) have decided to convene the consulting forum with Indigenous Peoples and governments on June 23-24, 2002. They made a commitment to promote the Indigenous Peoples' Rights. However, we are concerned that the resolution adopted by CAN on development of traditional knowledge and access to genetic resources tends to weaken the strong links between Indigenous Peoples and their biologically diverse environment. Resolution 391 was adopted by CAN and was supposed to become law in Bolivia and Peru. It was rejected in Bolivia by the Indian Movement leading by Felipe Quipse and was almost adopted in Peru before legal opposition in the form of the "Organización de Bases Aymaras y Amazónicas OBAAQ" prevented it from becoming a law.

50. DIALOGUE BETWEEN NATIONS- Legend & Site Menu JOIN THE GLOBAL DIALOGUES WITH Konrad Sioui Huron Wyandot Nation AntonioEspinoza Huayllas aymara Nation. ONLINE NOW. Who are indigenous peoples? http://www.dialoguebetweennations.com/navigation/English/descriptions/descriptio

ONLINE NOW The ancestors are alive and their vision lives through us. JOIN THE GLOBAL DIALOGUES ON: Ingrid Washinawatok El-Issa and the Fourth Mind Flying Eagle Woman Ali El-Issa Honouring Ingrid ... Indigenous Leaders Address the General Assembly WORK-IN-PROGRESS: To participate in this section, please contact us at info@dialoguebetweennations.com Stories from the Community: kinship with one another, interdependence within nature. Innovative approaches to strategies for inclusion, respect and balance WORK-IN-PROGRESS: To participate in this section, please contact us at info@dialoguebetweennations.com This is who I am. This is where I live. Knowledge building: a data base of Indigenous individuals who appear in pre-recorded dialogues, their landscapes, their Nations ONLINE NOW A global exchange: read or listen to the voices of Indigenous leaders, lawyers, elders, and other role models, as well as their non-Indigenous counterparts, through audio and video clips recorded over the past ten years at conferences and international gatherings on several continents JOIN THE GLOBAL DIALOGUES WITH: Konrad Sioui Huron Wyandot Nation Antonio Espinoza Huayllas Aymara Nation ONLINE NOW Who are Indigenous PeopleS? In whose interests are the definitions?

51. Andean Links Music, History, Archaeology, Languages, Politics, etcCategory Regional South America Regions Andes Society and Culture...... Aruskipasipxañanakasakipunirakïspawa, (Learn aymara Aprender aymara) Mapuche; NetworkInformation Center, (LANIC) and indigenous peoples , Extensive links http://www.andes.org/bookmark.html

C ULTURES OF THE A NDES Culturas de los Andes Andean Links New additions added to the bottom of each catagory. Las mas recientes están al final de cada categoría. Andean Music Música Andina Cultures of the Andes, Quechua, Songs, Music, (at This site, with words and audio files) Andean MusicMúsica Andina , Quena instructions, SF Bay area guide.* Some Peruvian Music with sound files, site is in Peru Pueblo Music Web Site , sells andean recordings Wayanay Inka , Nice page, traditional andean music with audio files of complete songs; has a page on Inka culture. * Inti-Illimani , group's web page Echoes Of Incas Album with song samples CD sales : "Music of the Andes" by Capari-Cani Música de Jauja , songs from this Peruvian city Takisuyo - Musica Andina Sukay , This andean group is very popular in North America Sukay at Sirius, sells andean music from Bolivia, also sold at: Sukay at CDNOW Guitares du Quatuor Atahualpa Music of the Central Andes El Rincón Musical Peruano , Huaynos en formato MIDI Rumillajta , with RealAudio files Llajta Música , Bolivian Music Tunari ,Music of the Andes In Australia Pachakuti , Music of the Andes, in Europe, with links Andean Folk Music Group,

52. Peru: Indigenous Peoples Still Facing Colour Gap descent, and 36 percent are indigenous peoples who speak political weight, the ninemillion indigenous Peruvians lack groups, the Quechua and the aymara of the http://www.converge.org.nz/lac/articles/news990820f.htm

Latin American Report All Poverty Should Not be Treated Equally Poverty in Bolivia to Stay for Generations Regional : X Politics : Military : Environment : Rights : X Education : NZ Links : Aid/Relief : Economics : X Indigenous : X Health : Peru: 20 August 1999 Indigenous Peoples Still Facing Colour Gap By Abraham Lama LIMA, Aug 9 (IPS) - Not one official activity was planned in Peru for the International Day of Indigenous Peoples, an indicator of the marginalisation and discrimination faced by the country's nine million indigenous people. The United Nations (UN) established the date in 1995 as part of the International Decade of the World's Indigenous Peoples (1994-2004). The goal is to strengthen steps taken towards resolving indigenous people's problems in areas such as human rights, environment, education and health. Peru is a multi-ethnic nation of 25 million - 49 percent are mestizo (mixed race), 14 percent are of European, African or Asian descent, and 36 percent are indigenous peoples who speak their native languages. But Peru's large indigenous population suffers a serious situation of social, economic and cultural marginalisation. The government abolished ''the legal mechanisms for the protection'' of indigenous people because it believes their problems ''are an issue that must be resolved within the liberal economic model,'' stated sociologist Flavio Solorzano, of Population and Development, a non-governmental organisation. The 1993 Constitution, which president Alberto Fujimori actively promoted, was a step backwards as far as indigenous rights are concerned, said jurists Ana Maria Tamayo of Peru and Roque Roldan from Colombia.

53. The Constitution Of 88 :: Indigenous Peoples In Brazil - ISA 1992), aside from recognizing the existence of indigenous peoples, declares itselfa as official languages, aside from Spanish, Quechua and aymara, and other http://www.socioambiental.org/website/pib/english/rights/const.htm

find your way: Indigenous peoples in Brazil Rights Can the Indian...? The Indian Statute ... International The Constitution of 88 :: Introduction :: Right to be different :: Rights to their land :: Other regulations ... :: Constitutions of other countries Introduction The constitutional Rights of the indigenous peoples are expressed in a specific chapter of the Constitution of 1988 (title VIII, "Of the Social Order ", chapter VIII, "of the indigenous peoples"), aside from other regulations throughout the text and an article of the Acts of the Transitory Constitutional Regulations. This deals with the Rights marked by at least two innovative and important concepts in relation to prior Constitutions and the so-called The Indian Statute. The first innovation is the abandonment of the assimilationist point of view, which considered the indigenous peoples as a transitory social category, destined to disappear. The second innovation is that the rights of the indigenous peoples over their lands are defined in the concept of original rights that are prior to the creation of the State itself. This is a result of the de facto historical recognition that the indigenous peoples were the first occupants of Brazil. The new Constitution establishes, in this manner, a new outlook for the relations between the State, Brazilian society and the indigenous peoples .

54. PUBLIC LECTURES 2001 18th January indigenous peoples and Multiculturalism. American Studies, King's College,University of London, UK/Instituto de Lengua e Cultura aymara, La Paz http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/events/seminars/indig/

Institute of Archaeology Public Lecture Series Moving Forwards with Indigenous Peoples into the 21st Century Thursdays 6.30-8.00pm G6 Lecture Theatre, Institute of Archaeology, UCL 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY A unique series of discussions between indigenous people and others concerned with issues relating to the past, present and future of ‘indigenism’. All welcome! No admission charge but donations welcome on the night. Provisional Programme 11th January Human Rights and Indigenous peoples Chair: Professor Peter Ucko, Institute of Archaeology, University College London, UK Speaker: Professor Michael Williams Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies Unit, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia 18th January Indigenous Peoples and Multiculturalism Chair: Professor Olivia Harris, Department of Anthropology, Goldsmiths, University of London, UK Speakers: 25th January Museums: national, regional and community **[NB: Please note the change of venue for this session only to the Harrie Massey Lecture Theatre, 25 Gordon Street, UCL, London WC1]** Chair: Lorna Abungu, AFRICOM, International Council of African Museums, Nairobi, Kenya

55. Indigenous Reference Site Seminole, Kekchi, Parakana, aymara, Khassis, Nuba, Maori. Source The Health ofIndigenous peoples Compiled by Ethel (Wara) Alderete World Health Organization(WHO http://www.ku.edu/~insp/referencesite.html

Where Indigenous Peoples Live Source : The Health of Indigenous Peoples Compiled by Ethel (Wara) Alderete World Health Organization (WHO), 1999. WHERE INDIGENOUS PEOPLES LIVE The following listing of Indigenous Peoples is not comprehensive, nor exclusive, but instead representative of peoples living worldwide. MAP KEY 1. Artic 8.Great Basin 12.Circum-Caribbean 14.Mato Grosso ASIA 21.Chittagong Hill 26. Kalahari Desert Aleut Shoshone Akawaio Borbora 19. North and Tract Peoples San Chipewyan Ute Bari (Motilones) Botocudo Central Asia Chakma Inuit Choquie Ge (Central) Ainu Marma 27. Ituri Forest Saami 9. Southwest Guajiro Guato Hui Tripura Efe Apache Karina Kaduveo Manchu Lese 2. Sub-Arctic Dine (Hopi) Kogi Kaingang Miao 22. South East Asia Mbuti Cree Navajo Otomac Karaja Mongolian Chin Dene Zuni Paez Kayapo (Southern) Taiwan Aborigines Hmong 28. Australia and Naskapi Yarawato Tupi Tibetan Kachin the Pacific Ojibwa 10. Pacific NW Coast Yukpa Uighur Karen Aboriginals Bella Coola 15. Gran Chaco Yi Kedang Arapesh North America Chinook South America Ache Zhuang Lisu Asmat 3. Eastern

56. IUCN WCPA-CEESP Theme Working Group On Indigenous Peoples, Local including, in particular but not exclusively, tribal or indigenous peoples, havean co.cr, Alejandro Argumedo Director Asociacion Kechuaaymara ANDES Ruinas 451 http://www.cenesta.org/ceesp/Wkg_grp/Theme/theme.htm

57. Valuing Diversity In Sustainable Development - IFAD Experience With Indigenous P camelids also represent a material expression of the aymara and Quechua The specificityof indigenous peoples is such that all initiatives affecting their http://www.ifad.org/events/wssd/ip/ip.htm

Home About IFAD Operations Evaluation ... Contact Us document.write(document.title) Forthcoming Events President Speeches IFAD Past Events Monterrey ... WSSD Parallel Event to the World Summit on Sustainable Development Indigenous Peoples: Valuing Diverstiy for Sustainable Development ( PDF Version Jointly organized by IFAD, Popular Coalition to Eradicate Hunger and Poverty and Indigenous Peoples Coordination Committee 28 August 2002 at 13:00 pm in Randburg Tower Conference Centre, Johannesburg Table of Contents List of Acronyms Preface I. Introduction II. Why Focus on Indigenous Peoples? ... Annex - Important Milestones Related to Indigenous Issues List of Acronyms ADSDPP Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development and Protection Plans APPTDP Andhra Pradesh Participatory Tribal Development Project APTDP Andhra Pradesh Tribal Development Project ASOCUCH Association of Cuchumatanes Organizations CARC CDC Community Development Committee CHARM Cordillera Highland Agricultural Resource Management Project CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research CISP Oudomxai Community Initiative Support Project FEAS Promotion of Technology Transfer Project to Peasant Communities in the Highlands GCC Girijan Cooperative Corporation HPM Ha Giang Development Project for Ethnic Minorities

58. GTPI97_Aymara97 Translate this page that this is a blow to the fragile environment and the bio-diversity of the regionand is a crime against mankind for the aymara and other indigenous peoples. http://www.puebloindio.org/ONU_info/info97/GTPI97_aymara.htm

PARLAMENTO DEL PUEBLO AYMARA Fundado 16/06/1996 Janq'uchullpa (Tripartito: Bolivia, Chile y Perú) PONENCIAS AL 15° PERIODO DE SESIONES DEL GRUPO DE TRABAJO SOBRE El DERECHO DE LOS PUEBLOS INDIGENAS. Resumen en ingles Agua y los derechos del pueblo Aymara El Pueblo Aymara ha venido luchando en defensa de la ecología, del medio ambiente, recursos naturales desde hace mas de 500 años. En demanda de justicia ha peregrinado en las oficinas de los Estados de Bolivia, Perú y Chile, pero no ha sido escuchado ni atendido, ni respetado sus derechos. El agua es vida y fuente de supervivencia económica y cultural de la nación Aymara, ahora, con la construccion de t'uneles trasandinos, represas, estaciones de bombeo, exploración de aguas subterraneas y perforaciones profundas para la succión de las aguas de la napa freática, hacia las costas de Chile y Perú ejecutados por el Proyecto Especial Tacna (PET)- Perú y el proyecto especial Arica (PEA) - chile han ocasionado daños irreversibles como ser : mortandad indiscriöinada de 234 571 cabezas de ganado camelido (llamas, alpacas, vicuñas), 35 000 ovinos y alrededor de 300 000 animales silvestres: Los pobladores de la región, los pueblos indígenas aymaras, chipayas y uru muratos se encuentran en la extrema miseria, pobresa y desnutrición y son forzados a una inmigración masiva hacia los tugurios de las ciudades. Los gobiernos de los tres países y los intereses de las trasnacionales en nombre del "Desarrollo, progreso y modernidad" son los causantes de la hecatombe que deshace el habitat milenario del pueblo Aymara. No dejan de ocasionar el ecocidio y no dejan de traslucir sus intenciones genocidas contra el pueblo aymara.

59. Untitled Translate this page de la Commission sur la situation de la nation aymara écartelée entre of Bolivia,for example, recognized many rights of indigenous peoples, including their http://www.puebloindio.org/ONU_info/info98/ONU_Com98_Norsud.htm

Intervención de Norte-Sur XXI COMISION DE DERECHOS HUMANOS Français (résumé) English (summary) 54° Periodo de sesiones Tema 23 Cuestiones Indígenas Señor Presidente, Los delegados indígenas presentes en los foros de las Naciones Unidas desde hace 20 años, reconocemos que en dicho transcurso, la valiosa labor de la Comisión de Derechos Humanos y de los demas organismos de las Naciones Unidas, especialmente la OIT y la UNESCO, empujaron a ciertos Estados a mejorar la situación legal de las Naciones Indígenas. El Convenio 169 de la OIT y su ratificación por diferentes Estados de centro y sudamérica influyeron positivamente en la legislación y en algunos países las reformas de sus leyes constitucionales. Asi por ej. la nueva Constitucion Política del Estado de Bolivia reconoce los derechos sociales, económicos y culturales de los pueblos indígenas, el derecho a su tierras comunitarias de origen, y reconoce el uso y aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos naturales, su identidad, valores, lenguas, costumbres e instituciones. En otros Estados también existen leyes y decretos favorables a los pueblos indígenas. Sin embargo, es necesario señalar que en la mayor parte de los casos la práctica no confirma la letra. El caso de la nación aymara, dividido por las fronteras estatales de Bolivia, Chile y Perú, que sufre el despojo de sus aguas, lo cual causa la desertificación de sus tierras y la contaminación del lago Titicaca como también de los rios y por consecuencia de sus tierras y cultivos. Todos estos hechos demuestran la situación de desasosiego en la que viven los pueblos indígenas del continente americano.

60. 1998 Update--Abya Yala Fund (10/98) Renaissance of the Mayan peoples' Knowledge Council Strengthening of indigenous Agricultureand Nutritional Five Quechua Communities aymara, Amauta indigenous http://ayf.nativeweb.org/update98.htm

Abya Yala Fund Update Funded Projects Emergency Grants Partially Funded Technical Assistance Program ... Projects Needing Funding Abya Yala Fund provided $26,795 in direct funding and technical assistance to projects in 1996. Between Jan. 1, 1997 and October, 1998, AYF raised and gave over $100,000 to support 19 Indigenous Self-Development initiatives. The projects which Abya Yala Fund is currently working with range from a national rights training program for Mexican women to the building of small local offices from which Miskitu communities of Honduras will organize training workshops regarding the protection and demarcation of their territory. Funded Projects Construction of Community Solar-Powered Well QUECHUA, Bella Vista Community, Oruro, BOLIVIA - $17,000 This initiative creates an alternative model of development and resolves the problems caused by the heavy draught in the highlands with the construction of a solar powered well. This project will provide the community with a sustainable and reliable source of water for their families and for the breeding of llamas and agricultural activities. [ More detail Promote the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Face of NAFTA and other Multilateral Agreements MAPUCHE, Aukin Wallmapu Ngulam/All Lands Council, Temuco, CHILE - $11,415

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