21. Africa inhabitants in the Dogon, a bamana village, and the warrior tradition of indigenousAfrica, the Jihad beliefs, and accomplishments of the peoples who inhabited http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/pwebpaz/Media/SubjAfrica.htm

Media Center Video and Film Catalog By Subject Africa See also: African Americans African Art [VHS 1305] 1995 Public Media Home Vision 1/2" video Color 1 cass., 47 min. Introduces noted experts who explain the importance of reappraising African art within its own cultural context. Then local Malian inhabitants in the Dogon, a Bamana village, and the walled city of Djenne comment on the function of art and the role of the artist in their society. African Diary: Reflections of John H. Clarke [VHS 677] 1991 Wa'set Educational Productions 1/2" video Color 1 cass., 109 min. John H. Clarke discusses his perceptions of African history. He offers positive information about African civilizations and traditions. The Africans, a Triple Heritage, #1: The Nature of a Continent [VHS 325] 1986 WETA-TV; Annenberg/CPB Project 1/2" video Color 1 cass., 58 min. Ali A. Mazrui examines Africa as the birthplace of humankind and discusses the impact of geography on African history. Discusses the role of the Nile as the birthplace of civilization and the introduction of Islam to Africa. The Africans, a Triple Heritage, #2: A Legacy of Lifestyles

22. "A" Media Catalog (Multicultural peoples of North Malian inhabitants in the Dogon, a bamana village,and contemporary African lifestyles are influenced by indigenous Western and http://northonline.sccd.ctc.edu/pwebpaz/Media/MediaA.html

Media Center By Title A.K.A. Don Bonus [VHS 1298] 1995 NAATA 1/2" video Color 1 cass., 55 min. A self-portrait of a young Cambodian immigrant growing up in America today. Shows his struggles to graduate and survive his complicated life during his senior year of high school. Subjects Asian Americans Aboriginal Art: Past, Present, And Future [VHS 1312] 1996 Crystal Video 1/2" video Color 1 cass., 13 min. Looks at the art of Australian aboriginals and how it permeates all aspects of their life. Subjects Art ; Pacific Islands Accounting 2/E by Horngren and Harrison [VHS 648-650] 1992 Prentice-Hall/ABC News 1/2" video Color 3 cassettes To accompany book "Accounting" 2nd edition by Charles T. Horngren and Walter T. Harrison. Cassette 1 : Chapters 1-9. Cassette 2 : Chapters 10-17. Cassette 3 : Chapters 18-28. Subjects Accounting Accounting: The One Degree With 360 Degrees of Possibilities [VHS 814] 1994 AICPA 1/2" video Color 1 cassette

23. UO Department Of Anthropology ethnographic field research in West africa (Mali and and Identity through the BamanaCiwara Complex displaced persons, women, and indigenous peoples in colonial http://www.uoregon.edu/~anthro/facresearch.html

UO Anthropology Home Faculty Faculty research Faculty profiles Cultural Biological ... Map of Interest Areas Academics Course Summaries Fall Term Winter Term Spring Term ... Public Anthropology Undergraduate Studies Program Statement Undergrad Admissions Participatory Learning CRM specialization ... Director of UG Studies Graduate Studies Program Statement Graduate Admissions Graduate Funding GTF Openings ... Director of Graduate Studies Publications, Archives and Reports UO Anthropological Papers Archaeology Newsletter Dissertations and Theses General Events Coquille Tribe Home Page Internet Links Job Openings ... Web Support Faculty Research Interests Full-time Regular Faculty William S. Ayres wsayres@oregon.uoregon.edu Aletta Biersack abiersac@darkwing.uoregon.edu Arif Dirlik was trained as a historian of Modern China. He has written extensively on modern Chinese historiography and ideological issues in the Chinese Revolution, especially Marxism and Anarchism. Over the last decade, he has turned increasingly to the analysis of discourses on the Pacific, which has led him further to the examination of issues brought up by discourses on postcoloniality, globalization and transnationalism. His work on the Pacific and China has also led to an interest in Asian American studies. His main effort has been to bring a critical perspective on these discourses, and theorize them in new ways, as with his emphasis on place-based perspectives as a critique of the hegemonic implications of globalization. He continues to work in all these areas. His current projects include the revolutionary movement in South China in the 1920s, Chinese participation in world's fairs, and the development of Asian studies in the United States.

24. Book Reviews bamana THE ART OF EXISTENCE IN MALI Edited by peoples of the Northwest Coast TheirArchaeology and Possessions indigenous Art/Colonial Culture By Nicholas http://www.tribalarts.com/review/prev_review.html

Current Reviews PREVIOUS REVIEWS TRIBAL ARTS HOME FORUM LETTERS CLASSIFIEDS ... Frans M. Olbrechts, 1899-1958, In Search of Art in Africa Edited by Constantene Petridis L'Empire des Masques By Rolande Bonnain Belles d'Afrique By Gilles Puymarten with an introduction by Philippe Vercaemer Plains Indian Rock Art By James D. Keyser and Michael A. Klassen Ofo Anam By Alexandre Espenel and Rémi Houdart The Last Filipino Head Hunters By David Howard Northern Haida Master Carvers By Robin K. Wright Forms and Figures: African Art in the Horstmann Collection Various authors Emblems of Passage: Art of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas

25. Adherents.com There they found an indigenous body of beliefs and Mountains are the home of severaltribal peoples bamana, Mali, 3,500,000, , -, -, 1998, Gall, Timothy L. (ed http://www.adherents.com/Na_60.html

Adherents.com 42,669 adherent statistic citations : membership and geography data for 4,000+ religions, churches, tribes, etc. Index back to Bahai Faith, world Bahai Faith, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Bahai Faith world *LINK* web site: "New Religious Movements " (University of Virginia); web page: "The Baha'i Faith " (viewed 31 Jan. 1999); "Created by Adele Skaff for Sociology 257, Fall, 1998. An earlier version of this page was created by: Elizabeth Williams, Spring Term, 1996. " "According to J. Gordon Melton, 1995 statistics, there are 127,000 Baha'is living in the United States and there are over 2 million worldwide. (Melton, 1996A:838) " Bahai Faith world (K-111 Reference Corp.: Mahwah, NJ), [Source: 1997 Encyc. Britannica Book of the Year ]; pg. 654. Table: "Adherents of All Religions by Six Continental Areas, Mid-1996 " Bahai Faith world Occhiogrosso, Peter. The Joy of Sects: A Spirited Guide to the World's Religious Traditions . New York: Doubleday (1996); pg. 454.

26. SA7: Transmission the poetry of the Muslim peoples hymns to Mandingo, Bambara, Dioula or Dyula, bamana,Koranko, Wasulunka 1952) bemoaned the lack of indigenous African literature http://www.hf.uib.no/smi/sa/7Knappert.html

Sudanic Africa 7, 1996. The Transmission of Knowledge: A Note on the Islamic Literatures of Africa Jan Knappert The following pages contain a summary of data collected during many years of research on Islam in Africa. The material is already amply sufficient for a book, but so far no publisher has been found. Eight books and a dozen collections of songs may give an idea of the Swahili material. While collecting texts for my Islamic Poetry of Africa and for my article 'The use of Arabic Script for the Languages of Africa', it became clear that there are many lacunae in our knowledge since no systematic research had been conducted and/or published, whereas all the while new material is coming to light in the form of manuscripts in languages which were hitherto believed to possess no literature at all, let alone Islamic literature in Arabic script. What is an Islamic literature? Literatures written in Arabic script are normally Islamic literatures, but not all Islamic literatures are so written. In Amharic and in Zulu there is Islamic literature but not in Arabic script. Islamic literature is normally the work of an Islamic people, but not all Islamic peoples have created Islamic literatures. For instance, the epic poetry in Mandinka is recited by bards who are Muslims, but their epic songs are not Islamic. The explanation is that these epics continue to be recited by and for people who have become Islamicised in a period of history subsequent to the creation of the epic. The reverence for this national poetry has survived the Islamisation process. A similar situation seems to exist in Iran where the epic of the heathen kings, the

27. A Guide To The Jembe are developing systems for writing bamana and Maninka independence was to presentthe indigenous drumming and capital letters; NonMande peoples are indicated http://echarry.web.wesleyan.edu/jembearticle/article.html

A Guide to the Jembe Eric Charry An unedited expanded version of the article published in Percussive Notes , vol. 34, no. 2, April 1996, pages 66-72. Portions reprinted by permission of the Percussive Arts Society. Send a comment Last updated 14 October 2000. For more on this and related musical traditions see Mande Music The jembe (spelled djembe in French writing) is on the verge of achieving world status as a percussion instrument, rivaled in popularity perhaps only by the conga and steel pan. It first made an impact outside West Africa in the 1950s due to the world tours of Les Ballets Africains led by the Guinean Fodeba Keita. In the few decades succeeding this initial exposure the jembe was known internationally only to a small coterie of musicians and devotees of African music and dance. In the U.S. interest in the jembe centered around Ladji Camara, a member of Les Ballets Africains in the 1950s, who since the 1960s has trained a generation of American players. Worldwide, a mere handful of LP recordings were released up to the mid-1980s, most containing just a few selections of jembe playing.

28. African Videotapes Audiocassettes Media Resources Center, UC explores the collision of European and indigenous African cultures. Then local Malianinhabitants in a bamana village and the peoples of the Kalahari Desert. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/AfricanVid.html

29. Cote_dIvoire on the Northwest border)ÑMalinkŽ, Bambara (bamana), Dan, and to the transposingof traditional indigenous music to being a melting pot of peoples and cultures http://musiquetropique.com/Cote_dIvoire.html

Biography Personnel overview music Overview is a country of 16 million in an area slightly larger than New Mexico and located on the Gulf of GuinŽa in West Africa, bordered by Ghana on the East; Liberia and GuinŽa on the West; Mali on the Northwest and Burkina Faso on the Northeast. Tropical rainforests cover the Southern half of the country and taper into rolling savannahs in the North and rise to mountains in the Northwest. A tropical climate extends inland from the coast and becomes semi-arid in the extreme North. There are three seasons: warm and dry (November-March); hot and dry (March to May); hot and wet (June to October). Deforestation has led to silt pollution of rivers and streams, water pollution from industrial agricultural effluents, and often torrential flooding in the rainy season. Water pollution from sewage is also a problem. Half the population practices traditional African animist religions. Followers of Islam dominate the Northern part of the country, constituting about 28% of Ivoiriennes. Christians comprise 22% of the population, mostly in the South. Christians and Muslims often also practice animism concurrently. In late 1974, one of the first recording studio/record presses in Africa was opened in Abidjan, prompting an influx of musicians that transformed Abidjan into the West African hub for musical and cultural exhange. Musicians from all over West Africa came to absorb new rhythms, demonstrate their own native beats, and endeavour to be recorded. Demand soon generated construction of additional recording facilities and pressing plants, and the development of a flourishing recording industry.

30. January 31 Readings lived and expressed in the context of indigenous Muslim African to the Fulani or cattlekeeping peoples of the Kelly D The Epic of bamana Segu , narrated http://www.humanities.ualberta.ca/slavery_islam/january_31_ readings.htm

January 31 Readings Islam in Africa: Historical and cultural influences on slavery This week we are trying at once to grasp in a general sense when, how and with what societal consequences Islam took root in different parts of Africa on the one hand, and the various ways this establishment of Islam shaped institutions and practises of slavery on the other. Everyone: Roland Oliver, The African Experience : Ch.7 "Peoples of the Book", pp84-9; Ch.8 "Cities of the Plain", p.p.90-101; Ch.11 "Masters and Slaves", p.p.116-129; Ch.12 "Pomp and Power", p.p.145-58. [This is a basic 'narrative' history which you probably should try and read first.] Al-Maghili "Social Reform in Songhay", pp94-6; Ibn Battuta, "The East African Coast in 1331", (no page numbers); Abdallah ibn Nasir, "Lament for Greatness", pp.398-402 [these three are stapled together] Paul Lovejoy "Transformations in Slavery" and Igor Kopytoff, "Commentary on Paul Lovejoy", in Slavery in Africa Robert Collins et al. (eds) pp.277-95

31. African Science the Central Sudan attracting peoples from adjacent Ron Eglash, bamana Sand DivinationRecursion in Fractals, Modern Computing and indigenous Design, Rutgers http://www.africahistory.net/kani.htm

AFRICAN MATHEMATICS Pre-colonial Northern Nigeria AHMAD KANI Documentary evidence at our disposal suggests that earlier in 17th century West Africa some Ulama (scholars) of Kanem -Bornu were highly skilled in the science of Ilm al-Awfaq (the science of magic squares). By the 18th century, the Borno kingdom became the most important center of learning of Mathematics in the Central Sudan attracting peoples from adjacent areas linking this at times to the occult sciences. There is ample evidence to prove that the scholars of Hausaland and Borno were also consulting Coptic Solar Calendars in determining their economic activities. The recovery of a book written probably in Egypt on agrarian activities, from Bauchi in 1973 points to the fact that some aspects of of the agricultural sciences were being diffused in this area.The book, which is copied in a Sudanic script, contains mathematical charts dealing with agronomic activities such as the right time of harvest; the various directions of the wind;time of germination; and the seasons during which insects appear. A conversion table to lunar months is also made at the beginning of the book as a guide for the users of the chart. It seems that some scholars in the Central Bilad al- Sudan especially the area of Katsina, were well versed in numerology and astrology. The recovery of some books from Katsina areas such as Borno by the late Professor M.A. al-Hajj and other researchers suggests that the scholars of Katsina were versed in these occult sciences .

32. Textiles - Fiber Arts Specifically examples created within indigenous weaving communities where and Cameroons);and the Kongo peoples (in Zaire patterns refer to bamana culture and http://www.princetonol.com/groups/iad/lessons/middle/textiles.htm

Textiles- Fiber Arts A selection of textile resources: Textile history World textiles and Costume Contemporary textiles Lesson Plans , and Information resources Home Up Handmade Paper [ Textiles - Fiber Arts ] Photography Links Crafts Artists History of Textiles The Museum For Textiles , Toronto, Ontario. Selected text and images from the Museum's collection and exhibits illustrate the Museum's mandate: to provide the opportunity to experience the traditions, skills, and creative genius that make the textile arts such an important visual expression of contemporary and historical concerns. Heavens' Embroidered Cloths: One Thousand Years of Chinese Textiles a selection of images from an exhibition of Chinese textiles from the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, previously on display in 1995 at the Hong Kong Museum of Art. You can see some examples of Chinese textiles in this exhibit: Family Ties in Asian Textiles. Flowers of Silk and Gold: Four Centuries of Ottoman Embroidery - these textiles are a point of departure for an exploration of the rich Ottoman culture that produced them. View the Textile Gallery and learn about the culture Lesson plans available Koelz Textile Collection Museum of Anthropology - University of Michigan. An extensive selection of beautiful textiles from South and Central Asia and Iran - highly recommended.

33. West Africa - EthnoBass English Major ethnic groups indigenous African tribes 95 ethnic groups Mande 50%(bamana, Malinke, Soninke http://www.ethnobass.org/afr_west.html

Home AFRICA page: - Central Africa - East Africa - North Africa - Southern Africa - West Africa AMERICA page: - Caribbean - Central America - Central South America - East. South America - North America - North. South America - South. South America - West. South America ASIA page: - Central Asia - Eastern Asia - Northern Asia - Southern Asia - South Eastern Asia - South Western Asia EUROPE page: - Central Europe - East Europe - North Europe - Southern Europe - South Eastern Europe - South Western Europe - West Europe MIDDLE EAST page COUNTRIES PEOPLES ARTISTS GLOSSARY INTERVIEWS ESSAYS LINKS SERVICES page - CD reviews - Events - Picture Galleries West Africa page Benim Burkina Faso Cameroon Cape Verde ... Western Sahara Links: Cora Connection: The Manding Music Traditions of West Africa: A information resource dedicated to West African music and culture, maily about Kora, Ngoni and Balafon. Decription: Cora Connection provides information on the folk music traditions of West Africa. Cora Connection sells hard to find recordings, professional quality instruments and offers educational workshops. Top of page - Menu Benim Map of Benim Population: 6,5 million

34. Have You Seen of Writing a Study of indigenous peoples and Schooling Eglash, R. bamana Sand Divinationrecursion in with it the destruction of peoples and civilizations http://web.nmsu.edu/~pscott/isgem122.htm

Volume 12 Number 2 May 1997 Minutes of the ISGEm Meeting Minneapolis, MN, USA, April 19, 1997 Ubi D'Ambrosio calls session to order, and turns meeting over to Joanna Masingila, chair of the ad-hoc organizing committee. Joanna asks for officers' reports: Jim Barta give's treasury report we are well in the black. Larry Shirley gives delegate report Our resolution for an NCTM committee on international affairs was defeated last year, but we may re-present it again next year depending on the NCTM's sub-committee discussion. Rick Scott gives newsletter report newsletter is now available on-line at web.nmsu.edu/~pscott/isgem.htm Ron Eglash gives web site report location is www.cohums.ohio-state.edu/comp/isgem.htm Luis Ortiz-Franco gives constitutional report last year's amendment allows for the creation of regional chapters. Joanna asks for New Business: A suggestion to put a list of members' activities on the web is discussed and found agreeable by all. Meeting is adjourned. Minutes of North American Chapter of ISGEm Minneapolis, MN, USA, April 19, 1997

35. Document Body Page Navigation Panel San Francisco State University; peoples and languages of edu Interests bamana aesthetics;the relationship Colonial Senegal; indigenous interpreters, officers http://www.swt.edu/anthropology/mansa/mansa_membership.htm

Document Body Page Navigation Panel Mansa Membership Page 1 MANSA Membership as of October 9, 2001 Includes all member: 1) with dues paid through or past due in 2001, 2) sponsored members, and 3) institutional members. Prepared by Stephen Wooten with data drawn from MANSA's official membership database. Please note: This directory is web-published approximately once a year from the master membership database. Members with information changes that can be incorporated into the next edition of this directory should send updates to the Association's current Secretary-Treasurer. (Individuals are listed first and are followed by institutions.) Individuals Tavy Aherne 1894 Hawksbill Road Massanutten Village McGaheysville, VA 22840 Affiliation: James Madison University Tel.: 540-568-6372 Fax: 540-568-6598 Email: ahernetd@ jmu. edu Interests: Textiles; Fulbhe diaspora; aesthetics. Mary Jo Arnoldi Smithsonian Institution Department of Anthropology NHB-MRC 112 Washington, DC 20560-0112 Tel.: 202-357-1396 Fax: 202-357-2208 Email: Arnoldi. Mary@ nmnh. si. edu

36. Barbara Kingsolver's The Poisonwood Bible List of resources for the novel including reviews, a list of biographical sources and works of literary, Category Arts Literature Authors K Kingsolver, Barbara...... wildlife as well as East African peoples (Samburu, Dorobo inhabitants in the Dogon,a bamana village, and of its triple heritage what is indigenous, what was http://www.mlb.ilstu.edu/crsres/poisonwood.htm

Barbara Kingsolver's The Poisonwood Bible The Book and the Author Literacy Contexts Historical and Political Background Social and Cultural Contexts THE BOOK AND THE AUTHOR About the Book Bell, Millicent. "Fiction Chronicle." Partisan Review Bromberg, Judith. "A Complex Novel about Faith, Family and Dysfunction.' National Catholic Reporter Byfield, Ted and Byfield, Virginia. "The Evil Missionary." Alberta Report Campbell, Kim. "Barbara Kingsolver Gets Uncomfortable." Christian Science Monitor Glazebrook, Olivia. "Abandoning the Code." Spectator Greene, Gayle. "Independence Struggle." Women's Review of Books Hussein, Aamer. "Daughters of Africa." Times Literary Supplement (5 Feb. 1999): 21. Kerr, Sarah. "The Novel as Indictment." New York Times Magazine (11 Oct. 1998): 6, 53. Klinkenborg, Verlyn. "Going Native." New York Times Book Review (19 Oct. 1998): 7. Leonard, John. "The Poisonwood Bible." Nation Neely, Alan. "The Poisonwood Bible." International Bulletin of Missionary Research http://www.kingsolver.com/dialogue/poisonwood.html http://www.harpercollins.com/catalog/guide_xml.asp?isbn=0060175400 Siegel, Lee. "Sweet and Low." New Republic Stafford, Tim. "Poisonous Gospel."

37. McNutt - Fathers Of The Empty Spaces; Strangers Forever our own exogenous spatial imaginations and the indigenous imaginations of the Peoplesof the Horn of africa Somali, Afar, and Saho. The bamana Blacksmiths A http://www.cwru.edu/affil/GAIR/papers/2001papers/mcnutt.htm

Spatiality and Marginal Social Groups in Ancient Israel Paula M. McNutt Canisius College AAR/SBL Constructions of Ancient Space Seminar 2001 Introduction One of the primary difficulties in trying to reconstruct the intended meanings of the writers of biblical texts, and how these were understood by their ancient audiences, is our inability to observe directly their socially shared experiences, and how these were expressed in their beliefs. My aim in this paper is to suggest some possible scenarios for understanding the social location of marginal social groups in ancient Israel, with a particular emphasis on how "otherness" and "difference" are represented spatially. I will be drawing in particular on the ideas of geographer Edward Soja (1996) and French "metaphilosopher" Henri Lefebvre, whose ideas have heavily influenced Soja. I am particularly interested in what Soja has to say about marginality, boundaries, and "otherness" or "difference." Soja's work is particularly interesting because he encourages us to look at space and constructs of spatiality in radically new ways. In doing this, he is not pressing us to give up our old and familiar ways of thinking about space and spatiality, but rather suggesting that we question them in new ways that are aimed at opening up and expanding the scope and critical sensibility of our already established spatial or geographical imaginations (1996: 1). As intrinsically spatial beings, and active participants in the construction of our own spatialities, Soja argues, we need to begin thinking about the spatiality of human life in much the same way that we approach life's historicality and sociality, and to become more aware of the social consequences of our constructions. In his work Soja emphasizes the interdependence and interwoven complexity of the social, the historical, and the spatial as

38. HOME TEST PAGE There is a peoples Database which includes the Ashanti, bamana, Baule, Bwa Batimallibatwostory architecture, Islam and indigenous African cultures http://www.msu.edu/~metzler/matrix/dream/humanities.html

LIST OF IMPORTANT AFRICA-RELATED WEB SITES Introduction Culture Current Events Economics ... Society ART 12th International Triennial Symposium on African Art , St. Thomas, Virgin Islands April 25-29, 2001 Conference sponsored by the Arts Council of the African Studies Association (U.S.). http://itsdev.appstate.edu/triennial/ Adire African Textiles - Duncan Clarke History, background, and photographs of adire, adinkra, kente, bogolan, Yoruba aso-oke, akwete, ewe, kuba, and nupe textiles. The symbolism of images is often provided. One can purchase textiles as well. Clarke's Ph.D. dissertation (School of Oriental and African Studies) is on Yoruba men's weaving. Based in London. http://www.adire.clara.net Africa: One Continent. Many Worlds Extensive site for the traveling art exhibit from the Field Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, and others. Includes video, photographs on the history and art of the Royal Palace of the Bamum (Cameroun), conflict resolution among the BaKongo (Congo-Brazzaville and Kinshasa, Angola), Benin history through elephant tusks and Benin bronzes, metal working, use of gold weights, commerce across the Sahara, the market in Kano (Nigeria), men's hats, combs/jewelry, rock art, a Liberian folk tale, the role of masks, drums, kora music from Senegal, the elephant as a royal animal, and more. Has a

39. Language Explanations The language of Bambara or bamana is spoken In many cases where peoples of differentlinguistic groups Quechua, Quechua ( qheshwa ) is an indigenous language of http://kenax.hypermart.net/kenax/language_explanations.htm

This site gives a brief description with links of the more than 180 languages provided by KENAX Translating . Note that some of these explanation are unedited and contributed by translators. (This site is still being worked on.) Afghani The language spoken in Afghanistan Afrikaans Similar to Flemish, which is 40% Dutch, 40% German and 20% everything possible. Spoken in South Africa Afrikaans, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sesotho (the Sesotho name for Southern Sotho), Setswana (the Setswana name for Tswana), Swazi (also known as Siswati), Tsonga (also known as Xitsonga), Venda (also isiVenda), Xhosa (also isiXhosa) and Zulu (also isiZulu) are 10 of the official languages of South Africa (the last and eleventh being English). All these languages are therefore predominantly spoken in South Africa. Akkadian Akkadian is one of the great cultural languages of world history. Akkadian (or Babylonian-Assyrian) is the collective name for the spoken languages of the culture in the three millennia BCE in Mesopotamia, the area between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, approx. covering modern Irak. The name Akkadian so called in ancient time is derived from the city-state of Akkad, founded in the middle of the third millennium BCE and capital of one of the first great empires after the dawn of human history. Albanian The Albanian language is a branch of the Indo-European family tree, and consists of only one language, which is the official language of

40. AnthroNotes Fall 2001 of Mexico—and elite goods and peoples moved over The indigenous Maya populationof the region grew rapidly at antelope who taught farming to bamana people in http://www.nmnh.si.edu/anthro/outreach/anthnote/fall01/anthnote.html

VOLUME 22 NO. 3 Fall 2001 Inside this issue: The Ancient Maya: New Research on 2000 Years of Development Teacher's Corner: ... Credits THE ANCIENT MAYA: NEW RESEARCH ON 2000 YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT by Jeremy A. Sabloff INTRODUCTION Ancient Maya civilization flourished for more than 2,000 years, lasting from approximately 500 B.C. until the 1540s A.D., the time of the Spanish Conquest. The ancient Maya are renowned for their achievements in art, architecture, writing, science, and urban planning in the varied and challenging environment of the greater Yucatán peninsula and neighboring areas. Today, the ancient Maya civilization's cultural heirs, who number in the millions, continue to thrive in modern-day Mexico and Central America. In recent years, path-breaking archaeological, epigraphical, and ethnohistorical research is providing significant new insights into the development and accomplishments of the ancient Maya. Scholars now understand that the Maya territory was an integral part of a wider cultural area known as Mesoamerica, which includes the Maya area and most of Mexico to the north. The ancient Maya were not an isolated culture but had numerous economic, political, and ideological interactions with peoples in other parts of Mexico such as the Gulf Coast lowlands, the Valley of Oaxaca, and the Basin of Mexico. THREE GEOGRAPHIC ZONES The beginnings of complexity emerged in the Pacific coastal and piedmont zone. This productive zone, which runs along the entire southern margin of the Maya area, has relatively high rainfall and a variety of fertile agricultural regions. The coastal plain is crosscut by a large number of small rivers that flow south from the adjacent highlands. The shoreline and widespread rivers offered numerous trade routes, which the ancient Maya exploited throughout their history. The low foothills of the highlands to the north also supported intensive cultivation of such key crops as cacao.

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