61. THE BERBERS OF NORTH AFRICA presents the various berber tribes of the Maghreb Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Lybia, Mauritania. thousand years the berber peoples of North africa have clung to population is originally of berber stock that has been largely http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/mgcberbr.html

CHAPTER 6 THE BERBERS OF NORTH AFRICA INTRODUCTION For almost three thousand years the Berber peoples of North Africa have clung to their distinct identity and language, sheltering in the mountains and in desert oases from infringing invaders. Most of the North African population is originally of Berber stock that has been largely Arabised. There remain 20 million people who are still distinctly Berber, speaking their ancient dialects as a first language (although most Berbers are bi-lingual) and clinging to their old culture. There are some real differences between Berbers and Arabs, but they also have many crosscultural links. Arabic is the official language of all Maghreb states and it is also the language of religion and culture. Living in a mountainous environment and in a tribal society divided by many dialects, there has always been much political fragmentation amongst the Berbers. There is little pan-Berber nationalism as they identify primarily with their family and tribe. Fighting used to be endemic to their way of life and they have a intense love of independence. Their origin is shrouded in mystery. Some think they crossed over from the Iberian Peninsula many thousands of years ago, others that they have always lived in North Africa. Many invaders and colonists reached the Maghreb, including Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks and French.

62. FWB, Fall 1994/Winter 1995 A long history of intermixing among different peoples has extended International LaborOrganization (ILO) to establish berber identity as indigenous. http://carbon.cudenver.edu/public/fwc/Issue9/berber-1.html

B ERBERS The Berber Tamazight Movement in Morocco and Algeria BY AMIN KAZAK In July 1994, a delegation of Berbers from Morocco presented testimony on their own behalf at the annual meeting of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Peoples, in Geneva. The presentation indicates that Berbers have identified themselves as "indigenous," fulfilling a major criterion for their identification as such by others. Indigenous peoples are recognized operationally through self-definition (as one of several criteria) by both the International Labor Organization and the World Bank. This article seeks to expand the broader consciousness of the global indigenous movement by supporting the recognition of Berbers and elaborating upon the testimony they provided at the Working Group meeting.1 The Berbers have inhabited North Africa for thousands of years and today live in a vast area extending through the several countries that constitute the "Maghreb" region (the western Mediterranean coast of North Africa): Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia.2 Although the details of their origins are uncertain,3 it can be asserted that the Berber people inhabited North Africa thousands of years ago; they were situated where they exist today (through the expanse of the Atlas Mountains) at the time when the first invaders of the region who recorded history came upon them. It is further safe to say, then, that the Berber case corresponds to that of any indigenous nation of the Americas.4

63. WCSF Online The News Service For The World Civil Society Forum Chinese population now outnumbers the indigenous population The berber claim for anautonomous region of representative of the distribution of peoples in North http://www.mcart.org/wcsfonlinenews/en/17-jul-02/summ_17.10.cfm

Posted 8 Oct 02 09:29 GMT Executive Summaries of Working Groups Civil Society and International Organizations Cooperation Indigenous Peoples, Gender and Development Information Society Environment, Trade and Sustainable Development ... Peace and Disarmament Health Promotion Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Private Sector Right of Peoples to Self-Determination and Conflict Prevention Executive Summaries of Trainings Solar Ovens Training Training sessions for journalists from developing countries Training on Humanitarian Law All summaries of sessions All presenters' documents Search for a session (opens new window) Links Main Forum Web site (Yellow) Information Platform Consultation Process Summaries of Wednesday's Sessions Plenary Session Guest Speakers ICCG 1 Continuing Forum-Working Groups ... ICCG 18 WG on the Private Sector Private sector and labour standards ICCG 16 WG on the Right of Peoples to Self-Determination and Conflict Prevention National mechanisms for the implementation of the right to self-determination ICCG 15 WG on Civil Society and International Organizations Cooperation ... ICCG 2 WG on Indigenous Peoples, Gender and Development Land rights and access to natural resources ICCG 3 WG on the Information Society Communication Privacy ITU H Joint Session between WG on Environment, Trade and Sustainable Development and WG on Human Development

64. Frepic-Awañak Geneva Declaration For The Working Group On the Conference of Organisations of indigenous peoples and thanks are a people of InsularAfrica, of which the Canarian natives are ethnically Amazigh (berber). http://www.waac.org/amazigh/canary_islands/documents/frepic-awanak_1998geneva-de

65. NATIVE-L (June 1993): AFRICAN 'INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' TAKE STOCK The berber peoples of Algeria have a saying, 'the only minority is reminded the meeting,the whole aim of asserting indigenous peoples' rights is to http://nativenet.uthscsa.edu/archive/nl/9306/0053.html

AFRICAN 'INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' TAKE STOCK wrm@gn.apc.org Sun, 6 Jun 1993 10:59:00 PDT Articles sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next article: hrcoord@unhr-z.comlink.apc.org: "Brazil: Human Rights News on Police" Previous article: Human Rights Coordinator: "Fiji Report Recommends Non-Indigenous Declaration" Subject: AFRICAN 'INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' TAKE STOCK WORLD RAINFOREST MOVEMENT AFRICAN 'INDIGENOUS PEOPLES' SEARCHING FOR A FUTURE 'Indigenous Peoples' from all corners of the African continent have met for the first time to take stock of their situation and organise for their future. By Marcus Colchester When John Hardbattle, a /Kwe 'Bushman' from the Kalahari, was a young boy his mother explained to him about the variety of peoples. 'God made us all. We are all the same. But, we are different' she told him, thus encapsulating one of Africa's great dilemmas: how to recognise the continent's cultural diversity while at the same time ensuring equality for all humanity. Today, John is a spokesperson for the 'First Peoples of the

66. 100gogo Expedition Of Africa, Africa's Super Predators & Mammals Safari as the Shuwa live side by side with berber peoples. who have either conquered indigenouspeoples (such as in a symbiotic relationship with agricultural peoples. http://www.100gogo.com/africa/

Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map Introduction Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent. The Woodlands, bush lands, grasslands and thickets occupy about two-fifth. And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).

67. The Virtual Research Centre: World Cultures and Anecdotes Ethnic Minorities and Nationalist Movements Centre for World IndigenousStudies Survival The berber peoples North africa World Amazigh http://www.geocities.com/virtualresearch/worldcultures.html

Sign Guestbook View Guestbook The Virtual Research Centre Return to Home Page of Virtual Research Centre Go to the World Religions Department of Virtual Research Centre Virtual Research Centre: World Cultures This department last updated 23 August 2002 General Resources Intelligence Centres Stratfor.Com News and Analysis sites for many countries of the world Reports from Tourists all over the World, Pictures Selected Articles from National Geographic Magazine Library of Congress Country Studies Virtual Tourist ... Survival International Profiles, News, Photos, Various Languages World Cultures by Region Yahoo Peoples and Countries of the World Yahoo Cultures and Countries World Calendar Various Calendars of Religions or Cultures of the World Background Notes on Countries of the World: US State Department World Area Studies Western Connecticut State University: Extensive Links on all the world Stanford University Anthropology Cultural Anthropology Searches on Peoples and Countries (Spanish/Galician) All the Universities of the World! ... Search 12 Search Engines at Once! Some selected countries or regions Africa Albania Albania and Albanians: Library of Congress Online info Albanian Language and Culture The Albanian Home Page Asia ... Heidelberg University Institute of China Studies East Asia and China Azerbaijan: Azerbaijani Reference Centre Azerbaijan: The Azerbaijan Pages Tajikistan Australia Aboriginal Studies Archive Cambodia CamNet Cambodia: Selected Web Sites News, Travel, Other

68. Base9 invasions was the Africanbased Arab, Moor, and berber crusades and each followedby new slave-taking and massacres of indigenous European peoples. http://www.resistingdefamation.org/intro9.htm

69. Indigenous Peoples Under The Rule Of Islam Egyptian Copts, and North African berber Christians similar to many other indigenouspeoples throughout the controlled lifestyle of the indigenous people under http://www.theplanet.net.au/~fpi/IPUTROI.html

Indigenous Peoples Under the Rule of Islam by Frederick P. Isaac Xlibris Corporation, 191 pages, 2002 ISBN: 1-4010-4687-8 (Trade Paperback) ISBN: 1-4010-4688-6 (Hardback) Orders: Phone: Fax: Orders@Xlibris.com Click here to order online from Xlibris AVAILABLE NOW Amazon.Com and Barnes and Noble Publisher's Press Release Book Description from Cover Book Review by Bat Ye'or ... [TOP] Publisher's Press Release An Insider’s Look at Iraqi Human Rights Violations New Book Provides First-Hand Account of Persecution in Middle East Philadelphia, PA – February 10, 2003 – Jihad. Many recognize this term, meaning “holy war” in Arabic, especially after deadly events during the last few years. Whether openly or secretly promoted by Islamic religious organizations, and with or without the approval of their governments, jihad forwards the cause of Islam through open threats and violence. While the whole world now knows the deadly effects of jihad, non-Islamic peoples living in Islamic countries have suffered its violence for decades.

70. Tribes Of The Niger early 19th century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. TUAREG a berber people of YORUBA a cluster of Kwaspeaking peoples of south http://schools.4j.lane.edu/spencerbutte/StudentProjects/Rivers/tribe.html

Tribes of the Niger River BAMBARA : a Mande-speaking people of Mali. Today sedentary farmers, they are divided inti many small chiefdoms, and known for their elaborate cosmology and religion. Earlier they had founded two important states at Seguo, on the Niger. Population 1.2 million. EDO : a Kwa-speaking people of southern Nigeria, the population of the kingdom of Benin; whose political and religious ruler, the , lives in Benin City. The ruling dynasty is historically closely linked with the Yoruba. They are famed for they carving, metal-casting and other arts. Population 1.3 million. FULANI ( FULBE, PEUL) : a people speaking a West Atlantic language, dispersed across the Sahel zone of West Africa from Senegal to Cameroon. They are predominantly Muslim, and coprise both transhumant cattle keepers and also sedentaery agricultural groups. Both are typically minority elements living among other peoples. The pastoralist groups are egalitarian, the sedentary ones having chiefs in some areas, such as northern Nigeria, where they overthrew the Hausa rulers of existing states in the early 19th century, established kingdoms by the conquest of indigenous peoples. population 7 million HAUSA : a Chadic-speaking people of Nigeria and Niger. They are intensive farmers

71. Probert Encyclopaedia: People And Peoples (Be-Bz) The Probert Encyclopaedia People and peoples (BeBz in fact an industrialized andhighly organised indigenous British stone The term berber is a general term for http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/C2B.HTM

Browse: General Information Actors People Gazetteer ... Dictionary People and Peoples (Be-Bz) BEAKER PEOPLE The Beaker People were formerly thought to be people of Iberian origin who spread out over Europe in the 2nd millennium BC, however, it is now (since about 1990) known that they were in fact an industrialized and highly organised indigenous British stone-age people who built Stonehenge in England . They are called the Beaker People because their remains include earthenware beakers. BEAU BRUMMELL See " George Brummell BEAUFORD H. JESTER Beauford H Jester was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1947 until 1949. BEDRICH SMETANA Bedrich Smetana was a Czech composer. He was born in 1824 and died in 1884. He composed The Bartered Bride. BELA BARTOK Bela Bartok was a Hungarian composer. He was born in 1881, dying in 1945. BELLMEN Bellmen were appointed in London to proclaim the hour of the night before public clocks became general, and were numerous around 1556. They were to ring a bell at night and cry, 'Take care of your fire and candle , be charitable to the poor, and pray for the dead.'.

72. THISDAYonline men who belong to this family of peoples have inhabited pretty much unknown exceptto the indigenous population berber music was carried on by these experienced http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2003/01/11/20030111plu03.html

The Berber... 'Not Called by Our Name' Known for their extensive propagation of North African music through their extensive travels across the Sahara, the Berbers have for centuries borne a name visited on them by outsiders. Utibe Uko unravels the story behind these proud North Africans. ... Talking About Us The Berbers are aborigines. They call themselves Amazigh (meaning "free people" in Berber). "Berber" is a name that has been given them by others and which they themselves do not use. The Berbers call themselves Amazigh in their language. There is definitely a strong similarity between the words amazon and amazigh. The Amazigh history in North Africa is extensive and diverse. Their ancient ancestors settled in the area just inland of the Medeterranean Sea to the east of Egypt. Many early Roman, Greek, and Phoenician colonial accounts mention a group of people collectively known as Berbers living in northern Africa. Berber is actually a generic name given to numerous heterogeneous ethnic groups that share similar cultural, political, and economic practices. Their language and many dialects were once spoken all the way from the Canary Islands (West Africa) all the way to Egypt. They have lived in North Africa for more than four thousand years and amazingly have managed to preserve their culture, tradition and heritage as well as the many dialects spoken within the North African regions. Many dynasties have occupied, colonized, and settled in North Africa, some for thousands of years, others for centuries. Over the last several hundred years many Berber peoples have converted to Islam.

73. Written IITC Intervention, Agenda Item 9, Human Rights Violations Anywhere In Th have not gone unnoticed by indigenous communities of to the plight of Amazigh peoples,the original independence from France, the Amazigh (berber) segment of http://www.treatycouncil.org/section_211417124.htm

International Indian Treaty Council CONSEJO INTERNACIONAL DE TRATADOS INDIOS “WORKING FOR THE RIGHTS AND RECOGNITION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES" UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Fifty-eighth session March 18 – April 26, 2002 Item # 9: QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS IN ANY PART OF THE WORLD. Written intervention submitted by the International Indian Treaty Council The militarization of Indigenous lands was the direct cause of many human rights violations occurring throughout the world. The International Indian Treaty Council is extremely concerned about the role of nation/states in many of these often violent incidences where Indigenous Peoples are victimized, dislocated, or forced to defend what little resources are left for them and their families. The IITC has recently received the following information from impacted communities and non governmental organizations. We urgently call the attention of the members of the Commission to these grave situations facing Indigenous Peoples. In Guatemala, the National Coalition of Campesino Organizations (CNOC), including IITC affiliate Comite de Unidad Campesino (CUC), have presented a list of demands to the Guatemalan government that address concerns regarding the inefficiency of governmental institutions designed to address land conflicts and distribution, labor rights violators, and failure to comply with housing and rural development commitments made during the peace negotiation process.

74. NA.antiquity.html governments, a reversion to the indigenous tribal structures takes berber languagesare all strikingly similar, suggesting a uniform movement of peoples in a http://www.csupomona.edu/~mibrahim/hst.329/NA.antiquity.html

North Africa in Antiquity This theme explores the history and people of North Africa from the earliest times to the arrival of the Muslim Arabs. ReadingBrett: pp. 10-80 Laroui: pp. 15-79 The following is largely based on Brett and Fentress The Berber origins and the early formations of cities and kingdoms demonstrate a problem common in newly formed states, the need for a clear principle of succession. Major problems arise because of the lack of a method of succession and it proves to be their downfall. The attempts to Romanize North Africa though very influential on the culture, eventually fail and after being governed by Carthaginian, Roman, Vandal and then Byzantine governments, a reversion to the indigenous tribal structures takes place. The Origins of the Berbers lies in the Capsian stone industries of the eastern Maghreb or modern southern Tunisia. The Wet period after 7000 BCE allowed for this area to be inhabited by a population composed of various racial elements. The increase in productivity of the land allowed for population growth and a subsequent western expansion. Berber languages are all strikingly similar, suggesting a uniform movement of peoples in a relatively short period of time. Around 3000 BCE contacts with the Mediterranean islands begin and by 1000 BCE North Africa is not very different from the rest of the Western Mediterranean. Most communities were farmers with a strong pastoral element in their economy and fairly elaborate cemeteries. By this time Berber languages were established throughout North Africa but there's no evidence of how this took place. The population at this time is a range of Mediterranean types.

75. The Berber Project (2 Of 9) that their influence lingers in the Germanic peoples. a single culture and language,which was doubtlessly berber. 162), it was an indigenous development, not http://talossa.net/files/kingdom/berb2.html

The Berber Project (c) R. Ben Madison, M.A. Chapter 2: Yabba Dabba Doo. Our ancestors the Berbers are part of the great Afro-Asiatic family of peoples, who are divided among some 240 language groups, spread across the northern third of Africa, from Morocco and Mauritania on the Atlantic seaboard to Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia on the east coast. In addition, languages of the Semitic branch (including Hebrew and Arabic) are spoken in many countries of the Middle East. There are approximately 175 million speakers of Afro-Asiatic languages, and of those, some 12,000,000 speak an estimated two or three hundred Berber dialects, in about a dozen North African countries: Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Chad (Map 1). The Guanches, Berber natives of the Canary Islands, have lost their language and identity after centuries of Spanish oppression. The Berber peoples themselves have been described as "Irish-looking" (Hart, 45). Oddly for a Mediterranean people, they often exhibit light skin, blue, green, grey or hazel eyes, freckles, and blond hair (Hart, 342f). Genetically they are Caucasoid (Cavalli-Sforza, 165). Gabriel Camps, perhaps the world's leading expert on North African prehistory, states that efforts to claim Black ancestry for the Berbers are "souvent exagérés" (Camps 1974, 158ff). Nevertheless, "proving" that Berbers were Black has for some reason become a major preoccupation of the so-called "Afrocentric" pseudo-historians (Lefkowitz, 30ff), much of whose 'research' borders on functional illiteracy. Example: "The Berbers are a mixed race of Arabs [sic!] who live in North Africa. They originally came from Northern Asia [sic!], India [sic!] and the Caucasus [sic!]..." (Van Sertima, 251). Northern Asia? Maybe they made it to America over the Bering Straits.

76. ALN No. 48: Editorial by the World Council of indigenous peoples as population cultural groups are clearlyand unambiguously indigenous. Pierce makes clear, rural berber culture in http://ag.arizona.edu/OALS/ALN/aln48/ednote48.html

No. 48, November/December 2000 Linkages between Cultural Diversity and Biodiversity On the importance of defining terms by Katherine Waser "Biodiversity." "Cultural diversity." Weighty and serious terms, yet tossed around as "buzzwords" with seemingly complete abandon by everyone from eminent government ministers to not-so-eminent newsletter editors. To expect that everyone using these terms understands them in the same way is unrealistic. Thus, some definitions are in order, within the context of this issue of the Arid Lands Newsletter . What exactly are we talking about here, anyway? First, as it turns out, we are not exactly talking about biodiversity, at least not in its broadest sense. In that sense, biodiversity encompasses every living organism on our planetanimal, plant, or microorganism, down even to the level of genesand the ecosystems of which they are a part. In that same context, whether these organisms are of any interest to humans is immaterial. The importance of biodiversity in this, its broadest scope, cannot be underestimated.

77. The Probert Encyclopaedia - People And Peoples (B) Batak are six distinct but related peoples of northern an industrialized and highlyorganised indigenous British stone berber The berbers are a race of people http://www.vets.com/questionmanager/encyclopaedia/ency1/C2.HTM

People and Peoples (B) B. Gratz Brown B Gratz Brown was an American politician. He was a Liberal Republican governor of Missouri from 1871 until 1873. B. K. Henagan B K Henagan was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of South Carolina during 1840. Baber Baber was the founder of the Mogul dynasty which ruled northern India for 300 years. He was born in 1483, dying in 1530. Babi The Babi are a Persian religious sect formed in 1843 by Bab Ed Din Baby Peggy Baby Peggy is an actress. She was born in 1917. Baden-Powell Baden-Powell was a British soldier. He was born in 1857. He died in 1941. He was the founder of the scouting movement. Badi Uzza Badi Uzza is an actress. Baggara The Baggara are a Muslim Bedouin people of the Nile Basin. Baker A baker is a person who manufacturers bread Baldred Baldred was king of the Heptarchy in 805. He was killed by Egbert , king of Wessex in 823 who took over the kingdom of Heptarchy. Baldwin I Baldwin I was the first Latin king of Jerusalem . He was born in 1058 and died in 1118. Having taken part in the first crusade with his eldest brother, Godfrey of Boulogne, he succeeded on the death of Godfrey to the government of Jerusalem in 1100.

78. Untitled africa came to be dominated by foreign peoples. Arab, Asian, Indian, over 1000 differentindigenous groups (including Bantu, berber, Fulani, Creole http://www.osearth.com/resources/sampleNWG/NWG_beta/reports/ssa/hist.html

Sub Saharan Africa National Archives Report from Head Archivist Sub-Saharan Africa was originally inhabited by a group of people who were probably the forefathers of the Pygmies, Bushmen and Hottentots of today. In 30,000 BC, they were pushed to the Northwest and South by another group of people who were taller and larger. Sub-Saharan Africa was home to several great kingdoms before European colonization. The Ghana Empire, which began in the fourth century and reached its height in the tenth century, commanding most of the area between Timbuktu and the Atlantic Ocean. The Mali Empire (also known as the Madingo Empire) was a trading kingdom which controlled most of West Africa as well as the city of Timbuktu and extended into the southern Sahara. Under Mansa Musa, the Mali Empire reached its apogee in the fourteenth century. The Arab traveler Ibn Batuta visited and wrote on the Mali empire in the mid-fourteenth century. Africa came to be dominated by foreign peoples. The Portuguese were the first to explore Sub-Saharan Africa in 1270. By the nineteenth century, Sub-Saharan Africa had been colonized by almost every European nation and was host to a series of battles, conflicts of interest and treaties. The dynamics of this colonial period for the most part determined Africa's borders today. Countries include: Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Reunion, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

79. Untitled and being influenced by migrations bringing different peoples and religionsótheArab the Roman culture (30 BC), the berber, an indigenous culture permeated http://www.osearth.com/resources/sampleNWG/NWG_beta/reports/nafr/hist.html

MIDDLE EAST/ NORTH AFRICA National Archives Report from Head Archivist The Middle East/North Africa region has been characterized as a "cross-roads". Due to its geographical position, much of its identity today comes from its history of trading and being influenced by migrations bringing different peoples and religionsóthe Arab invasions of the seventh and eighth centuries AD being the most influential. The Middle East was home to several ancient civilizations, including the Sumerian, Akkardian, Babylonian and Assyrian. The eastern Mediterranean was alternately ruled by Phoenicians and Hebrews from the 13 century BC until the Romans took control in AD 70. North Africa has been the site of several of the greatest ancient cities, including Carthage and Alexandria. Besides the influence of the Greek and later the Roman culture (30 BC), the Berber, an indigenous culture permeated much of North Africa until the Arab invasions. The region was a part of the Ottoman Empire from 1517-1830ís and then under European control. By the late 1940ís all countries gained independence from colonial domination, except the Gulf states. For the most part, boundaries remained stable, except for the creation of Israel in 1948. A massive flow of Jewish settlers came into Israel, which resulted in the exodus of up to 700,000 Arab Christians and Muslims. This situation still causes great ethnic and political problems today. North Africa identifies itself as part of the Arab world, despite its location. The Middle East makes up a large part of the Arab world, which is strongly united through the common Arabic language and Islamic faith. There are strong forces urging a return to fundamental Islamic life as it was in the 7th century ADóthe most overt being the Iranian Revolution in 1979.

80. Yes, The People Of The Arabian Peninsula Are Not Africans At All! that is similar or identical to the various indigenous unassimilated Africans likethe Beja, Kushitic, Hamitic, berber or other peoples yet they http://www.mumia.org/wwwboard/messages/711.html

Yes, the people of the Arabian Peninsula are not Africans at all! Follow Ups Post Followup Afrikan Frontline NEWSBoard Posted by Zeru Isaac on May 05, 1998 at 21:35:16: In Reply to: Is Afrika exclusive of Saudi peninsula? posted by Bessai ibn Atta on January 20, 1998 at 21:17:17: My personal interpretation of who is African is that it is not determined by geology or even geography but by ethnicity (culture and language)as well as race or genetics. These two concepts are not always the same because people might assimilate to a varying degree to an ethnic group without having or only partly having their genetic background. For example Arab is an ethnic group which infact includes many races and genetic backgrounds who have assimilated to the original Arabs in language, religion and to some extent the culture (Arabian culture has also been under non Arab influence like Berber, Phoenician, Byzantine, Turkish, Roman, Hellenistic and so on). Ethnicity is to me generally a state of mind but somehow genetics can´t be neglected or ignored. If one is similar to the ethnic group from the beginning (genetically that is) then one can simply adopt the culture and language and assimilate. A Swede and a

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 4     61-80 of 99    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20