81. Al Maghreb Al Aqsa -- Morocco Notes (Part 1/4) is in terms of an Arab north and berber south. The indigenous inhabitants of the southernMediterranean coast southwards and pushing the Negroid peoples to sub http://www.grandpoohbah.net/Grandpoohbah/mornotes0.htm

Al-Maghreb Al-Aqsa Larry McMurtry. Casablanca I honneur O nce again, I am waiting at a station in the middle of the night; this time, it is outside the Mohammed V Airport at Casablanca. The runways in the movie must have been on a Burbank set, for in reality there is a good hour on board a clanking carriage between the neon of the terminals and the dim lights of town. Both the bogies which make up this airport train are dark, and moonlight bathes the gentle contours of sand hills outside, here some trees, there a tangle of bidonvilles The station, when it finally comes, is dark too. The train stops, suddenly there are swinging lamps and shouts in the night. In the confusion, I barely have the time to get off before the clanking train lumbers away. I soon find out this is Casa-Voyageurs, a satellite station four miles east of town, and that I should have waited for Casa-Port, where the hotels are. Outside, in the dimly lit station square, there is still a little bustle left. As I step out, a large jalopy drives up and a burly man in skullcap and djellaba pokes his head out. Taxi? I get in, but almost before I have closed the door, a smaller black-and-yellow cab races across the station square and rams into the door, almost taking my arm off in the process. The two drivers leap out. It seems that the one I was about to patronize was a moonlighter, and not a proper taxi, and that the other cab had waited in the ranks for hours for a fare ... Leaving them to their altercation, I walk away and get into a minibus to Port.

82. Avalon Farm Andalusians; Milford, Michigan: Iberian Peninsula in 711 AD, when berber horses were by many others,, and the indigenoushorses of Iberians (originally from north of africa), peoples of the http://www.avalonandalusians.com/historyofthebreed2.htm

Quick Links for the Avalon Website Meet the Stallions of Avalon! Breeding Information - Stallion Service Agreement - Semen Shipping - Mare Owners Guide Mares Foals Available For Sale Sold Shows Links History of the Andalusian Breed History of the Andalusian breed The Andalusian, officially know as the Purebred Spanish Horse, reigned for several centuries throughout the known world as the embodiment of perfection in horseflesh. There is hardly a breed in existence that has not felt the dynamic impact of its influence and been greatly enhanced. So widespread was the use of this horse that it became known by many names, resulting in a good deal of confusion. The Andalusian is represented by the names Iberian Saddle Horse, Iberian Was Horse, Jennet, Ginete, Lusitano, Alter Real, Carthusian, Spanish Horse, Portugese, Peninsular, Castilian, Extreme o, Villanos, Zapata and Zamoranos.

83. Directory Of Countries to stay in some of the remote berber villages Namibia, on the eastern side of southernAfrica, has a and a chance to learn about the indigenous peoples who have http://www.tribes.co.uk/dir_countries.htm

SEARCH Country: Any Botswana Ecuador Egypt Gambia India Jordan Lesotho Morocco Namibia Nepal Peru South Africa Tanzania Zambia Activity: Any Ancient sites Beach Birdwatching Camel treks Cultural tours Deserts Family trips Hiking Mountains Rainforests Safaris Short Breaks Trekking Wildlife Price: Any Date: Any January Feburary March April May June July August September October November December DIRECTORY Countries Small Group holidays Tailor Made holidays Short Breaks E-NEWSLETTER CONTACT US TRAVEL INFO Health Weather Insurance Security advice ... UNUSUAL REQUEST DIRECTORY OF COUNTRIES Botswana Ecuador Egypt Gambia ... Zambia BOTSWANA Group Holidays Tailor made holidays Country Highlights Botswana, in the heart of Southern Africa, offers some of the most spectacular wildlife experiences in a wide range of environments, from the evocative Kalahari desert and the surreal Makgadikgadi salt pans, to the mopane forests on the banks of the Chobe River and the vast seasonal floodplains of the Okavango Delta. The jewel of Botswana, and one of the best wildlife reserves in southern Africa, is of course the famous Okavango Delta with the Moremi Wildlife Reserve at its heart and most people include this as a 'must' for any trip. But the other parks should not be overlooked such as Chobe in the north, and those in the Kalahari Desert in the south.

84. UCLA Language Materials Algerian Arabic Language Profile The majority berberspeaking peoples in the region process, it largely supplanted,the indigenous languages of the Levantine, Coptic in Egypt, berber in North http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/lmpweb/profa01.htm

Algerian Arabic Profile Alternate names: Western Colloquial Arabic Number of speakers 24 million Key dialects: Constantine, Algiers, Oran Geographical center: Algeria Educational Resources: None GENERAL INTRODUCTION Algerian Arabic is spoken in Algeria. A closely related mutually intelligible dialect is spoken in Tunisia. Both are referred to as Western Colloquial Arabic. There are some 22 million speakers in Algeria, as well as speakers in France (500,000), in Niger (100,000), and in Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany combined (over 100,000). Tunisian Arabic has a little over 7 million speakers. About 83 percent of the population in Algeria speaks Arabic; another 14 percent speaks Berber languages, such as Tamazight and Tuareg. LINGUISTIC AFFILIATION Arabic is a Semitic language of the Arabo-Canaanite subgroup (Ruhlen 1987). It belongs to the Afro-Asiatic family of languagesthe bulk of which are spoken in Africawhich has several major branches: Semitic (including languages such as Arabic); Berber; Chadic (including languages such as Hausa); Cushitic (including languages such as Somali); and Ancient Egyptian, whose modern descendent, Coptic, is preserved as a liturgical language. Arabic and Canaanitewhich includes Hebrew, Phoenician, and several extinct languagesare distantly related to Aramaic. Other even more distant relatives are the Semitic languages of Ethiopia and Akkadian, an extinct language once spoken in Mesopotamia.

85. The Destruction Of Atlantis africa (perhaps carrying Lixitae (ie berber) pilots and crew in the memories of theindigenous peoples who inhabited by the Moors of North africa, following the http://www.andrewcollins.net/page/secretloc/destruction.htm

The Destruction of Atlantis It can be demonstrated that the Carolina Bays comet brought about abrupt climatic changes at the end of the glacial age. In turn, this caused a rapid melting of the ice-sheets which had covered most of North America for anything between 25,000 and 40,000 years. The great thaw resulted in a sudden rise in sea-level which submerged, more permanently, the low-lying regions of the Bahaman landmass, as well as other regions of the Caribbean. Much later migrations between the American mainland and the Greater Antilles, Cuba in particular, helped confuse the original source of these stories. Yet preserved in this knowledge was a firm belief in the sudden inundation of a great landmass and the fact that Cuba was the original homeland of the North and Central American peoples. This homeland was known by a number of different names such as Aztlan, Tulan and Tlapallan. Here was to be found the mythical place of emergence of the human race, a site known as the Seven Caves, or Seven Cities. Eventually, Phoenician and Carthaginian sea-traders from Spain and North Africa (perhaps carrying Lixitae (i.e. Berber) pilots and crew) made landfall on Cuba en route to the Gulf coast of Mexico and learnt of these catastrophe accounts, which were then introduced to the ancient world. Eventually these stories and rumours of island landmasses, island groups and great catastrophes came to the attention of the philosophical schools in which Plato moved. Using key elements from these stories, Plato introduced them to his Atlantis dialogues. The great dates alluded to by Plato in his works (including The Laws), although set in the correct time-frame of the Carolina bays cometary event, were in fact derived from Egyptian king-lists which contained mythical chronologies spanning tens of thousands of years.

86. Background Notes Archive - Near East And North Africa rate (est.) 3%. Ethnic groups berber and Arab 97 following centuries, most of theindigenous peoples adopted Islam Greeks for all of North africa, except Egypt http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/nea/libya9407.html

Return to Near East and North Africa Background Notes Archive Return to Background Notes Archive Return to Electronic Research Collection Homepage

87. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Mauritania Hassaniya, a mainly oral berberinfluenced Arabic dialect which and black Moors(the enslaved indigenous class seek a dominant role for the S-Saharan peoples. http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistory.asp?CountryID=196&RegionID=5

88. African Timelines Part II A timeline from 1st 15th centuries AD/CE, from Central Oregon Community College.Category Society History By Region africa Early Empires...... 1076, berber army from Morocco led by militant BaobabProject's overview Islam africanIndigenous Culture http ancestors of the Shona peoples of southeastern http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline2.htm

Humanities 211 Prof. Cora Agatucci 6 October 1998 Part II: African Empires AD / CE 1st - 15th centuries With Brief Discussions: Axum Advent of Islam Mali Empire Sundjata Keita, Griots ... Timbuktu Contribute to African Timelines, add a link, or make a comment! New Submission Form "Let's face it think of Africa, and the first images that come to mind are of war, poverty, famine and flies. How many of us really know anything at all about the truly great ancient African civilizations, which in their day, were just as splendid and glorious as any on the face of the earth?" Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Wonders of the African World (PBS Online,1999): http://www.pbs.org/wonders/ ca. 300 (to 700) Rise of Axum or Aksum (Ethiopia) and conversion to Christianity. (By CE 1 st century, Rome had conquered Egypt, Carthage, and other North African areas; which became the granaries of the Roman Empire, and the majority of the population converted to Christianity). Axum spent its religious zeal carving out churches from rocks and writing and interpreting religious texts Civilizations in Africa: Axum (Richard Hooker, World Civilizations, WSU):

89. Background Info On Africa africa's peoples remain sharply divided by race, language without regard for the indigenouscultural mosaic and the Horn, include berber, Kushitic, Semitic, Chad http://members.tripod.com/cmdeaf/stats/h-africa.htm

Background Information on Africa On Location History Africa CMD Maps Color Map CMD's Work Photos Statistics A frica is the second-largest continent after Asia. It is approximately four times larger than the United States and is comprised of some 54 countries and states and islands. Africa's population numbered some 720 million in 1995. The most populous states are Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Zaire, and South Africa. If Africa's population continues to increase at its present rate, it will double by the year 2019. Many of the challenges faced by missionaries working in Africa can be traced to the history of the continent and the impact of European colonization. Colonizations The modern European colonization of Africa was begun by the Portuguese, who established trading stations on the coast in the 15th and 16th centuries. The interior of what Europeans called "the Dark Continent" was not explored or colonized until the 19th century. By the early 20th century nearly all of Africa had been subjected to European rule. Since World War II, 49 nations have gained their independence, but the colonial experience left Africa with arbitrarily defined boundaries, a diversity of political systems and problems, and economies dependent upon the industrialized world. Africa's peoples remain sharply divided by race, language, religion, and politics in a complex cultural mosaic. In 1995, Africa contained about 13 percent of the world's population and was the second most populous continent after Asia. Few of its states are ethnically homogeneous, and only a few have developed a strong sense of national unity. For centuries traditional values prevailed. Africans identified first and foremost with members of their own tribe or nation and avoided or competed with those who spoke a different language or were of a different culture. The imposition of colonial boundaries without regard for the indigenous cultural mosaic exacerbated divisions among the African people.

90. North Africa: Afropop Region -- Egypt, Mauritania, Algeria, Morocco, Sudan Berbe By the time Arabs came into north africa in the 7th century, the indigenous Berberpeoples had had their once pastoral lives transformed by desertification http://www.afropop.org/explore/region_info/ID/2/North Africa/

@import "/afp_main.css"; /* ie */ Home Radio Explore Community ... Back to Region Page North Africa Often overlooked in discussions of African music, the countries of northern Africa link the continent to the Mediterranean world, and particularly to the rest of the Arabic-speaking world, which at over 200 million people, makes up one of the largest regions on earth to share a common culture and language. By the time Arabs came into north Africa in the 7th century, the indigenous Berber peoples had had their once pastoral lives transformed by desertification throughout the region. Living in the remote Atlas mountains and in nomadic enclaves, they resisted invaders as best they could, but wound up on the losing end of the region's political struggles. Nevertheless, they remain an important source of today's north African music. (See Berber Music.) The story of north Africa's recording industry begins in Cairo, Egypt, where the Odeon label started up in 1904, producing over 400 titles before World War I. Given Cairo's continuing dominance as a music center, a thumbnail sketch of northern Africa's modern music naturally starts there. In the grand halls of Cairo today, large

91. Nubia (berber tribes also earned wealth through an early the Bantu to dominate the indigenouspeoples (often referred to as the Khoisan peoples.) After this http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/hcconline/hist151/nubia.htm

CHAPTER TWO - AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS: NORTH AND SOUTH One of the most important distinctions between African peoples and societies was the degree to which they were impacted by outside civilizations. This geographically based difference meant that those cultures in the Northern and Eastern parts of Africa developed with extensive and influential relations with outside cultures. In comparison, many Southern African cultures developed in relative isolation. The region of Africa most obviously and dramatically affected by exposure to other civilizations was the North. In particular, the Nile River Valley civilizations had early and extended contacts with neighboring regions and Mediterranean cultures. This had beneficial and negative consequences. Cultural interchange and trade led to continued evolution in North Africa and provided a source of tremendous wealth. However this proximity to other civilizations also resulted in conquest and sometimes violent changes during episodes of empire building. NUBIA We already discussed the most widely known African civilization - Egypt. Interestingly, many of the characteristics that seemed unique in this culture in comparison to Mediterranean civilization actually mirrored widespread African patterns. The central importance of a semi-divine monarchy was in fact a widely adopted African practice - the role of the Egyptian Pharaoh was in fact a reflection of important African political traditions.

92. YWAM Europe | News & Events | Europe NOW! is home to more than 20 indigenous nomadic Commission however requires for thesepeoples also to berber Film Version of Parable Amsterdam, Netherlands A http://www.ywameurope.org/news/now/ENacross.asp?issue=15

93. PROJECT AFRICA! THE berberS “berber” is a catchall term natives, being descended from the indigenouspeoples who predated berbers travel througout North africa; they also http://hamaker88.tripod.com/thelionsden/id54.html

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated The Lion's Den HOME CTHULHU FTHAGN CALL OF CTHULHU NEPHILIM ... MASKS PROJECT AFRICA! AFRICA MONEY IN AFRICA As most of Africa is under the control of European colonial powers, the monetary systems of African colonies parallel those of their controlling countries. Spanish Morocco uses Spanish money, French Morocco uses francs, and so on. Remember that especially in larger cities, different types of currency may abound, and it should not be too hard to get a hotelier in Tangier to take pounds sterling (at an unfavorable rate, of course!) Places in the interior are far less likely to accept odd currencies; natives in some areas may have no interest in paper money or European coins at all, preferring to barter for useful items such as guns, tea, coffee, and alcohol. Travelers would do well to keep this in mind, and may perhaps wish to carry extra trade goods specifically for this purpose. EXPLORERS IN AFRICA WOMEN EXPLORING IN AFRICA METHODS OF TRAVEL NORTH AFRICA "(Morocco is) a civilization rich in types and models unchanged for centuries, ... ideas and

94. Tamazight Français English berber Issue in North africa, http://www.mondeberbere.com/accueil-fr.htm

tamazight English RECHERCHE Recherche sur ce site AMAZIGHS Culture Civilisation Langue Musique ... Rebonds COMMUNIQUER Forums Chat Livre d'or Cartes postales ... Sites Web mondeberbere.com Nous aider ce site Transcription du sur ce site Inscrivez-vous sur notre liste de diffusion FORUMS forum de mondeberbere.com 10.000 manifestants à Rennes pour "le printemps de la langue bretonne" AFP (22 mars) - Plus de 10.000 personnes défilaient samedi après-midi dans les rues de Rennes pour la défense de la langue bretonne. Kabylie: les Arouchs crient à "la justice ou la vengeance" Réhabilitation: Le Tifinagh, pour la graphie de la langue amazighe Libération (13 février) Le Tifinagh est officiellement adopté pour la graphie de la langue amazighe. La décision prise par le roi Mohammed VI après la présentation par l'Institut royal de la culture amazighe (IRCAM), d'une recommandation dans ce sens, l'a été après une consultation royale élargie à ce sujet. La "langue des signes" reprend ses droits

95. PFFNet Central Page3: Sign Up Or Post Messages egroups.com Click or email pffnetberber@egroups.com. Email Networks for UnreachedPeoples Around the World pff.net For Every People - An indigenous Church For http://www.pff.net/pffnetcentral3.htm

PFFNet Central Subscribe today to an Email Network for Unreached People Groups involving Presbyterians . All of the growing number of these egroups are sponsored by Presbyterian Frontier Fellowship All that is required is that you are a member or friend of the Presbyterian Church (USA), have a genuine interest in learning about the unreached people group network you want to subscribe to, and have a valid email address to which group emails can be sent. For security reasons we may need to verify your name, address, and interest in subscribing before adding you to the Email Network. Some especially sensitive-area groups may need you to offer a reference who will be contacted. To subscribe , click the "JOIN" button or link indicated and send off a blank email. That's all there is to it! You can also send an email to a particular Email Network from these pages. Just click the "Email" button or link. Click on these links below to go to that part of the list! Unreached People Groups in the USA Unreached People Groups internationally Local PCUSA Church Initiatives Local PCUSA Initiatives The following Email Networks are for unreached peoples with mission initiatives by local Presbyterian Churches, efforts not currently funded by the national PCUSA. Hosts for these groups are local church leaders involved with that group.

96. The Amazigh Question settlers of the North of africa and their GreekRoman tradition of considering indigenouspeoples as barbarians. and the English also adopted the term berber. http://www.ub.es/solidaritat/observatori/english/algeria/topics/amazigh.htm

The Amazigh question Introduction The Imazighen have always been considered the original inhabitants of the North of Africa. Their territory extends from Egypt to Mauritania and from the Mediterranean to the frontiers of sub-Saharan Africa. Different empires have conquered portions of historical Tamazgha, beginning with the Phoenicians and the Greeks and later the Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks, French, British, Spanish and Italians. The Imazighen have been subjected to different religious beliefs: their own pantheistic concepts; the polytheistic dogmas of the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans; and the three main monotheist religions, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Since the 13th century, the majority of Imazighen have professed Islamic faith. The first colonisations The first ancestors of the Amazigh people appeared during the first millennium BC, some distributed around the coastal regions of the African Mediterranean and others in large areas inland. The former developed sedentary rural societies, whilst those inland were nomadic shepherds that bred sheep, goats and cows. Very little is known about the social organisation of these first ancestors of the Imazighen. Christianity also saw great development in the Romanised areas. The most important figure in African Christianity was Saint Augustine, bishop of Hipona, and the most widely extended heresies Donatism and Arianism. Judaism also found numerous followers, mainly in the mountains along the coast. In the year 429 the Vandals arrived, which was a catastrophe. They ruined a large part of Roman culture and stopped urban life. In 533 the Byzantines arrived and re-established the administration, the Roman economy and Catholic orthodoxy.

97. Minoranze E Diritti Umani. Minderheiten Und Menschenrechte. Link. BerberCultural Movement australiani) Department of indigenous Affairs Te http://www.gfbv.it/3dossier/linkgfbv.html

HOME INFO NEWS DOSSIER ... LADIN Minoranze e diritti umani Link Menschenrechte und Minderheiten INDICE / INHALT Menschenrechte / Diritti umani Indigene, Minderheiten / Indigeni, minoranze In generale America Latina ... Biblioteca Culture del Mondo / Bibliothek Kulturen derWelt Menschenrechte / Diritti umani su / oben The IOM Migration Web Diana Collections American Society of International Law ... Judaism Indigene, Minderheiten / Indigeni, minoranze su / oben In generale Ethnologue, 13th edition, 1996 Minority Rights Database Researching Indigenous Peoples Rights Under International Law Homelands ... ENIAR (European Network for Indigenous Australians' Rights) America Latina su / oben World History Archives: Native Americans in South America Indigenous Peoples in Latin America - LANIC Indigenous Nations of Mexico - Active Home Pages ... Virtual Library: Latin American Studies Nordamerica su / oben Coyote Hako Center For World Indigenous Studies ... Forverts - The Yiddish Forward Africa su / oben Africa Web Resources Berber Cultural Movement Associazione culturale berbera in Italia ... Appello alle Nazioni Unite per la gente Nuba Australia e Pacifico su / oben ATSI Department of Indigenous Affairs Te Puni Kokiri ... Stolen Generation Asia e Medioriente su / oben PUK HETAW Kurdistan ... Birzeit University, The Palestine Archive

98. Minoranze E Diritti Umani. Menschenrechte Und Minderheiten. Biblioteca Culture D berber Cultural Movement http://www.ines.org/bibmondo/bmarks/min.html

Biblioteca Culture del Mondo: Letteratura del mondo, diritti umani e dei popoli, politica dello sviluppo e di pace, questioni Nord-Sud Bibliothek Kulturen der Welt: Literatur der Welt, Entwicklungs- und Friedenspolitik, HOME Bookmark Quincho Minoranze e diritti umani / Menschenrechte und Minderheiten INDICE / INHALT Menschenrechte / Diritti umani Indigene, Minderheiten / Indigeni, minoranze In generale America Latina ... No global Menschenrechte / Diritti umani su / oben The IOM Migration Web Diana Collections American Society of International Law ... Judaism Indigene, Minderheiten / Indigeni, minoranze su / oben In generale Ethnologue, 13th edition, 1996 Minority Rights Database Researching Indigenous Peoples Rights Under International Law Homelands ... ENIAR America Latina su / oben World History Archives: Native Americans in South America Indigenous Peoples in Latin America - LANIC Indigenous Nations of Mexico - Active Home Pages ... Virtual Library: Latin American Studies Nordamerica su / oben Coyote Hako Center For World Indigenous Studies ... Forverts - The Yiddish Forward Africa su / oben Africa Web Resources Berber Cultural Movement Associazione culturale berbera in Italia ... Appello alle Nazioni Unite per la gente Nuba Australia e Pacifico su / oben ATSI Department of Indigenous Affairs Te Puni Kokiri ... Stolen Generation Asia e Medioriente su / oben PUK HETAW Kurdistan ... Birzeit University, The Palestine Archive

99. Untitled KOOIJMANS, AND THE NETHERLANDS MINISTER FOR DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION, MR. J.P. http://www.cwis.org/fwdp/International/nethrlnd.txt

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