1. The Greatest Man In Brazilian History - Ricardo C. Amaral José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva The Greatest Man in brazilian history By RicardoC. Amaral Copyright © 1999 Published May 2000 Number of pages 305. http://alpha.fdu.edu/~amaral/

The Greatest Man in Brazilian History By: Ricardo C. Amaral Published : May 2000 Number of pages 305 Publisher: Xlibris Corporation - Tel. # 1-888-7-9542747 (Random House Ventures is a minority shareholder of Xlibris Corporation) Library of Congress # 99-91805 ISBN # Hardcover 0-7388-1286-2 Softcover 0-7388-1287-0 The book is available to the public in hardcover or softcover at the following website addresses: http://www.xlibris.com/JoseBonifacio.html http://www.amazon.com/ http://www.borders.com/ http://www.barnesandnoble.com Visitors since August 17th 2000 Homepage About the Author Part I Part II ... Part IV

2. History An Overview of brazilian history Discovery and Settlement The Colonial Period Independence from Portugal Post War Brazil http://www.brazilsf.org/history.htm

An Overview of Brazilian History Discovery and Settlement Portuguese Discoveries (1487-1497) First Settlements (1530-1549) The Colonial Period The Union of Spain and Portugal (1580-1640) Territorial Expansion (1600's) The Dutch The discovery of gold and Coffee Production Independence from Portugal The Feeling of Nationhood The transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil (1808-1821) Independence (1822) The Empire Pedro I (1822-1831) Pedro II (1831-1889) The Republic End of the Empire: Abolition of Slavery (1888) Federation and Presidential System The Revolution of 1930 and the "Estado Novo" (New State) - (1930 to 1937) Authority and Change Post War Brazil Modern Brazil The 1964 Revolution Re-democratization (1985-1989) An Elected President Resigns (1989-1992) ... Resources at the University of Texas

3. The Greatest Man In Brazilian History - PART 1 PART I. José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva The Greatest Man inbrazilian history - by Ricardo C. Amaral Copyright © 1999. This http://alpha.fdu.edu/~amaral/part1.html

PART - I The Greatest Man in Brazilian History" - by Ricardo C. Amaral This article is the first part of a four part series in commemoration of Brazil's 500th anniversary. (Brazil's actual birthday date is April 22, 2000) There was no unity in Brazil in 1822 or before 1822. The north of Brazil had better communications with Europe than with Rio de Janeiro. — He unified a very large country with his exceptional political savvy and statesmanship skills, with a small army, with a small navy and with almost no bloodshed. In 1822 at the time of the Brazilian independence from Portugal, the north of Brazil was precariously connected to the south. The king of Portugal preferred to keep the Captaincies (States) isolated and ignorant of one another. Royal edicts of 1614 and 1620 prohibited a governor-general from one Captaincy to visit another Captaincy in Brazil without permission from Portugal." To put things in the right perspective let's review some facts and some other events which where happening around the 1820's. "The United States in the 1820's was a country half of today's size. The United States consisted of its thirteen original states. It had also acquired a new piece of land by the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, the Louisiana Territory from France in 1803 and Florida in 1819 from Spain. Even if we added the newly purchased lands to the United States, the U.S. still was half of the size of Brazil in 1822, the time of Brazilian independence. Spanish America broke up into various republics and their independence was as follows: Paraguay (1811), Argentina (1816), Chile (1818), Colombia (1819), Ecuador (1822), Peru (1824), Bolivia (1825), and Venezuela (1830). The independence of these countries from Spain was accomplished with a twenty year civil war in that region of South America and split Spanish America into eight independent republics. Uruguay got its independence in 1828 from Brazil."

4. Brasil - History By Sergio Koreisha Brazil Main Page Back to History Menu History, Customs, Political Institutions Net HIstoria brazilian history (in Portuguese) Early History (Source Brazilian Embassy, Washington, DC) http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~sergiok/brasil/brhistory2.html

Brazil Main Page Back to History Menu Net HIstoria Brazilian History (in Portuguese) Early History (Source: Brazilian Embassy, Washington, DC) Independence to Present (Source: Brazilian Embassy, Washington, DC) The Farroupilha Rebellion The Evolution of the Brazilian Independence (Portuguese) 1922 International Exposition 100 years of Independence History of the Republic 1889-present Political texts of the HISTORY OF BRAZIL Virtual Center for Historical Studies Ceveh History of National Flags Canudos The Siege of Monte Castello, Italy by the Brazilian Expeditionary Army (WW II) Japanese Immigration The Slave Trade to Rio 1795-1811 Olinda in Pernambuco See also Social Culture FAQ's - Section 3 ... Political Institutions (Source: Brazilian Embassy, Washington, DC) The Army Specially interesting is the report on The Brazil ian Expeditionary Force In WW II (In Portuguese) Biographical Sketches of the Executive Cabinet Customs (adapted from Jaime Sichman's informational page on Brasil) Cultural Observations from Lonely Planet Another Set of Observations on Brazilian Customs The Evolution of Fashion in Brasil Roberto Marinho Foundation Education and Preservation of Historical Sights Top of Page Back to M enu Historical Characters Father Jose de Anchieta Brasil on line Cabral - O Viajante do Rei The Discoverer of Brasil - 1500

5. Brasil - History By Sergio Koreisha History, Customs, Political Institutions, Net HIstoria; brazilian history(in Portuguese); Early History (Source Brazilian Embassy, Washington, DC); http://www.uoregon.edu/~sergiok/brasil/brhistory2.html

Brazil Main Page Back to History Menu Net HIstoria Brazilian History (in Portuguese) Early History (Source: Brazilian Embassy, Washington, DC) Independence to Present (Source: Brazilian Embassy, Washington, DC) The Farroupilha Rebellion The Evolution of the Brazilian Independence (Portuguese) 1922 International Exposition 100 years of Independence History of the Republic 1889-present Political texts of the HISTORY OF BRAZIL Virtual Center for Historical Studies Ceveh History of National Flags Canudos The Siege of Monte Castello, Italy by the Brazilian Expeditionary Army (WW II) Japanese Immigration The Slave Trade to Rio 1795-1811 Olinda in Pernambuco See also Social Culture FAQ's - Section 3 ... Political Institutions (Source: Brazilian Embassy, Washington, DC) The Army Specially interesting is the report on The Brazil ian Expeditionary Force In WW II (In Portuguese) Biographical Sketches of the Executive Cabinet Customs (adapted from Jaime Sichman's informational page on Brasil) Cultural Observations from Lonely Planet Another Set of Observations on Brazilian Customs The Evolution of Fashion in Brasil Roberto Marinho Foundation Education and Preservation of Historical Sights Top of Page Back to M enu Historical Characters Father Jose de Anchieta Brasil on line Cabral - O Viajante do Rei The Discoverer of Brasil - 1500

6. Brazilian History: Tiradentes Tiradentes. Under Construction Joaquim Jose da Silva Xavier, alsoknown as Tiradentes (Tooth Puller) was the leader of the first http://www.uoregon.edu/~sergiok/brasil/tiradentes.html

Tiradentes Under Construction Joaquim Jose da Silva Xavier , also known as Tiradentes (Tooth Puller) was the leader of the first organized movement against Portuguese rule in Brasil in 1789. He was born in 1748 near Sao Joao del Rei in Minas Gerais . He was reasonably well educated and worked as a physician, merchant and dentist. Influenced by the American Revolution and the French Philosophes he organized the Inconfidencia Mineira in Minas Gerais advocating complete independence from Portugal. An attempt by Portuguese officials to collect back taxes (not too different from the collection of tea taxes in the 13 American colonies) touched off the call for the rebellion. The crown quickly and easily crushed the uprising, jailing the conspirators and brutally executing Tiradentes two years later. At his trial he nobly and eloquently defended the republican cause. He was publicly hanged in Rio on April 21, 1792. To frighten the population into complete submission Portuguese authorities ordered his body to be cut into pieces and to be prominently displayed along posts in city boulevards. Tiradentes martyrdom made him a national hero. Thirty years after his death the king designate of Portugal declared Brasil's independence and became its first emperor. April 21 is a national holiday.

7. Brazilian History Of Science Journals Translate this page Group of History and Theory of Science. brazilian history of Science Journals. Goto the Portuguese version Some brazilian history of Science Journals http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~ghtc/revist-e.htm

Group of History and Theory of Science Brazilian History of Science Journals Go to the Portuguese version Some Brazilian History of Science Journals: publication began in 1996 Published by the GIFHC ), that belongs to the (ILEA), UFRGS Address: gifch@ilea.ufrgs.br Editors: Anna Carolina K. P. Regner ISSN 1413-5736 You can visit the site of this journal – Episteme – with full information about the publication, summaries of the published volumes and abstracts (in Portuguese and English) of published papers. Perspicillum publication began in 1987 Address: MAST /CNPq), Rio de Janeiro ISSN 0102-9495 Summaries of all published volumes of this journal can be found HERE publication began in 1985 Address: Editors: Isidoro Maria Alves ISSN 0103-7188 The contents of all published issues of this Journal can be found HERE publication began in 1994 Published by Casa de Oswaldo Cruz FIOCRUZ Address: hscience@pobox.com Editor: Jaime Larry Benchimol ISSN 0104-5970 You can visit the site of this journal – – with full information about the publication, and summaries of the published volumes (in English).

8. GALI is pleased to exhibit for public appreciation the brazilian history collection of its various offices both in Brazil and http://www.noronhaadvogados.com.br/galeria/GALI.HTM

N ORONHA ADVOGADOS In step with the festivities celebrating the 500th anniversary of the discovery of Brazil by Portuguese navigator Pedro Alvares Cabral on April 22, 1500, NORONHA-ADVOGADOS is pleased to exhibit for public appreciation the Brazilian history collection of its various offices both in Brazil and abroad via the Internet. The collection was first organized on the founding of NORONHA-ADVOGADOS on June 1, 1978. All explicative narrative below regarding the various works is that of Senior Partner Dr. Durval de Noronha Goyos, Jr.. We ask that you please sign our "BOOK OF VISITS." INDEX BRAZILIAN CARTOGRAPHY Portulano - 1561 Dutch Portolan – 1597 Map of Salvador - 1636 Map of Lisboa - 1640 ... German Map - 1881 COLLECTION OF BRAZILIAN DOCUMENTS BRAZILIAN EMPIRE 1 - Original Debret 2 - Bond of D. Pedro II BRAZILIAN PORTS 1 - Bond of the Port of Rio Grande do Sul 2 - Bond of the Port of Belem 3 - Bond of the Port of Pernambuco 4 – Bond of the Port of Rio de Janeiro 5 – Bond of the Port of Bahia 6 - Bond of the Port of Manaus 7 - Bond of the Port of Rio de Janeiro BRAZILIAN RAILWAYS 2 - Mortgage of the Railway of Bahia 4 – Central Brazilian Railway Bond 5 - Bond of the Streetcar of Manaus VARIOUS BRAZILIAN REGIONAL MOTIFS 2 - Bond of the State of Amazonas 5 - Bond of the Federal District 6 - Bond of the Federal District HISTORIC BRAZILIAN ART 1 - Imperial Brazilian Flag 2 - D. Pedro I

9. SYNOPSIS OF BRAZILIAN HISTORY SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT Thayer Watkins SYNOPSISOF brazilian history. 1500 Discovery of Brazil by Portuguese http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/brazil0.htm

ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT Thayer Watkins SYNOPSIS OF BRAZILIAN HISTORY 1500 Discovery of Brazil by Portuguese navigator Cabral 1532 First colony established by Martim Afonso de Sousa 1533-1807 Rule of Brazil as part of Portugal's Empire Development of sugar cane growing in the Northeast 1808 Portugese monarchy transferred to Brazil to escape Napoleonic Wars 1822 Independence of the Brazilian Empire under Dom Pedro 1888 Abolition of slavery. 1890 Overthrow of the Emperor and establishment of the first Republic. Emergence of an oligarchy of a planter class, rise of liberal constitutionalists in politics and commercial interests in the economy. Decentralization of power to the states. States such as Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais, relatively more powerful than the federal government of Rio de Janeiro. Rio Grande do Sul, the state in the far south of Brazil, with its gauchos played a crucial, volatile role in Brazilian politics. 1922 Dissent within the federal military. Revolt at Copacabana Fort in Rio de Janeiro. Sixteen young officers killed. Rise of the "Tenente" (literally lieutenant) movement among young officers opposed to the domination of the planter dominated system. Many of the tenentes came from poor, backward states lacking in political influence.

10. 1Up Info > Brazilian History, Biographies - Encyclopedia Study Guide • News. Search 1Up Info. ENCYCLOPEDIA . BrazilianHistory, Biographies Articles. • Goulart, João • Andrada e http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/categories/brazhistbio.html

History People Places Wildlife, Animals, and Plants ... News Search 1Up Info ENCYCLOPEDIA Brazilian History, Biographies Articles Cardoso, Fernando Henrique Castelo Branco, Humberto Collor de Mello, Fernando Costa e Silva, Artur da ... Tiradentes Editor's Pick Cricket World Cup 2003 Atomic Bomb Colin Powell Cricket ... World War II Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. Home Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ©1Up Info

11. 1Up Info > Bonifácio, José (Brazilian History, Biographies) - Encyclopedia You are here 1Up Info Encyclopedia brazilian history, Biographies Bonifácio,José, ENCYCLOPEDIA . brazilian history, Biographies. Bonifácio, José. http://www.1upinfo.com/encyclopedia/B/BonifaciJ.html

You are here 1Up Info Encyclopedia Brazilian History, Biographies History ... News Search 1Up Info ENCYCLOPEDIA Brazilian History, Biographies Related Category: Brazilian History, Biographies [zh z Pronunciation Key Pedro I Related Resources and Utilities AMAZON All Products Books Magazines Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Electronics Software Outdoor Living Wireless Phones Computers Outlet Read articles on eLibrary: Related Links Pedro I Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. Home Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ©1Up Info

12. Portuguese And Brazilian History At The Newberry Library Portuguese and brazilian history. The William B. Greenlee Collection. BibliographicGuide for Portuguese and brazilian history. Email us at reference@newberry.org. http://www.newberry.org/nl/collections/greenlee.html

Portuguese and Brazilian History The William B. Greenlee Collection William B. Greenlee (1872-1953) was a Newberry Library Trustee whose generosity greatly enhanced the Library's collections. Greenlee was an interested amateur student who studied Portuguese and Brazilian history in the Ayer Collection, meanwhile collecting books on his own. In 1937 he transferred his Portuguese library to the Newberry, where he worked among his books, selecting new titles and editing a volume of voyages to Brazil for the Hakluyt Society. The collection, numbering over 10,000 volumes, is particularly strong in these areas: Periodicals, gazeteers, bibliographies and collections of documents Travel literature and special subjects relating to social life and customs Biography General Portuguese history and literature, especially colonial expansion Local history and description While purposely not focussing on first editions of old and rare books, the Greenlee Collection has been built into one of the world's finest working libraries of Luso-Brasilian research materials. In addition to print material, the Greenlee collection contains 226 Portuguese manuscripts, 1660-1815. The acquisition of over 15,000 16th through 19th century Portuguese leaflets, pamphlets and booklets in recent years, has added further research depth to this great collection. Greenlee collection acquisitions to 1978 are described in A Catalogue of the William B. Greenlee Collection of Portuguese History and Literature and the Portuguese Materials in the Newberry Library

13. Brazilian History Resources At Questia - The Online Library Of brazilian history Resources at Questia The Online Library of Booksand Journals. The World's Largest Online Library. brazilian history. http://www.questia.com/popularSearches/brazilian_history.jsp

14. Directory Of Digitized Collections Theme/History/Brazilian Top Theme History brazilian history Collections. Center forResearch Libraries, Brazilian Government Document Digitization http://www.unesco.org/webworld/digicol/Theme/History/Brazilian_History/

15. Brazil - BRAZZIL - Censorship Still Haunts Country - Brazilian History - August But not before the institution had created some of the most unbelievableand hilariousto-the-point-of-absurd pages of brazilian history. http://www.brazzil.com/p07aug98.htm

Brazzil Politics August 1998 When the Muzzle Was King Over a period of 10 years, starting December 13, 1968, Brazil lived under AI-5 (Ato Institucional No. 5—Institutional Act Number 5), a presidential decree that suspended the constitution, disbanded Congress, and created the so-called previous censorship all in the name of "the defense of the necessary interests of the nation." Created in 1960 and elevated to an art form during the military dictatorship (1964-1985), on June 18 the office of censor was eliminated from the Brazilian bureaucracy. That was the day the Câmara dos Deputados (House of Representatives) approved a law extinguishing the post. But not before the institution had created some of the most unbelievable and hilarious-to-the-point-of-absurd pages of Brazilian history. However, the Censorship Department, a branch of the Federal Police, was legally extinct in 1988 when the new Brazilian constitution went into effect. In 1973, for example, an order from the Departamento de Censura da Polícia Federal (Federal Police Department of Censorship) barred the media from reporting on a meningitis epidemic. Declarations by members of the progressive clergy were forbidden and bishops who demanded more justice and a better distribution of the wealth, like Hélder Câmara and Pedro Casaldáliga, couldn't even be mentioned in the media. In May, 1974, a bus strike paralyzed São Paulo, but nobody heard a word about it through the media.

16. Brazil - BRAZZIL - 1968 Is Still Here - Brazilian History - Cover August 1998 The lovers in mind, the flowers on the floor Certainty ahead, history in hand Auréliowas responsible for the dictionary used by all of Brazilian society—he http://www.brazzil.com/cvrsep98.htm

Brazzil September 1998 History Cover Story for ever As in other parts of the world, 1968 was an eventful year in Brazil. After four years under a military dictatorship there was a brief spring of popular discontent. Songs defied the status quo, students went to the streets to protest. Demonstrations were violently repressed and artists were silenced. In a final response, the military shut down Congress, imposed censorship, and banned, exiled and jailed those it considered a threat. Kirsten Weinoldt " They thought that they could change society permanently. They really believed in the perfection of society and perhaps in the perfection of man, and we know over and over again throughout history, Utopianism is a very dangerous business. It leads directly to coercion and violence." Judge Robert Bork, former Supreme Court Nominee, speaking for a PBS program about 1968. (Aired July 27, 1998) "The moral content is the best legacy the 1968 generation could leave to a country all the time governed by the lack of memory and the absence of ethics." Zuenir Ventura, author of

17. GD Net - Brazilian History - The Inconfidência Mineira brazilian history. BACK. The Inconfidência Mineira. When the nameTiradentes is mentioned, people generally visualize a bearded man http://www.gd.g12.br/english/culture/history/inconfidencia.html

Brazilian History BACK The Inconfidência Mineira He was hanged as a scapegoat of the Inconfidência Mineira and the image that people have in mind today was only created to make a martyr out of him in the fight for independence, thus stimulating the subsequent attempts to break away from Portuguese rule. To understand this a bit better, we need to return to how the story actually begins. At that time, Portugal's economy was in a shambles and expenses were covered by extracting all the riches it could from its colonies - among which was Brazil. The Portuguese crown demanded one fifth of the all the gold mined, and the state of Minas Gerais was the largest mining region in the country. However, in mid 18 th century, the quantity of gold extracted from the Brazilian mines was much less that it was before and this made the Marquês de Pombal establish a quota of 100 arrobas (approximately 1,500 kilos) of gold per miner, regardless of the total production - which barely reached the 100 arrobas demanded. Faced with this scenario, the government of Minas Gerais imposed, in 1763, the so-called "derrama": the common people would have to make up for the difference of the quantity of gold demanded.

18. GD Net - Brazilian History brazilian history. BACK. New chapters are addedperiodically. The Inconfidência Mineira. http://www.gd.g12.br/english/culture/history/

Brazilian History BACK New chapters are added periodically The Inconfidência Mineira

19. BRAZILIAN HISTORY Translate this page brazilian history , TRATADO SOBRE A DEMARCACAO DOS LIMITES DA AMERICA MERIDIONALENTRE PORTUGAL E ESPANHA /, 1841, LISBOA 553 pp. ENCADERNADO EM MEIO COURO. http://www.livrariasereia.hpg.com.br/brasilian_history.htm

BRAZILIAN HISTORY TRATADO SOBRE A DEMARCACAO DOS LIMITES DA AMERICA MERIDIONAL ENTRE PORTUGAL E ESPANHA / , 1841, LISBOA 553 pp. ENCADERNADO EM MEIO COURO. CORRESPONDE A TRANSCRICAO DO MANUSCRITO ORIGINAL; HALF LEATHER BINDING. IT IS THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT. L-19F ABREU E CASTRO, B. F. F. /, NOSSA SENHORA DOS GUARARAPES. 2 VOLS. / , 1980, RECIFE APROX. 118 pp. IN EACH VOLUME. FAC-SIMILE OF THE ORIGINAL FROM 1847. L-43B ABREU, CAPISTRANO DE, CORRESPONDENCIA - 3 VOL. , 1977, RIO DE JANEIRO 1300 pp. IN THE 3 VOL. TOGETHER, HALF LEATHER BINDING,WITH INTROD. AND ORGANIZATION BY JOSE HONORIO RODRIGUES. L-2D ABREU, J. CAPISTRANO DE /, CAMINHOS ANTIGOS E POVOAMENTO DO BRASIL / , 1930, RIO DE JANEIRO 271 pp. PAPER BACK. L-73A ABREU, J. CAPISTRANO DE /, O DESCOBRIMENTO DO BRASIL / , 1929, RIO DE JANEIRO 349 pp. PAPER BACK. L-73A ABREU, J. CAPISTRANO DE /, ENSAIOS E ESTUDOS (CRITICA E HISTORIA). 3 VOLS. / , 1931, RIO DE JANEIRO 1117 pp. IN THE 2 VOLUMES TOGETHER. PAPER BACK. L-73A ABREU, MODESTO DE /

20. History Of Brazil - Wikipedia Anticlimactic as it was, this coup d'état was a watershed in brazilian history —a liberal , bourgeois revolution that ushered out the political preeminence http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Brazil

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Older versions Special pages Set my user preferences My watchlist Recently updated pages Upload image files Image list Registered users Site statistics Random article Orphaned articles Orphaned images Popular articles Most wanted articles Short articles Long articles Newly created articles Interlanguage links All pages by title Blocked IP addresses Maintenance page External book sources Printable version Talk Log in Help History of Brazil From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Pre-Colonial Period The discovery of Brazil was preceded by a series of treaties between the kings of Spain and Portugal , the last of them is the Treaty of Tordesilhas , signed in , creating the Tordesilhas Meridian, that divided the world between that two kingdoms. Every land discovered or to be discovered at east of that meridian was property of Portugal, and the land discovered or to be discovered at west of that meridian was property of Spain. Brazil's discovery is officially dated at April 22 of , by Pedro Alvares Cabral , who was trying to discover a new route to India , around Africa . However, his pioneerism is still debated; some say he was in fact preceded by

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