21. Democratic Republic Of The Congo / DRC (Kinshasa) http//www.chokwe.com/ COMESA, Common Market for lang.html L1 Ituri Forest peoplesFund/Cultural based in Cambridge, MA, helps indigenous peoples and ethnic http://garamond.stanford.edu/africa/zaire.html

Countries Democratic Republic of the Congo Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: DRC News ABC Nightline - Heart of Darkness Site for the five-part TV series hosted by Ted Koppel. Program transcripts, a journal by the producer of life in the Eastern Congo, people profiles, relief efforts, the link between coltan, cell phones and the DRC. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/nightline/ Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-mer (Bruxelles, Belgium) In French, English, Dutch. "The Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences was founded in 1928 with the aim of promoting scientific knowledge in overseas regions" [esp. Congo-Kinshasa]. "The Academy is divided into three Sections: the Section of Moral and Political Sciences, the Section of Natural and Medical Sciences and the Section of Technical Sciences." Publishes Biographie belge d'Outre-Mer (first pub. in 1941, was called la Biographie Coloniale Belge . Publishes three series of . http://www.belspo.be/kaow-arsom2/index.html Aequatoria Archives Research Project Based at the Research Center of the International Pragmatics Association, University of Antwerp, and works with the

22. ANGOLA - Endgame Or Stalemate? - Occasional Paper No 30 - April 1998 other arose among the Ovimbundu and chokwe peoples to become to UNITA originatesfrom outside africa, a special should be made of the indigenous arms industry http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/PAPERS/30/Paper30.html

ANGOLA - Endgame or Stalemate? Occasional Paper No 30 - April 1998 INTRODUCTION Late on 1 April, Antonio Dembo, the deputy president of the (UNITA), arrived in Luanda with three other senior officials of the party to reopen the UNITA office closed and largely destroyed during the fighting of 1992. UNITA spokesperson, Isaias Samakuva, said that Dembo had come to launch UNITA officially as a political party in the capital. The delegation would also " make every effort to create the conditions for Dr Savimbi to come to Luanda as soon as possible ." The delegation was met at the airport by Alioune Blondin Beye, the United Nations special envoy to Angola, and the ambassadors of the three powers that have helped to implement the Lusaka Protocol of 1994: the United States, Portugal and Russia. UNITA also announced that its radio station, 'Voice of the Black Cockerel' (Vorgan), would stop broadcasting that evening, in accordance with the latest agreements on the implementation of the peace timetable. This timetable also made provision for UNITA's leadership, including Savimbi, to move to Luanda from the headquarters at Bailundo and Andulo and for the government to extend its control over those centres. A presidential spokesperson, however, seemed to concede that there would be some delay in achieving this, pending UNITA's preparations on the ground. He indicated that the government did not want a situation to arise in which the use of force became necessary.

23. 8/7/1 (Item 1 From File: 20) These indigenous language. chokwe peoples reside in Angola, a wartorn coastal state. byChannel africa in Malawi, TWR boasts a weekly audience of more than 2.6. http://nemendur.ru.is/gugu/hvitsidur/radio.html

8/7/1 (Item 1 from file: 20) (THIS IS THE FULLTEXT) Reaching More Listeners Vital To Mission; TWR Bolsters Outreach to China and Other Critical Areas, Celebrates 45 Years of Broadcasting PR NEWSWIRE February 22, 1999 CARY, N.C., Feb. 22 /PRNewswire/ People in China will soon have greater access to the Good News thanks to a powerful new shortwave transmitter and antenna heralded by international Christian broadcaster Trans World Radio (TWR). This marks one of many leading-edge ministry ventures currently underway as today the organization celebrates the 45th anniversary of its first broadcast. The antenna, aimed in the direction of Shanghai and Beijing, is located at TWR's broadcasting site on the Pacific island of Guam and will be augmented by a solid-state 100,000-watt shortwave transmitter. Trans World Radio has aired Gospel programming to Asia from Guam since 1977. The ministry currently possesses four transmitters and antennas on Guam. Not only will adding a fifth transmitter and antenna bolster the signal strength into northern and central China, but it will also increase the

24. VADA - Volkeren Peoples Tribes C - D CHOINUMNI (Native American, USA); chokwe (Angola, Zambia indigenous peoples in COLOMBIA;COLOUREDS (Namibië Namibia DANKALI AFAR (Oost Afrika - East africa); http://www.vada.nl/volkencd.htm

VADA - Volkeren Peoples Tribes Last update: 03-08-2002 C CADDO (Native American USA) CA-DONG XO DANG (Vietnam) CAHOKIA (Native American USA) CAHUILLA (Native American USA) ... CYPRIOT (Cyprus) D DACI DACIANS GETAE (De Balkan - The Balkan Peninsula) DAFLA (India) DAGESTAN: Ethnic Groups usland, Kaukasus - Russia, Caucasus) DAHOLO (Kenia - Kenya) ... DYULA (Ghana, Burkina Faso, Ivoorkust - Cote d'Ivoire) CADDO (Native American, USA) Map of Early Indian Tribes (East): Caddo Caddo Caddo Indians Caddo ... Native American: Caddo See also: Native American CAHOKIA (Native American USA) Map of Early Indian Tribes (East): Cahokia See also: Native American CAHUILLA (Native American, USA) Map of Early Indian Tribes (West): Cahuilla Cahuilla See also: Native American CALAPOOYA CALAPUYA KALAPOOIA KALAPUYA (Native American- USA) Calapuya Nesika econum (Our story) See also: Native American CALUSA (Native American, USA) Map of Early Indian Tribes (East): Calusa Calusa See also: Native American CANADIAN ABORIGINALS Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Flags of Canadian First Peoples First Perspective Canada's source for aboriginal news and events Canadian Aboriginal Superinformation Highway Canadian First Nations Native and Inuit InterNet Resources First Nations Web Site First Nations Online Canadian Aboriginal Superinformation Highway First Nations Profile - 1995 ... Aboriginal Resources (U. Sask)

25. Congo (Zaire) Major peoples Lingala, Azande, chokwe, Kongo, Luba. groups of hunters and gatherersto centralized chiefdoms, from settled indigenous village communities to http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/countries/Congo_(Zaire).html

revised 15 October 1998 Congo (Zaire) Information Map of Congo (Zaire) with the peoples discussed in "Art and Life in Africa" CD-ROM General Information for Congo (Zaire) Country: Congo (Zaire) Location: Central Africa Independence: June 30, 1960 Nationality: Congolese Capital City: Kinshasa Population: Important Cities: Kisingani, Lubumbashi, Kolwesi Head of State: Lawrence Kabila Area: 2,345,410 sq.km. Type of Government: Dictatorship, presumably undergoing transition to Representative Government Currency: 4.5 CF=1 USD Major peoples: Azande, Chokwe ,Songo, Kongo ,Kuba,Lunda,Bembe Religion: Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 20%, Kimbanguist 10%, Muslim 10%, African 10% Climate: Equatorial Literacy: Official Language: French Principal Languages: Lingala, Azande, Chokwe, Kongo, Luba Major Exports: Copper, Cobalt, Diamonds, Crude Oil, Coffee Pre-Colonial History The precolonial past of Congo (Zaire) was complex. A diversity of social aggregates developed, ranging from small, autonomous groups of hunters and gatherers to centralized chiefdoms, from settled indigenous village communities to predominantly Muslim and Arab trading communities. Established in the late 1300s, the Kongo Kingdom expanded until the mid-17th century. The

26. Africans Art by native and nonnative peoples moved into began importing inexpensive iron ontothe shores of africa. By 1920 indigenous furnaces ceased to produce native http://www.webzinemaker.net/africans-art/index.php3?action=page&id_art=363

27. 1Up Info > Zaire > Peoples Of The Savanna: Lunda Region | Zaire Information Reso have expressed themselves in the reluctance of chokwe to support Lunda The Kongo peoples;The Significance of Ethnic Identification. indigenous SOCIAL SYSTEMS; http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/zaire/zaire64.html

You are here 1Up Info Zaire History People ... News Search 1Up Info Zaire Zaire Peoples of the Savanna: Lunda Region Most of the inhabitants of western Shaba between the Lubilash and Kasai rivers and extending east to the town of Kolwezi are speakers of Lunda or closely related languages. Their distribution extends beyond this area to Angola, Zambia, southwestern KasaiOccidental , and southeastern Bandundu. The vast scale of their distribution is the legacy of the Lunda Empire (see fig. 2 fig. 3 Data as of December 1993 Zaire - TABLE OF CONTENTS Section > The Society and Its Environment GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENT Rivers and Lakes ... Zaire Read articles on eLibrary: Editor's Pick Cricket World Cup 2003 Atomic Bomb Colin Powell Cricket ... World War II Related Resources and Utilities Search Amazon: Information Courtesy: The Library of Congress - Country Studies Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. Home Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ©1Up Info

28. Worldstats: Providing Information About Our World! tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, chokwe, Manyika, Sena sqlreflection0 Portuguese(official), indigenous dialects. gatherers, ancestors of the Khoisani peoples. http://www.worldstats.org/world/mozambique.shtml

Home Countries Big Cities World ... Useful Links Mozambique Quick Overview: Geography: Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania Area: total: 801,590 sq km water: 17,500 sq km land: 784,090 sq km Land boundaries: total: 4,571 km border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km Elevation extremes: lowest point: Indian Ocean m highest point: Monte Binga 2,436 m Geography - note: the Zambezi flows through the north-central and most fertile part of the country People: Population: note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected; the 1997 Mozambican census reported a population of 16,099,246 (July 2002 est.) Population growth rate: 1.13% (2002 est.)

29. African Timelines Part III Timeline of african history, 15th through early 19th centuries, from Central Oregon Community College.Category Society History By Region africa Slavery...... called Mwana pwo that the chokwe peoples of Angola Nevertheless africa’s indigenouspersonality has managed to West africa, in 1839 its peoples and states http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline3.htm

Humanities 211 Prof. Cora Agatucci 6 October 1998 Part III: African Slave Trade AD / CE 15th - early 19th centuries With Brief Discussions: Height of Atlantic Slave Trade Black Holocaust "Middle Passage" Resistance Diaspora Olaudah Equiano Dynamics of Changing Cultures ... Amistad Revolt Contribute to African Timelines! New Submission Form Add a Link or Comment: Under Construction See also Chronology on the History of Slavery and Racism [in the U.S.A.] , Eddie Becker, 1999: http://innercity.org/holt/slavechron.html http://innercity.org/holt/chron_1790_1829.html 1830-the end: http://innercity.org/holt/chron_1830_end.html late 15 th c. Kingdom of Kongo flourished on the Congo River (modern Zaire, now Republic of Congo), a confederation of provinces under the manikongo (the king; "mani" means blacksmith, denoting the early importance and spiritual power of iron working) From Symbols of Royal Power: Stool (Detroit Institute of Arts' African, Oceanic, and New World Cultures: African Art) http://www.dia.org/collections/aonwc/aonwcindex.html

30. Mozambique Map Flag Description Three Equal Horizontal Bands Of africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South africa and Tanzania. Majorpeoples indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, chokwe, Manyika, Sena http://www.gateway-africa.com/countries/mozambiqye.html

Mozambique Map: Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of green (top), black, and yellow with a red isosceles triangle based on the hoist side; the black band is edged in white; centered in the triangle is a yellow five-pointed star bearing a crossed rifle and hoe in black superimposed on an open white book Location: Southern Africa, bordering the Mozambique Channel, between South Africa and Tanzania Geographic coordinates: 18 15 S, 35 00 E Climate: tropical to subtropical Independence: 25 June 1975 (from Portugal) Nationality: Mozambican(s) Capital City: Maputo Population: Head of State: President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO Area: 801,590 sq km Type of Government: republic Currency: 1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos Major peoples: indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, Chokwe, Manyika, Sena, Makua, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08% Religion: indigenous beliefs 50%, Christian 30%, Muslim 20% Official Language: Portuguese Principal Languages: Portuguese, indigenous dialects Major Exports: prawns 40%, cashews, cotton, sugar, copra, citrus, coconuts, timber (1997)

31. Carnelian International Risks Angola's remaining indigenous peoples fell into two disparate categories of and relatedto the chokwe, tended to categories of Bantuspeaking peoples have been http://www.carnelian-international.com/angola/ethnic_groups_and_languages.htm

Angola: ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES Although Portuguese was Angola's official language, the great majority of Angolans (more than 95 percent of the total population) used languages of the Bantu familysome closely related, others remotely sothat were spoken by most Africans living south of the equator and by substantial numbers north of it. Angola's remaining indigenous peoples fell into two disparate categories. A small number, all in southern Angola, spoke so-called Click languages (after a variety of sounds characteristic of them) and differed physically from local African populations. These Click speakers shared characteristics, such as small stature and lighter skin colour, linking them to the hunting and gathering bands of southern Africa sometimes referred to by Europeans as Bushmen. The second category consisted of , largely urban and living in western Angola. Most spoke Portuguese, although some were also acquainted with African languages, and a few may have used such a language exclusively. The Definition of Ethnicity Bantu languages have been categorized by scholars into a number of sets of related tongues. Some of the languages in any set may be more or less mutually intelligible, especially in the areas where speakers of a dialect of one language have had sustained contact with speakers of a dialect of another language. Given the mobility and interpenetration of communities of Bantu speakers over the centuries, transitional languagesfor example, those that share characteristics of two tonguesdeveloped in areas between these communities. Frequently, the languages of a set, particularly those with many widely distributed speakers, would be divided into several dialects. In principle, dialects of the same language are considered mutually intelligible, although they are not always so in fact.

32. Rhino Safaris to the language of one group of indigenous people in almost to the Atlantic Ocean,until chokwe and then The economic pursuits of Lunda peoples are dictated by http://www.rhino-safaris.com/people.htm

Botswana Buschmänner Mbukushu Tswana Namibia Herero Himba Owambo Zambia Lozi Lunda Buschmänner (San) - Namibia, Botswana. Das Word 'San' verwies urprünglich auf die Sprache eines im südlichen Afrika heimischen Volkes, deren gesamte Sprachgruppe als 'Khoisan' bezeichnet wurde und die auch Khoi-Khoi Dialekte umfaßte. Bald fiel der Ausdruck 'Buschmann' in Ungnade und die Europäer verwenden seither den Überbegriff 'San' für nicht negerartige Rassen des südlichen Afrikas. Heute leben etwa 40 000 Buschmänner auf dem Gebiet von Namibia. Nur ein kleiner Teil von ihnen lebt noch in der angestammten Weise als Jäger und Sammler. Schon in frühen Zeiten wurden die Buschmänner von anderen Völkern verachtet, gehaßt und verfolgt. Es wird heute von Wissenschaftlern angenommen, daß die Lebensweise der nomadischen Buschmänner seit etwa 20 000 Jahren unverändert geblieben ist. Die Buschmänner sind im heutigen Namibia und Botswana weitgehend ihrer natürlichen Lebensweise beraubt. Freie Jagd ist unzulässig und die Regierungen beider Länder bemühen sich die San mit allen Mitteln zur Seßhaftigkeit zu bewegen. Herero - Namibia, Botswana.

33. African Videotapes Audiocassettes Media Resources Center, UC explores the collision of European and indigenous African cultures. modest food supplyis distributed fairly, the chokwe use a peoples of the Kalahari Desert. http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC/AfricanVid.html

34. Text 2 Animal Symbolism In Africa As A Road To Universal Science The chokwe are situated more to the West about and interaction with surrounding peoplescoresponds with directly spring from an indigenous African tradition http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Atrium/2327/text2.htm

From an African bestiary to universal science? Main Text Part II by Wim van Binsbergen homepage Animal symbolism overview page Part I 6. Interpretation: From an African bestiary to universal science? How then can we interpret the basic structure of three clusters (A), (B), (C), which is borne out throughout our extensive cluster analysis? Let us look at the dendrogram again: Diagram 8. Cluster Analysis 2 animals only, actual occurrences simplified Broadly, the three clusters may be characterised in the following terms: (A) ancient Egypt and Greece (C) Central and Southern Bantu-speaking sub-Saharan Africa, and classical China (D) Ancient Mesopotamia’s astral science, modern astronomy as its contemporary derivative, world-wide animal demon representations, and Central Bantu-speaking Nkoya society. Cluster (A) brings together a culture area which recent research (especially, but not exclusively, in terms of the Black Athena thesis) has increasingly identified as forming one historical whole; we may designate this the ‘Black Athena’ culture area. Cluster (D) would appear to be disconcertingly diverse in both space and time, until we realise that its contents, however selective, nicely match Frobenius’ South-Erythraean culture area, which he saw originating in ancient Mesopotamia (with possible extensions towards Dilmun / Bahrayn and the Indus civilisation) and extending south of the Red (= Erythraean) sea to the East African coast and South Central Africa, where the southwestern fringe of the complex would encompass the Nkoya culture of Zambia.

35. Home About Artists Knowledge Contact Us Links Ijaba Films over 250 different peoples, languages, histories 99%, including Shangaan, chokwe,Manyika, Sena Language Portuguese (official), indigenous languages Religion http://www.geocities.com/badedit/articles/65.html

Home About Artists Knowledge ... Ijaba Films 15 Nov 2001 Senegal The most happening hang in West Africa, tropical Senegal is lauded for its beauties both natural and ephemeral. From its urbane capital, Dakar - many travellers' favourite amongst the larger African cities - to its fertile southern region of forest and farmland, the Casamance, much of its lands are lush and vital, especially when compared to the expansive deserts that surround it. Senegal's arts are just as lively, with a thriving textile market and an entourage of internationally known native musicians, such as Youssou N'dour and Touré Kunda. Altogether, Senegal's attractions bring in more visitors than any other country's in the region. True, most are package tourists soaking up the sunshine in the highbrow hotels that line its Atlantic shore, but there's something in Senegal for every budget and the best of it - a good wander through its streets and plains - is free. Warning Around the time of the presidential elections in Senegal in March 2000, there were reports of renewed fighting in the Casamance region between government troops and a faction of the separatist rebels from the Movement for Democratic Forces of Casamance (MFDC). Initially the rebels made sporadic efforts at disrupting voting by intimidating villagers heading for the polling booths, but the situation has grown more serious since President Abdoulaye Wade took over the reins of power. In late March the heaviest fighting seen in several months took place and there were reports of at least 20 rebel separatists killed and three government troops injured. Outbreaks of fighting have since continued, particularly along the border with Guinea-Bissau. Even more worrying for travellers was an incident involving a busload of 15 tourists held up between Ziguinchor and Cap Skiring. The tourists were robbed at gunpoint and the driver and a local guide on board were killed. There is speculation as to whether this act was committed by the rebels or murderous thieves taking advantage of the unrest in the region. Either way travellers should ask around for information about the latest no-go areas.

36. Paulus Gerdes / Ethnologie Heute, 1998 indigenous mathematics Cf. The sona tradition was developed amongthe chokwe of Northeastern Angola and related peoples. http://www.uni-muenster.de/EthnologieHeute/eh2/gerdes.htm

Paulus Gerdes The Study of the African Sona Geometry as an Example of Ethnomathematical Research 1. Author's publications on Sona Geometry and Ethnomathematics The following paper presents an introduction to the German language edition of the book "Sona Geometry: Reflections on the Sand Drawing Tradition of Peoples of Africa South of the Equator". The original edition was in three volumes in Portuguese (Universidade Pedagógica, Maputo, 1993/4): Volume 1 : Analysis and reconstruction; Volume 2 : Mathematical and educational exploration; Volume 3 : Comparative analysis. The first volume has already been published in English (Universidade Pedagógica, Maputo, 1994). The three volumes have been published in French in 1995 under the title "Une Tradition Géométrique en Afrique - Les Dessins sur le Sable" (Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris / Montreal, 594 pp.). The German language edition "Ethnomathematik dargestellt am Beispiel der Sona Geometrie" (Spektrum Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg / Oxford, 1997, 436 pp., ISBN: 3-8274-0201-8) contains the three volumes in one book and was enlarged by an introduction on ethnomathematics as a field of research. It has a preface by Harald Scheid and Erhard Scholz (Bergische Universität, Wuppertal). An earlier book, in German, by the author on ethnomathematics was published in 1990 under the title "Ethnogeometrie. Kulturanthropologische Beiträge zur Genese und Didaktik der Geometrie" (Verlag Franzbecker, Bad Salzdetfurth /Hildesheim, 360 pp., ISBN 3-88120-189-0). It contains a preface by Peter Damerow (Max Planck Institut für Bildesforschung, Berlin), and is reviewed by Bernhard Andelfinger in 'Zentralblatt für Didaktik der Mathematik' (ZDM, Karlsruhe, 94/1, 22-24). Related to the educational use of the sona sand drawing tradition, the author also published the following books:

37. The Colonial State gain military superiority over the indigenous population of later, rubber; the avenuesof chokwe expansion were the great diversity among the peoples and their http://www.congo2000.net/english/history/kingdom.html

The Former Kingdoms The western bantou are at the origin of more Ancient kingdoms in Democratic Republic of Congo, the most known is the Kongo kingdom (15th century) and the other one is probably the Kuba kingdom (17th century). The oriental bantou began with the kingdoms Luba (16th century) and Lunda (17th century). The Kongo, Lunda, Luba, and Kuba state systems shared certain common features, I.The Kongo kingdom The Kongo Kingdom was the first state on the west coast of Central Africa to come into contact with Europeans. Portuguese sailors under Diogo Cao landed at the mouth of the Congo River in 1482 . Cao traveled from Portugal to Kongo and back several times during the 1480s, bringing missionaries to the Kongo court and taking Kongo nobles to Portugal in 1485. In the 1490s, the king of Kongo asked Portugal for missionaries and technical assistance in exchange for ivory and other desirable items, such as slaves and copperwares a relationship, ultimately detrimental to the Kongo, which continued for centuries. Competition over the slave trade had repercussions far beyond the boundaries of Kongo society. Slave-trading activities created powerful vested interests among both Africans and foreigners; the Portuguese and later the Dutch, French, British, and Arabs.

38. Book Reviews of the material culture of the native peoples of North the fluctuating status of dogsin indigenous cultures of and forms of vessels made in the chokwe region. http://www.tribalarts.com/review/review_su98.html

Current Reviews Previous Reviews Summer 1998 TRIBAL ARTS HOME FORUM LETTERS CLASSIFIEDS ... GALLERIES Art and Heritage in West Africa By Barbara E. Frank. Published in English by the Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London, 1998. Hardcover; $45. T his impressive study approaches two crafts among the Mande peoples of West Africa. Here, pottery making is an exclusively female pursuit, while leatherworking is dominated by males. The author explores the two in depth, producing a valuable contribution to the scholarship of West African culture and, at the same time, demonstrating how craft technology in addition to artistic style is essential for reconstructing and comprehending the artistic heritage of a culturally complex region. In examining the roles of these craftspeople in the rise and fall of empires, the development of trans-Saharan trade networks, and the spread of Islam, the author brings into question the "one-tribe, one-style" interpretations that have dominated studies of West African art. back Native Paths: American Indian Art from the Collection of Charles and Valerie Diker Edited by Alan Wardwell.

39. JAIC 1992, Volume 31, Number 1, Article 2 (pp. 03 To 16) in this paper to ascertain an indigenous perspective how (center, right) Divinationbasket, chokwe peoples, Zaire and Angola. Stilt dencer, Punu peoples, Gabon http://aic.stanford.edu/jaic/articles/jaic31-01-002.html

JAIC 1992, Volume 31, Number 1, Article 2 (pp. 03 to 16) THE EXHIBITION AND CONSERVATION OF AFRICAN OBJECTS: CONSIDERING THE NONTANGIBLE STEPHEN P. MELLOR 1 INTRODUCTION Some specific examples in African art where nontangible attributes might have an effect on treatment decisions can be seen in the following: Should we look inside a Yoruba beaded crown (fig. 1), considered to be the premier piece of divine regalia, to mend the textile lining (fig. 2), or lend slides of its interior to the education department, when in cultural context it is forbidden for anyone, including the king, to view the interior? Should we secure loose and detached fragments of sacrificial patination on a Bamana Komo headdress (fig. 3), when the amount and thickness of this incrustation (fig. 4) are directly related to the degree and effectiveness of its cultural power? How do we justify the public exhibition of an Igala shrine figure (fig. 9), which would have been restricted from public view and seen only by people of a specific age, sex, or initiate? Fig. 1. Crown, Yoruba peoples, Nigeria, Glass beads, basketry, textile, vegetable fiber, metal, H 30 ¾ in (78. 1cm). NMAfA 24-1989-01 (private lender). Photograph by Jeffrey Ploskonka

40. South Africa - EthnoBass Portuguese Major ethnic groups indigenous tribal groups 99.66% (Shangaan, chokwe,Manyika, Sena http://www.ethnobass.org/afr_south.html

Home AFRICA page: - Central Africa - East Africa - North Africa - Southern Africa - West Africa AMERICA page: - Caribbean - Central America - Central South America - East. South America - North America - North. South America - South. South America - West. South America ASIA page: - Central Asia - Eastern Asia - Northern Asia - Southern Asia - South Eastern Asia - South Western Asia EUROPE page: - Central Europe - East Europe - North Europe - Southern Europe - South Eastern Europe - South Western Europe - West Europe MIDDLE EAST page COUNTRIES PEOPLES ARTISTS GLOSSARY INTERVIEWS ESSAYS LINKS SERVICES page - CD reviews - Events - Picture Galleries Southern Africa page Angola Botswana Lesotho Madagascar ... Zimbabwe Links: Music.org.za The core of this site is the reference biografies of South African artists. Nice! There is also a interesting News + events + tours department. Description: African Jazz, Hip Hop, Kwaito, Reggea and more... THE African music site from the south... Top of page - Menu Angola Map of Angola Population: 10 million Capital: Luanda Offisial language: Portugese Major ethnic groups: Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%

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