41. Santeria - Palo And Lukumi Organization In 1794 the african Association commissioned Mungo Park expedition to the SokotoCaliphate, hugh clapperton learned where to the sea, but clapperton also died http://www.palo.org/yoruba/commodity-trading.html

Commodity Trading The development of "legitimate" trade was the final phase of private and official British efforts to find a positive alternative to the traffic in slaves. Earlier aspects of such constructive interest had included the founding of the colony at Sierra Leone in 1787 as a refuge for liberated slaves, the missionary movement designed to bring Christianity to the region, and programs of exploration sponsored by learned societies and scientific groups, such as the London-based African Association. Initially most palm oil (and later kernels) came from Igboland, where palm trees formed a canopy over the densely inhabited areas of the Ngwa, Nri, Awka, and other Igbo peoples. Palm oil was used locally for cooking, the kernels were a source for food, trees were tapped for palm wine, and the fronds were used for building material. It was a relatively simple adjustment for many Igbo families to transport the oil to rivers and streams that led to the Niger Delta for sale to European merchants. The rapid expansion in exports, especially after 1830, occurred precisely at the time slave exports collapsed. Instead, slaves were redirected into the domestic economy, especially to grow the staple food crop, yams, in northern Igboland for marketing throughout the palm-tree belt. As before, Aro merchants dominated trade, including the sale of slaves within Igboland as well as palm products to the coast. They maintained their central role in the confederation that governed the region.

42. Fact Or Fiction his fellow members of the african Association about the Journal, which relates theexplorer's experiences up as Thomas Campbell (1817), hugh clapperton (182224 http://www.rlc.dcccd.edu/annex/COMM/english/mah8420/WaterMusic.htm

Fact or Fiction?: Historical Indeterminacy in T. Coraghessan Boyle 's Water Music Matthew Henry In arguing that history does not exist except as text, it does not stupidly and "gleefully" deny that the past existed, but only that its accessibility to us now is entirely conditioned by textuality. We cannot know the past except through its texts. Linda Hutcheon (1988) The value in this alternative (i.e., postmodern) approach is two-fold: it undermines both the traditional belief in a singular historical "reality" and the traditional hierarchy that values history (fact) over literature (fiction). Postmodern historical novelists wish to expunge such traditions in favor of views that are less rigid and that accept interpretation and indeterminacy in regard to history. Thus, their novels strive to highlight the subjective nature of the supposedly objective narratives of history and to underscore that these narratives offer not the truth but only a possible truth. Boyle is acutely aware of how both those directly involved in historical events and subsequent historians have rewritten the past to conform to individual or collective interpretations. His intent, then, is to reveal the fictionality of documented history. Thus, Boyle combines in his writings what has been traditionally separated and labeled as "fact" and "fiction," intentionally blurring and questioning the rigid distinctions between these two categories. In short, Boyle's task and practice is to self-consciously rewrite history through fiction to point out the relativity of textualized history and the fallacy of believing that historical texts embody a singular "truth." Such practice is at the basis of much of Boyle's writing, but I believe it is displayed best in Boyle's first novel

43. Mungo Park sending out yet another explorer, Henry Nicholls. the direction provided to West Africanexploration recruited his neighbor, Lieutenant hugh clapperton, a naval http://www.redlandsfortnightly.org/mungo.htm

THE FORTNIGHTLY CLUB OF REDLANDS, CALIFORNIA Founded 24 January 1895 MEETING # 1615 4:00 P.M. March 4, 1999 THE RACE TO TIMBUKTU by Richard N. Moersch M.D. Assembly Room, A. K. Smiley Public Library SUMMARY The decision of a men's discussion society meeting in London in 1788 to promote the investigation and exploration of West Africa was principally one of intellectual curiosity on the part of the members. over the next forty years however, it led to the opening of this enormous and hidden area of the world as well as setting the foundation for the commercial and military domination of this part of Africa by the British and French empires. This was accomplished at little cost to the involved governments but at a terrible price paid by the ill-equipped vainglorious young men sent out by these armchair dilettantes. BIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR, Richard N. Moersch M.D. Richard N. Moersch was born in Rochester, Minnesota of parents: Herman and Charline Moersch Education : Dartmouth College BA 1948 Harvard Medical School MD 1952 Stanford University Hospital Internship 1952-1953 Mayo Foundation Fellowship 1953-1954, 1956-1960 University of Minnesota MS (Surgery) 1960 Military Service: United States Navy. Medical Officer USS Windham Bay CVE-92 1954-1956 Professional : Cardiothoracic Surgeon, Inland Heart Center, St. Bernardine Medical Center, 1961-1988

44. NHBS Science Bookstore: Geomorphology The Periglacial Environment view hugh M French; and Geomorphology of South Americaview C clapperton; Environmental Research on East african Mountains view http://www.nhbs.co.uk/we-sell-books-worldwide/z342mq.html

January 2003 Winter Offers Seasonal Selection A sparkling collection of alluring books, videos and DVDs, mostly new this winter and specially chosen to appeal to natural history enthusiasts of all ages. Priced to tempt, with savings of up to 25% off. World Guides 100 key titles ranging from field guides, ID guides, photoguides to eco-travel, at up to 25% off! South East Asian Natural History 130 titles at up to 25% off Breaking Offers The latest NHBS special offer titles, ranging widely across all our subject areas. Many of these titles are new. Offers run for a limited period only, so don't delay taking advantage of them! Plus Highlights NHBS Alert is our free monthly email catalogue, with information on c.400 new titles Subscribe for the full version or choose from 19 subjects Distribution Highlights Current key titles include: Grebes of the World Seahorses ID: CDROM Britain's Butterflies Monitoring Tigers and their Prey ... Ocean Explorer Maps Publishers distributed by NHBS - click here to browse title catalogues for BirdLife International, JNCC, OFI, Prion, Wetlands

45. NIGER (RIVER) was reached from Benin by hugh clapperton, and his On clapperton's death RichardLander and his 1832 Macgregor Laird established the african Steamship Company http://2.1911encyclopedia.org/N/NI/NIGER_RIVER_.htm

document.write(""); NIGER (RIVER) NIGEL—NIGER whose site lies aboutio in. S.W. A Hittite-inscribed monument, , brought perhaps from Tyana, has been found at Nigdeh. The population (20,000) includes a large Greek and a small Armenian community. The Orthodox metropolitan of Iconium resides here. NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS, governor of Syria under the emperor Commodus. On the death of Pertinax (A.D. 193), he was saluted emperor by the troops at Antioch, but unaccountably delayed marching on Rome until he learned that Septimius Severus, one of the rival claimants, had assumed the offensive. He then strongly garrisoned Byzantium and the principal towns of Asia Minor, but after his legate Aemilianus had been defeated and slain near Cyzicus he himself was driven from Nicaea and routed near the Cilician Gates. Having failed in an effort to escape towards the Euphrates, he was brought back and put to death in 194. Aelius Spartianus, Pescennius Niger; Dio Cassius Ixxii. 8; Ixxiii. 13, H- NIGER, a great river of West Africa, inferior only to the Congo and Nile among the rivers of the continent, and the only river in Africa which, by means of its tributary the Benue, affords a waterway uninterrupted by rapids, and available for shallow-draught steamers, to the far interior. Rising within 150 m. of the sea in the mountainous zone which marks the N.E. frontiers of Sierra Leone and French Guinea, it traverses the interior plateaus in a vast curve, flowing N.E., E. and S.E. until it finally enters the Gulf of Guinea through an immense delta. Its total length is about 2600 m. About 250 m. from its mouth it is joined by the Benue, coming from the east from the mountainous region of Adamawa. From its mouth to the limit of navigability from the sea the river is in British territory above that point it flows through French territory.

46. Horizon Books - Travel & Exploration In Africa Society, was a notable British hunter and explorer. of a Naturalist in Central AfricanForests in clapperton, hugh; Journal of a Second Expedition into the http://www.horizonbook.com/africa.html

AKELEY, Mary L. Jobe, foreword by Henry Fairfield Osborn; Carl Akeley's Africa; The Account of the Akeley-Eastman-Pomeroy African Hall Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History. A description of extensive travels in central and eastern Africa including Tanganyika, Congo, Kenya, Uganda, in which Carl Akeley, one of the most famous of 20th century African explorers, died. With reference to George Eastman. US$65. bookID # 5059 ALEXANDER, Lieutenant Boyd; From the Niger to the Nile. London, Edward Arnold, 1907, First edition, large 8vo [24 x 18 cm]; 2 volumes, xv, 358; xi, 420, 16 [publisher's catalogue dated October 1907] pp, 2 frontis, many plates and illus from photos (about 200), 3 folding colored maps (one with two insets), index, orig red cloth with gilt-stamped title lettering on front covers and spine, spines a bit faded, covers rubbed, new endpapers in volume I, signature of William Page in volume II, else a very good set, internally clean,. The author travelled 5,000 miles, taking about three years, and demonstrated that it was possible to travel almost the entire route by water. An adventure with considerable hardship in which two of the party including the author's brother died of fever, with much on the geography, the native peoples, nature, hunting, etc. Not in Work. US$260. bookID # 8567

47. P.N. Travel With an appendix on african birds. 275 BAINES, Thomas. The Gold Regions of SouthEastern Africa. 284 DENHAM, Major Dixon clapperton, Captain hugh. http://www.sotherans.co.uk/Catalogues/PicadillyNotes/Pn44/PN44Travel.html

Back to the Catalogues Index Piccadilly Notes Summer 2002 Travel ALEXANDER, Boyd. From the Niger to the Nile. Edward Arnold First edition. An account of a surveying expedition from Lokoja on the Niger in West Africa to Berber on the Nile through the Congo regions of Africa. The main object was the exploration of Lake Chad, up to that time "the last gem that remained uncut and wanting a proper setting" in the crown of African exploration. The author's experiences, which include the joy of discovery and the pain of loss at his fellow-explorer and brother Claud's death, are set down here in gripping detail. ANSORGE, W.J. Under The African Sun. A Description of Native Races in Uganda, Sporting Adventures and other Experiences. William Heinemann First edition. A superb description of late nineteenth century Uganda, well-illustrated by plates after photographs by the author. With an appendix on African birds. BAINES, Thomas. The Gold Regions of South Eastern Africa. London: Edwards Stanford; Cape Colony: J.W.C. MacKay 8vo. Original red cloth, image of zebra to central black-ruled panel of upper cover, beetle in gilt to spine, lettered in gilt; pp. xxiv + 187 + 189-240 (advertisements); 4 mounted photo-type plates, one folding facsimile letter, 2 engraved maps of the gold fields and of Cape Colony on one large folding sheet in rear pocket; some rubbing and soiling to binding, neatly strengthened to head and tail of spine, map a little soiled, previous owner's inkstamp to free endpapers, a very good copy.

48. Catalogue 008 DENHAM, Major Dixon Captain hugh clapperton. London, hugh Ponsonby, 1914 of AfricaPerformed under the direction and patronage of the african Association, in http://www.bookauctions.com.au/catalog008.html

BOOKS, MANUSCRIPTS, MAPS To be sold by auction on Monday 14th, Tuesday 15th, and Wednesday 16th October, 2002 Comprising the extensive library formed by a Victorian gentleman in the first three decades of the last century; select portions of the library of the Late Dr. Ben Haneman AM of Sydney, President of the Book Collectors' Society of Australia; and the property of several other private vendors. Including a presentation copy of Hume and Hovell's Journey of Discovery to Port Phillip Eugene von Guerard's Australian Landscapes with Hon. John Byron of the Wager ; Alexander Fox's photographs of Bendigo, 1857, the earliest series of photographic views of Victoria; James Meehan's Plan of the Town of Sydney from the 1807 survey undertaken by order of Governor Bligh; Robert Venables's The Experience'd Angler First Session: Lots 1-247, Monday 14th October, 2002, at 6.30 pm Travel, including important Australiana; books on Mountaineering, Hunting, Big Game Hunting, Fishing

49. Ageofexploration sailing along the other side of the african continent to d. 300 BC?) Greek explorerwho established trade with hugh clapperton (Sokoto, Nigeria, 1827) Illness. http://www.pickens.k12.sc.us/dhsteachers/instructional_staff/wilsonwe_webfolder/

AGE OF EXPLORATION AGE OF EXPLORATION VOCABULARY AFT - Toward the rear of the ship. ARMILLARY SPHERE - A skeleton model of the celestial sphere generally with the earth in the center. An outer ring shows the equator, poles, tropics, zodiacs, etc. Inner rings depict the sun, moon, and stars. AMIDSHIPS - The middle of the ship, either lengthwise or widthwise, or both. ASTROLABE - (From the Greek "astrer" [star] and "labin" [to take].) An astronomical instrument used by ancient Greeks and others to measure the height above the horizon of celestial bodies. The Seaman's astrolabe was a simple device used for measuring the altitude of the sun or a star for fixing one's approximate latitude. It consists of a heavy brass ring fitted with an alidade or sighting rule pivoted at the center of the ring. Suspended vertically from a shackle at the top of the ring, the alidade was positioned to sight the sun or star and the angle was read off on-scale marks on the ring. BACK-STAFF - A navigational instrument introduced in the sixteenth century for measuring the altitude of the sun. It gained its name because the user had the sun behind him when taking an observation. Also known as a Davis Quadrant.

50. DUMFRIES-GALLOWAY-L: Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon Ca. 1812-1818 Practically next door to the Irvings lived George clapperton, surgeon. George's sonHugh was a famous african explorer, who went in search of the source of the http://newsarch.rootsweb.com/th/read/DUMFRIES-GALLOWAY/2001-06/0991760528

DUMFRIES-GALLOWAY-L Archives From: Subject: Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 Date: Tue, 5 Jun 2001 18:02:08 +0100 References: http://members.aol.com/johnf14246/internet.html This thread: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by RE: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by Re: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by RE: John Irving - Annan Surgeon ca. 1812-1818 by REV DR CRIRIE by RootsWeb is funded and supported by Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Learn more. About Us Contact Us Acceptable Use Policy ... Privacy Statement

51. Frederik Augustus II May 18 Duquesnoy, composer In 1788, hugh clapperton, Annan Scotland, african explorerIn 1797, Frederik Augustus II, King of Saxon (183654) In 1798, Ethan http://www.smartemail.info/dir/Frederik_Augustus_II/index.shtml

Frederik Augustus II This is a Frederik Augustus II directory, a collection of pages related to the information you are looking for! Our network consists of hundreds of directories. So find the information about - NOW! These web pages and many sites related to that topic, provide in-depth analysis, news, research and perspectives on the latest in new trends. Find out more. These pages and links provide detailed information about Frederik Augustus II . Whether you're interested in the latest news or valuable deals, what you're looking for is here. Whether you are looking for information on the latest news, or other Frederik Augustus II related news, you can find it here. Explore our website collection today! Here you find pages that deliver in-depth coverage about Frederik Augustus II . Simply explore our website and find the information about Frederik Augustus II you are looking for. This portal about Frederik Augustus II combines communities, content and search services and is regarded as the leading Internet site about Frederik Augustus II . We encourage you to learn more about Frederik Augustus II and its valuable solutions. Explore the resources and keep on top of the leading edge of important information. These pages provide detailed information about the info you are looking for. Whether you're interested in the latest news or valuable deals, what you're looking for is here.

52. Used Books, Rare Books, Antiquarian Books - Antiqbook 2197 BERMAN, ESME. The Story of South african Painting. La Disegna' 2354 CUDLIPP,hugh. 4637 DENHAM, MAJOR, clapperton, CAPTAIN, DOCTOR OUDNEY. http://antiqbook.com/boox/spo/index.shtml

David Spode Click on booknumber for full information The Toy the Child Likes Best. Description of the Anchor Stone Building Boxes. War - Vietnam! Memorabilia for the U.S. Armed Forces. OKEH. Popular Records. Complete Catalog 1941. Old English Carols. Set to Music, Traditional and Original. Stanley SPENCER. The Ten Commandments. A Paramount Production. Produced by Cecil B. De Mille. Souvenir. Southern Garland The Dome : a Quarterly containing Examples of All the Arts. [First series, 5 issues complete] Beautiful Rooms Artistically Papered. The Forbidden City. Court Culture of the Chinese Emperors 1644-1911. Thoroughbred. Cinesound's Special Exploitation Manual for Australia's First Great World Standard Production. Carefully compiled from keen Showmanship suggestions by Australia's Ace Theatre and Exchange Executives. Masterpieces of Chinese Painting in the National Palace Museum. Henry FUSELI. Villa and Cottage Architecture: select examples of Country and Suburban Residences recently erected. With a full descriptive notice of each building. Master Tyll Owlglass. His Marvellous Adventures and Rare Conceits. Trans. by K.R.H.Mackenzie.

53. AIM25: Royal Geographical Society: Denham Collection Name of creator(s) Denham, Dixon (17861828) african Traveller. papers and letters,1815-27, chiefly relating to the Denham / clapperton / Oudney expedition http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search2?coll_id=258&inst_id=10

54. SAHARA the crocodile existed in North african regions where journey of Walter Oudney,HughClapperton andDixonDenham, fromTripoli 1880 by a German explorer, Dr Oskar http://10.1911encyclopedia.org/S/SA/SAHARA.htm

document.write(""); SAHARA SAGUNTUM, now Sagunto or Murviedro, an ancient town in a fertile district of eastern Spain (Castellon de la Plana) 20 m. N. of Valencia, close to the coast. Its history’ comprises one brief flash of tragic glory and a long obscure happiness. At the outbreak of the Second Punic War (219 n.c.) it was a large and commercially prosperous town. of native—not Greek— origin. It sided with Rome against Carthage, and drew Hannibal’s first assault. Its long and noble resistance, told by the Roman historian Livy in no less noble language, ranks with the Spanish defence of Saragossa in the Peninsular War. Finally in 218 Hannibal took it and passed on into Italy. Then we hear little more of it till at the opening of the Christian era it appears as a flourishing Romano-Spanish town with a Latin-speaking population and the rank of municipium. This later prosperity lasted most of the empire through, and is attested by inscriptions and ruins (notably a theatre, demolished by Suchet). SAHARA, the great desert of northern Africa. The Sahara has an area, according to Dr A. Bludau’s calculation of the areas of African river basins, of 3,459,500 sq. m., made up as follows:—

55. AFRICA (4) The north and west african plains, bordered and traversed by bands of higherground, but generally below 2000 ft. african TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION. LIBYANS. http://9.1911encyclopedia.org/A/AF/AFRICA.htm

document.write(""); AFRICA AFRICA, the name of a continent representing the largest of the three great southward projections from the main mass of the earth's surface. It includes within its remarkably regular outline an area, according to the most recent computations, of 11,262,000 sq. m., excluding the islands.1 Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea, it is joined to Asia at its N.E. extremity by the Isthmus of Suez, 80 m. wide. From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka, a little west of Cape Blanc, in 37° 21' N., to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas, 34° 51' 15" S., is a distance approximately of 5000 m.; from Cape Verde, 17° 33' 22" W., the westernmost point, to Ras Hafun, 51° 27' 52" E., the most easterly projection, is a distance (also approximately) of 4600 m. The length of coast-line is 16,100 m. and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is shown by the fact that Europe, which covers only 3,760,000 sq. m., has a coast-line of 19,800 m. I. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY The main structural lines of the continent show both the east-to-west direction characteristic, at least in the eastern hemisphere, of the more northern parts of the world, and the north-to-south direction seen in the southern peninsulas. Africa is thus composed of two segments at right angles, the northern running from east to west, the southern from north to south, the subordinate lines corresponding in the main to these two directions.

56. Ed Rogers Rare Out Of Print Books - Rare Paleontology Books Also including books on paleontology, mineralogy, mining, explorations, early surveys, volcanology, Category Society History By Topic Science Geology......Phone 719539-4113 Fax 719-539-4542. Ed Rogers Rare Out of PrintGeoscience Books PO Box 455 Poncha Springs, Colorado 81242 USA. http://www.geology-books.com/newcatalog.html

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