1. Ecology Of Coral Reefs Ecology of Coral Reefs. http://www.famu.edu/acad/colleges/esi/EVR-3023/Group5/Ecology.html

Ecology of Coral Reefs Home Distribution Systematics Ecology Threats Conservation Coral reefs are some of the most precious and awe-inspiring spots on earth. Nurtured by warm, tropical waters, these reefs are home to some of the richest ecosystems on the planet. In fact, they are so rich in marine life that they have been referred to as tropical rain forests of the ocean (Gralla and Plumlee, 1994). Coral reefs are very productive marine communities and play a critical role as habitat and nursery grounds for ten to twenty percent of the worlds fisheries ( www.esa.sdsc.edu ). They generally require clear, warm water and high light intensity for survival. This limits them to shallow water, with maximum diversity occurring between ten to twenty meters below the surface. High salt content, low wave movement or current, and little sedimentation are also factors for survival. Coral reefs are created by colonies of small living organisms called polyps .Within each polyp are small photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae. Zooxanthellae receives protection from predators by living in the polyps.The polyps secrete calcium carbonate around themselves and this complex; rock-like reef framework provides a sheltering place and feeding grounds for many organisms that inhabit the reef. Zooxanthellae promotes calcification of the polyps which contributes to faster building of the reef under optimum conditions. Corals and zooxanthellae have a symbiotic relationship. During photosynthesis the algae provide food to the coral and in return the corals give a protective home to the zooxanthellae. The coral releases carbon dioxide that the zooxanthellae use during photosynthesis. In return,the zooxanthellae release oxygen and carbon dioxide that the coral uses for respiration. The coral excretes mineral wastes and carbon dioxide.The zooxanthellae inside the coral uses uses nitrogen and phosphorus from the coral's waste.During photsynthesesis the algae incorporates carbon dioxide from the coral into rich organic matter for sustainance of both the algae and the coral. The color is due to the color of the zooxanthellae living inside it.

2. The Coral Reef Ecology Home Page For information about the coral Reef ecology Home Page project, contact Dr. TeresaTurner. Overview. coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive http://www.uvi.edu/coral.reefer/

An Introduction to Coral Reefs Click here to go directly to information about coral anatomy Click here to go directly to information about types of coral reefs Click here to go directly to information about zooxanthellae Click here to go directly to information about coral feeding Click here to go directly to information about coral reproduction Click here to go directly to information about coral diseases Click here to go directly to information about coral bleaching Click here to go directly to information about human caused threats to coral reefs Click here to go directly to information about common Caribbean corals Click here to go directly to information about animals associated with coral reefs Literature Cited For information about the Coral Reef Ecology Home Page project, contact Dr. Teresa Turner Overview Coral reefs are among the most diverse and productive communities on Earth. They are found in the warm, clear, shallow waters of tropical oceans worldwide. Reefs have functions ranging from providing food and shelter to fish and invertebrates to protecting the shore from erosion. Through symbiosis with unicellular algae ( zooxanthellae ), reef-building corals are the source of primary production in reef communities (

3. Coral Reef Fishes Discover the five major categories of reef fishes. Provides sections devoted to reproduction, feeding, and endangered species. features of reef ecology. The high diversity of the fish communities in the coral reefs is maintained mainly http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/2298

Put your information for frame challenged browsers here ..

4. CORAL REEF BIBLIOGRAPHY coral BIOLOGY AND ecology. coral reefs AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY. coral REEF FISH. coral REEF INVERTEBRATES. coral REEF http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/SEAGRANT/iyorbib.html

CORAL BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY CORAL REEFS AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY CORAL REEF FISH CORAL REEF INVERTEBRATES ... GENERAL MARINE EDUCATION AND TEACHER RESOURCES Identification Guides Primarily deals with Hawai'i or Hawaiian organisms Textbook Also contains info on coral reef fishes Technical science stuff Highly Recommended Good resource for teens/kids "The Annual Coral Spawning Event on the Great Barrier Reef" IN: Reef Notes, July '86 . Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority ; Townsville, Australia. ISSN 0814-9453. Nicely produced and informative newsletter published a couple of times a year with articles about coral ree f ecology on the Great Barrier Reef. Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs (Volumes I and IV) edited by O. A. Jones and R. Endean (1976). Academic Press; NY, NY. ~430pp. each. In-depth series consisting of two volumes dealing with the geology and two volumes dealing with the biology of coral reefs. Coelenterate Biology: Review and Perspectives edited by L. Muscatine and H. M. Lenhoff (1974). Academic Press; NY, NY. 501pp. Collection of cnidarian physiology papers; good chapter on nematocysts. The Coral Reef at Night by J. S. Levine (1993). Harry N. Abrams, Inc.; NY, NY. 192pp. Beautiful coffee table book showing the reef and many of its inhabitants during their nocturnal phase.

5. Coral Reef Ecology Overview of ecology of coral reefs in Hawai,'i. The ecology of coral reefsin Hawai'i is unique compared to reefs in other tropical areas. http://www.coralreefnetwork.com/reefs/ecology/default.htm

Overview of Ecology of Coral Reefs in Hawai,'i Brian N. Tissot Kalakaua Marine Education Center A. Uniqueness of Hawaiian Ecology The ecology of coral reefs in Hawai'i is unique compared to reefs in other tropical areas. Hawaiian reefs are unique for several reasons: 1. They are geologically young and therefore not as well developed as other reefs. Most reefs in the windward islands of Hawai'i, Maui, O'ahu and Kaua'i are small and occur relatively close to shore. As these reefs grow and develop they are called fringing reefs, which eventually develop into barrier reefs, which occur in Kaneohe Bay on O'ahu and on the south shore of Moloka'i. There is a general westward trend towards greater reef development which coincides with the geologic ages of the islands. Superimposed upon this pattern, however, is the effects of wave exposure: in general more sheltered leeward coasts have reefs with greater coral cover than wave-pounded windward coasts (see Grigg, 1983 Narrow coral reef at Puako on the Big Island, typical of young Hawaiian coral reefs 2. As a consequence of their younger age and the general absence of barrier reefs in the windward islands, Hawaiian reefs are generally less productive than other reefs. With smaller reef areas and the absence of lagoons that trap and retain both coastal and terrestrial runoff, Hawaiian reefs are generally more nutrient poor and therefore lack a high abundance of filter feeding animals such as soft corals, sponges, tunicates, and bivalves. As a result, Hawaiian reefs are more clearly dominated by corals.

6. :: CHAMP >> Home :: NOAA's Coral Health And Monitoring Program :: Overview of ecology of coral reefs in Hawai 'i Brian N. Tissot Kalakaua Marine Education Center University of Hawaii at Hilo Hilo A. Uniqueness of Hawaiian ecology http://coral.aoml.noaa.gov/

Search site map Coral List Server Enter your e-mail address below. reg dly wkly unsubscribe details Real-Time SEAKEYS Data CREWS Data Live CoralCam W elcome to NOAA 's Coral Health and Monitoring Program (CHAMP). Our mission is to provide services and information sources for coral reef researchers and the public in order to help improve and sustain coral reef health throughout the world. In order to answer a variety of questions related to coral reefs and this program we have included an extensive listing of Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) . If you are interested in receiving announcements, news and participating in ongoing discussions via email we also have our coral-list listserve available to you, currently serving over 1800 subscribers worldwide. These services and more can be access via the top menu navigation system as well as from our site map NOAA/OAR's CHAMP, as co-partner with NESDIS in the

7. Coral Reefs Of Hawai'i to educate the community about basic reef ecology and local threats to reefs; toshare and international efforts to conserve coral reefs through the http://www.coralreefnetwork.com/reefs/ecology/ecology.htm

The Hawaiian Reef Ecosystem Brian N. Tissot Marine Education Center University of Hawai’i at Hilo "Hanau ka 'Uku-ko'ako'a, Hanau kana, he Ako'ako'a, puka" [Born the coral polyp , Born of him a coral colony emerged] Kumulipo, The Hawaiian Hymn of Creation, compiled by Rubellite Kawena Johnson, 1981 Introduction Coral reefs are unique among marine communities. In addition to being spectacular displays of nature's creativity, coral reefs are reservoirs of biological diversity and are truly the "tropical rain forests of the sea." Coral reefs are also one of the most productive and diverse assemblages on Earth and are important economic resources for many tropical regions of the world, especially islands. For example, in 1991 in Hawai’i, reefs supported over $200 million in revenues from commercial, recreational and subsistence fisheries and $50 million in marine-related tourism. (Hunter, 1995). In addition, reefs buffer shorelines from waves, hurricanes and tsunamis, and generate sediments which create beaches. However, throughout the world, reefs are being threatened with a variety of human impacts and therefore are at risk of destruction (Richmond, 1993). In order to successfully protect our reefs we must first understand their history and ecology: how they develop and what factors influence their growth and development. Accordingly, this chapter will first survey the geologic history of reefs then move on to their ecology. I will conclude by examining human impacts on reef ecosystems and steps that are being taken to more effectively manage and conserve our reefs.

8. Coral Reefs--Animals/Ecology Lesson Plan (grades 6-8)--DiscoverySchool.com coral reefs. Access to Sea World's education pages. coral Reef EcologyPage An index of information about coral reefs. Back to Top, http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/coralreefs/

Students Teachers Parents Grades K-5 Grades 6-8 Grades 9-12 Astronomy/Space ... Health History Ancient History U.S. History World History Life Science Animals Ecology Human Body The Microscopic World ... Weather For our newsletter and special teacher promotions. 6-8 > Animals Grade level: 6-8 Subject: Animals Duration: Two class periods Objectives Materials Procedures Adaptations ... Credit Find a video description, video clip, and discussion questions. Coral Reefs Use our free online Teaching Tools to create custom worksheets, puzzles and quizzes on this topic! Students will understand the following: The animals that live in a coral reef are uniquely suited to their environment. For this lesson, you will need: Computer with Internet access Illustrated books and articles about the plants and animals that inhabit coral reefs Paper, stapler, and art materials for creating books Published nonfiction and fiction books on science topics for young children Let students know that they are going to work individually or in groups to write and illustrate short books that explain to younger children how the animals that inhabit coral reefs are uniquely suited to their environment. Before beginning work on their books, have students conduct research on the types of organisms that live in the reefs. They may use the materials you have provided, encyclopedias, books and periodicals from the library, or the Internet. Students should focus on finding out how specific animals that live in the reefs are adapted to their environments. (Adaptations may include camouflage, symbiosis, defenses, hunting strategies, and so on.)

9. Coral Reefs--Animals/Ecology Lesson Plan (grades 6-8)--DiscoverySchool.com Life Science. Animals. ecology. Human Body. The Microscopic World. Puzzlemaker. ScienceFair Central. For our newsletter and special teacher promotions. coral reefs. http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/coralreefs/q.html

Students Teachers Parents Grades K-5 Grades 6-8 Grades 9-12 Astronomy/Space ... Health History Ancient History U.S. History World History Life Science Animals Ecology Human Body The Microscopic World ... Weather For our newsletter and special teacher promotions. Coral Reefs Video Description Learn why the fissure known as the Red Sea is an ideal spawning ground for reef-building coral whose underwater architecture supports more than 800 miles of unique marine and bird species. The Comprehension Questions are available to download as an RTF file. You can save the file to your desktop and open it in a word processing program. Site Map About Us Feedback Discovery.com

10. Reef Ball Fdn Links We Like Artificial reefs, coral, Diving, Fishing and Conservation / ecology Links http://www.reefball.org/links.htm

Table of Contents What's a Reef Ball? Grant Program Corporate Sponsorships ... Buy a Model Artificial Reefs, Coral, Diving, Fishing and Conservation / Ecology Links This Page has moved HERE Table of Contents What's a Reef Ball? Grant Program ... Buy a Model Need more information? Contact us: Reef Ball Foundation 603 River Overlook Rd. Woodstock, GA 30188 kkirbo@hotmail.com Phone: 770-752-0202 Fax: 770-360-1328 RBDG, Ltd. brochure

11. Hays Cummins' Home Page: Ecology, Marine Biology, Coral Reefs & Rainforests, Wea Personal web page of Miami University faculty member, with extensive collection of internet links Category Science Earth Sciences Directories...... Tropical Ecosystem COURSES. (ecology field courses, coral reefs, Bahamian FieldStation, ecology field courses, marine biology, Tropical rainforest ecology http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/html/

Home Page: Beautiful Brain and Boulder Corals at the French Bay Wall, 30 m deep, San Salvador, Bahamas. R. Hays Cummins Interdisciplinary Studies Miami University ... Search a Database of My Favorite Links!! Welcome! It is 11:40 PM on Friday, April 4, 2003. This page has served surfers. Last Update: Thursday, March 27, 2003 Site NAVIGATIONTable of Contents: Listen to a "Voice Navigation" Intro! (Quicktime: or...a Visit my WEATHERSITES......! Midwest Weather Spectacular Hurricane Movies and ImagesPast and Present Tropical Satellite Views Password Protected Radar Oxford,OH CURRENT Weather Conditions ARCHIVED Weather Conditions Satellite Movie Uploads! Main Street Weather Global Climate Change Starting Points (Climate Change Course) TROPICAL ECOSYSTEM COURSE SYLLABI......! -Tropical Ecosystem Syllabi 2003 -Course Announcement: Tropical Marine Ecology -Marine Ecology Course Starting PointsNEW -Marine Ecology LISTserve TROPICAL ECOSYSTEMS of COSTA RICA: Syllabus -Course Announcement: Tropical Ecosystems Costa Rica -Costa Rica Starting PointsNEW -Costa Rica LISTserve TROPICAL ECOSYSTEM IMAGE and MOVIE COLLECTION......!

12. Images: Marine Ecology Of San Salvador, Bahamas, The Everglades And Florida Keys A marine ecology image gallery San Salvador, Bahamas, the Everglades and Florida Keys.Category Science Biology ecology Aquatic ecology Marine...... Florida Keys, marine ecology, coral reef ecology, intertidal zonation, grassbed ecology,taxonomy of vertebrates and invertebrates of coral reefs, lagoons, and http://jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu/html/tropecoimages.html

Field Courses: (Page 1 of 2 Tropical Marine Ecology Go to the Course SYLLABUS Interested in Marine Ecology? Although there are 64 Days left before we hit the water in summer 2003, I am taking applications NOW! First-come, first-served! Contact R. Hays Cummins. R. Hays Cummins Interdisciplinary Studies Miami University Welcome! It is 11:40 PM on Friday, April 4, 2003. There have been Aqua-Nuts served. Last Update: Monday, March 3, 2003 Tropical Marine Ecology serves as an intensive field-based introduction to the ecology of estuarine and marine environments. INTERESTED? Take a look at the MARINE ECOLOGY SYLLABUS for more information. The primary goal of the course is to immerse you in field experiences that link with readings, lectures, discussions, labs, and discovery-oriented investigations of the environments of San Salvador, Bahamas, the Everglades and the Florida Keys. Several topics will be covered in depth. These include ecology and geology of the Bahamas Everglades, and Florida Keys, marine ecology, coral reef ecology, intertidal zonation, grassbed ecology, taxonomy of vertebrates and invertebrates of coral reefs, lagoons, and tidal flats, statistical analyses of data, astronomy, and group projects concerning biological and physical analyses of select marine habitats. These images should provide a hint, a mere glimpse, into the beauty and complexity of a wide variety of ecosystems. So, enjoy!

13. Nearctica - Ecology - Biogeography - Biomes, Ecoregions, And Habitats - Coral Re ecology Habitats - coral reefs. You'll also find slide shows on the ecology ofthe coral reef (under education), reef news, reefs in Hawaii, and much more. http://www.nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/reef.htm

Ecology - Habitats - Coral Reefs Return to Biomes and Habitats Main Page Buy Books about Coral Reefs Coral Reefs are a phenomenon of tropical waters and in North America are restricted to southern Florida. It's the policy of Nearctica to restrict ourselves to North America, but we just couldn't resist going a little further afield for this fascinating subject. General Conservation and Monitoring Wildlife GENERAL Jurassic Reef Park . Reinhold Leinfelder. Coral reefs and their equivalents have been around for a long time. This great site examines some prehistoric reefs and in the process gives us a lot of information about modern coral reefs. Learn about the corals that form the reefs and the animals that live on them. You'll find extensive comparisons between modern and fossil coral reef assemblages. Highly recommended. Hawaii Coral Reef Network . A great web site on coral reefs. Included here is a magnificent section on the marine life of Hawaii. You'll also find slide shows on the ecology of the coral reef (under education), reef news, reefs in Hawaii, and much more. Highly recommended. Corals and Coral Reefs . Sea World, Busch Garden. A great, non-technical introduction to corals and coral reefs. Some of the topics covered are the different kinds of corals, their habitats and distribution, diet, reef ecosystems, and conservation. Recommended.

14. Education Planet Environment,Ecology,Coral Reefs Lesson Plans Home/Environment/ecology coral reefs (54) Home/Environment/Animals/Marine Environmentscoral reefs (44) Home/Environment/Animals/Zoology/Aquatic Life coral http://www.educationplanet.com/search/Environment/Ecology/Coral_Reefs/

Apr. 04, 2003 20:39 PST Search top educational sites, lessons, supplies and more! Membership Log In User Name: Password: Education Planet - TelCom Services Teachers - Receive a second year of Lesson Planet for FREE! ... by choosing our Smart Saver Long Distance Program Top Sites this Week Science: Middle School Physical Science Resource Center Math: Project Interactive Social Science: America at War - Time for Kids Language Arts: International Children's Digital Library Project: Stay Safe Online Lesson Plan: Ready.gov from the Department of Homeland Security Top Sites Archives Educational News Schools Seek to Reassure in Wartime Special Education May Get Overhaul Make-A-Wish Foundation Helps Sick Student Go to College privacy Found websites and other resources for ' coral reefs. Lesson Plans Books Software Maps ... Videos Find 'coral reefs' books Supplies Online Courses Category matches for: ' coral reefs Home/Environment/Ecology Coral Reefs (54) Home/Environment/Animals/Marine Environments Coral Reefs (44) Home/Environment/Animals/Zoology/Aquatic Life Coral Reefs (13) Home/Environment/Animals/Marine Invertebrates Corals and Coral Reefs (89) Home/Science and Engineering/Marine Sciences/Marine Biology Coral Reefs (54) Home/Science and Engineering/Life Sciences/Biology/Marine Biology Coral Reefs (55) Home Environment Ecology ... Coral Reefs Sponsored Links Sea Life Gifts and Collectibles - Shop for the finest Sea Life Gifts and Collectibles at collectiblestoday.com. Home to All Things Collectible.

15. Coral Reef Ecology DustanLab is dedicated to furthering science and technology in several disciplinesof Marine and Estuarine ecology. Remote Sensing of coral reefs from Space. http://www.cofc.edu/~coral/corallab.htm

The DustanLab is dedicated to furthering science and technology in several disciplines of Marine and Estuarine Ecology. The work done here serves, not only the University of Charleston, but local, national, and international science and conservation communities. Science EPA Coral Reef Monitoring Project in the Florida Key Problems of Scale in Coral Reef Monitoring Coral Optics and Remote Sensing Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs from Space NASA/CMC Remote Sensing of Coral Reefs Using Landsat TM Imagery Charleston Harbor Project Technology PointCount'99 PointCount for Coral Reefs (Image-Pro Plus TM version) VitaReef The Cousteau Society Ecotechnie Cousteau Society Dolphin Log Dolphin Log Comic (alternate) Senate Testimony (June 30, 1999) The Team Dr. Phillip Dustan , Professor of Biology/Principle Investigator Dr. Vladimir Kosmynin , Research Associate Mr. Michael Brill , Research Associate/Lab Manager Ms. Jamie O'Brien , Lab Assistant Mr. James Leard, Computer Programmer Links This site was last updated on 07/28/00 by Michael Brill.

16. Coral Reefs, Marine Coral Calcium: Safe Harvesting ecology and coral Mining. coral reefs are not damaged when coral Calciumis harvested from the ocean floor surrounding a coral reef. http://www.healthtreasures.com/coral-ecology.html

HEALTH TREASURES: Coral Calcium High Quality Diet, Fitness and Nutritional Products Coral Reefs and Coral Mining for Marine Coral Calcium Coral reefs are not damaged when Coral Calcium is harvested from the ocean floor surrounding a coral reef. Coral calcium is collected from the ocean around the islands of Okinawa, off the Southern coast of Japan. The Japanese government regulates the harvesting. There are two types of Coral Calcium. The first is fossilized Coral Calcium that is collected from coral that has washed onto the beach. Fossilized Coral Calcium usually has a very low amount of magnesium. The other type is marine grade Coral Calcium that is harvested underneath the water. It is better than fossilized because its calcium and magnesium is in an ideal 2 to 1 ratio, the best for the body's metabolism. HEALTH AND CORAL CALCIUM Bio-Absorption of Calcium Chemical Analysis of Coral Calcium Coral Minerals and Sodium Ionic Coral Calcium ... Marine Grade Coral Calcium Other Health Concerns: Radiation Protection: Potassium Iodide KI, Rad Block

17. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Coral Ecology (Coral Reefs) Science Life Sciences (Biology) Animal Sciences (Zoology) Animals by FamiliarName Fish Marine Animals Saltwater coral reefs coral ecology. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Sci

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Coral Ecology document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Coral Reef Bleaching Coral Reef Fish Ecology Coral Reef fishes Coral Spawning (On Video!) ... Contact Us

18. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Coral Ecology (Coral Reefs) ELEMENTARY SCHOOL Science Life Science Animals Animals by FamiliarName Fish Marine Animals Saltwater coral reefs coral ecology. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/Elementary/Scie

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Coral Ecology document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); Coral Reef fishes Coral Spawning (On Video!) Reef Zone Tour Privacy Policy ... Contact Us

19. CAEE > Ecology > Ecosystems > Coral Reefs Central America ecology Ecosystems coral reefs. Content. ·Links to relevant web sites. Links. NOAA's coral Reef Information http://www.garrobo.org/eng/ecology/ecosystems/coralreefs/

Central America Ecology Ecosystems Coral Reefs Content Links to relevant web sites Links NOAA's Coral Reef Information System NOAA's Coral Health and Monitoring Program The Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network ReefBase - A Global Information System On Coral Reefs - Includes access to online, interactive mapping on coral reefs, mangroves, and related information. This is a first-rate resource. WCMC - Coral Reefs and Mangroves of the World WCMC - World distribution of coral reefs and mangroves NASA's Earth Observatory: Mapping the Decline of Coral Reefs Overseas Research Center Page Administration Last Update: November 9, 2002 Contact Person: Emilio Mayorga

20. Conservation Ecology: Ecological States And The Resilience Of Coral Reefs : Abst Published December 19, 2002. McClanahan, T., N. Polunin, and T. Done. 2002. Ecologicalstates and the resilience of coral reefs. Conservation ecology 6(2) 18. http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss2/art18/abstract.html

ABSTRACT * A longer version of this paper will be published as the following book chapter. McClanahan, T.R., N.V.C. Polunin and T.J. Done. 2001. Resilience of coral reefs. in press in L. Gunderson, B.-O. Jansson, C. S. Holling and C. Folke, Resilience and Sustainability in Large-Scale Ecosystems. Island Press, Boston KEY WORDS: carbon production, coral reefs, diseases, ecological stress, fishing, global climate change, keystone species, oligotrophy-eutrophy, resilience, trophic ecology. Published December 19, 2002. McClanahan, T., N. Polunin, and T. Done. 2002. Ecological states and the resilience of coral reefs. Conservation Ecology (2): 18. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol6/iss2/art18 Return to Table of Contents for Volume 6, Issue 2 Return to a List of All Table of Contents

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