21. A Proposal: A New Instrument claimcurrency introduced a risk factor. For a long time, attempts were made toovercome this risk factor, using different stratagems to delay its uncoupling http://www.centre-jouffroy.com/new_instrum.htm

A new instrument currency for the international monetary system The crisis, which has rocked the countries of South East Asia, ruined some of them (e.g. Indonesia), and is threatening other parts of the world, is a crisis that is specifically monetary. There is anxious debate between experts around the world. William Pfaff, in the Herald Tribune of 17 September 1998, asks, "Where are the thinkers who will build a better monetary machine''. In response, the "Centre Jouffroy Pour la Réflexion Monétaire" offers both an analysis and a proposal: The tremendous advances in communication and information technology today make it possible for the international monetary system to be endowed with the anchoring numeraire, which it is currently lacking, in order to stabilise changes and prevent or stop a devastating panic. TOP A lag in evolution of monetary concepts However, the opportunity provided by technological evolution has not been grasped. The international monetary system has remained without fundamental change since the Genoa conference in 1922, which created the Gold Exchange Standard (GES) and has made the dollar, the national currency of one State, the central currency of the world. In 1944 Bretton Woods revived the GES by supplementing it with useful institutions, of which the most important, the International Monetary Fund, is close to a central bank in the functions, which it fulfils as the lender of last resort. However, just like the World Bank, it does not have the essential factor, which is the power of issuance.

22. Creators.com - Creators Syndicate my fellow economists, they cite the case for free trade that Adam Smith made twoand finds the goods are no longer cheap when the value of its currency declines http://www.creators.com/opinion_show.cfm?columnsName=pcr

23. Money: Bucks, Banks, And Business--Economics Lesson Plan (grades 6-8)--Discovery Visit the US Treasury and find out what changes are being made to US currency tohelp Links to information on its history, the production of a coin, and http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/bucksbanksandbusiness/

Students Teachers Parents Grades K-5 Grades 6-8 Grades 9-12 Astronomy/Space ... Health History Ancient History U.S. History World History Life Science Animals Ecology Human Body The Microscopic World ... Weather For our newsletter and special teacher promotions. 6-8 > Economics Grade level: 6-8 Subject: Economics Duration: One class period Objectives Materials Procedures Adaptations ... Credit Find a video description, video clip, and discussion questions. Money: Bucks, Banks, and Business Use our free online Teaching Tools to create custom worksheets, puzzles and quizzes on this topic! Students will understand the following: Monetary exchange rates change constantly. Students can convert money in any currency into its equivalent in U.S. dollars by using readily available exchange rates, published in newspapers and available online. For this lesson, you will need: Computer with Internet access http://cnnfn.cnn.com/services/travelcenter/cityguide.htmll Tell each student to select three cities outside the United States. The site allows users to select individual cities within three groupings: Americas, Europe, and Asia/Africa. the amount of local currency After the student has found bus fares for three cities, he or she should go to the following cnnfn.com page:

24. Untitled Document counting unit in a decade unless a change should be made to the won are accorded toconvenience and national pride by each country redenominating its currency. http://www.koreaherald.co.kr/SITE/data/html_dir/2003/02/03/200302030026.asp

Member Login To use this service, you are required to register with Koreaherald. com If you have already registered, or if you are a subscriber of the Premium Service, Log in here. Already registered with Koreaherald.com? Please log in here. User ID Password I forget my password : Foreigner Korean New to Koreaherald.com? Register here. privacy policy

25. Fed Point 38: Currency Devaluation And Revaluation - Fed Points - General Public When a government devalues its currency, it is often because the interaction of marketforces and policy decisions has made the currency's fixed exchange rate http://www.ny.frb.org/pihome/fedpoint/fed38.html

Fedpoint 38: Currency Devaluation and Revaluation Under a fixed exchange rate system, devaluation and revaluation are official changes in the value of a country's currency relative to other currencies. Under a floating exchange rate system, market forces generate changes in the value of the currency, known as currency depreciation or appreciation. In a fixed exchange rate system, both devaluation and revaluation can be conducted by policymakers, usually motivated by market pressures. The charter of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) directs policymakers to avoid "manipulating exchange rates...to gain an unfair competitive advantage over other members." At the Bretton Woods Conference in July 1944, international leaders sought to insure a stable post-war international economic environment by creating a fixed exchange rate system. The United States played a leading role in the new arrangement, with the value of other currencies fixed in relation to the dollar and the value of the dollar fixed in terms of gold$35 an ounce. Following the Bretton Woods agreement, the United States authorities took actions to hold down the growth of foreign central bank dollar reserves to reduce the pressure for conversion of official dollar holdings into gold.

26. Policy Bulletin 98.2 - Imputed Credit Expenses And Interest Rates did not have shortterm borrowings in the currency of its foreign market sale. prefersto measure interest expenses using borrowings made from unrelated http://ia.ita.doc.gov/policy/bull98-2.htm

Import Administration Policy Bulletin Number: 98.2 Date of Issue: February 23, 1998 Topic: Imputed credit expenses and interest rates Author: Carlo G. Cavagna Office of Policy Approved: Robert S. LaRussa Assistant Secretary for Import Administration Introduction The Department typically makes a circumstance of sale adjustment to normal value (NV) to account for differences in credit terms. To make this adjustment, the Department imputes a U.S. credit expense and a foreign market credit expense on each sale. The Department measures the credit expense on a sale by the amount of interest that the sale revenue would have earned between date of shipment and date of payment. To calculate the credit expense on U.S. sales, the Department generally uses the weighted-average borrowing rate realized by a respondent on its U.S. dollar-denominated short-term borrowings. However, respondents do not always have short-term loans in U.S. dollars. In such cases, the Department has in the past employed several different approaches in selecting surrogate interest rates. Although various approaches may be reasonable, in the interest of consistency and predictability, the Department is now setting forth a methodology that should be applied in all future cases. Issue The appropriate interest rate to use to impute credit expenses in cases where a respondent has no short-term borrowings in the currency of the transaction being examined.

27. CNN.com - Venezuela Fixes Currency Rate - Feb. 6, 2003 low of 1,853 on January 21, the last day of currency trading. We've made the ideal Headded that exchange controls would help Venezuela pay its foreign debt. http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/americas/02/06/venezuala.currency.ap/

28. Internet Currency Site Flooz Suspends Operations few days that online currency company Flooz.com is going out of business. As of Friday,Flooz itself had left no clear signal of its status and has made itself http://www.ecommercetimes.com/perl/story/12704.html

Internet Currency Site Flooz Suspends Operations Send this Article Print this Article Talkback Related Stories By Lori Enos E-Commerce Times August 10, 2001 Customers trying to use Flooz at sites around the Web have repeatedly been told that Flooz is no longer an acceptable form of currency. In This Story: Alerting Shops, Not Shoppers No Response Worthless Currency? Grasping for Answers ... Related Stories Internet message boards have been humming with speculation over the past few days that online currency company Flooz.com is going out of business. As of Friday, Flooz itself had left no clear signal of its status and has made itself unavailable for response to any inquiry. The company took its Web site offline Wednesday and posted a message reading: "We are currently unable to process your transaction. Check back for further updates. We apologize for this inconvenience." Adding fuel to the speculation that Flooz has gone under without notifying shoppers is the fact that sites around the Web including Ashford.com, Barnesandnoble.com, Outpost.com and Tower Records have stopped accepting Flooz as a payment method. Alerting Shops, Not Shoppers

29. Kurt Keilhacker And Gerald A. Dorfman: Scrapping The Pound currency unit (ECU), essentially a noncirculated proxy currency made from a basketof other European currencies. Until 1990, Britain charted its own path with http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/publications/digest/024/keilhacker.html

Hoover Home About Hoover Research Publications ... Involvement BRITAIN: Scrapping the Pound Kurt Keilhacker and Gerald A. Dorfman A referendum on the euro is likely within a year. Is the pound sterling doomed? Kurt Keilhacker is managing director of TechFund Capital. Gerald A. Dorfman is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution. Illustration by Taylor Jones for the Hoover Digest B ritain is beginning a national debate over abandoning its beloved currency, the pound sterling, in favor of the new euro that began circulating in 12 European countries in January. There is speculation that Britain will hold a national referendum on the issue sometime in 2003. Public opinion polls have long reported that a majority of the British electorate is against the euro. The two dominating figures of British politics, Prime Minister Tony Blair and Chancellor of the Exchequer Gordon Brown, are Europhiles who would like to find a way to adopt the euro for a variety of political and personal reasons. Yet they are even more interested in avoiding political damage. How they are dealing with the question of the pound versus the euro makes a fascinating story. A Half-Century of Indecision By the 1960s, public opinion had shifted for the first time toward joining the EC because it seemed that membership might help the beleaguered British economy. However, French president Charles de Gaulle vetoed the application, remembering Britain’s earlier reluctance and fearing that British influence might challenge France’s position of leadership in the EC.

30. The Yam Pounder | Design Is... | Metropolis Magazine was no surprise to Nigerian women, who were used to Nigerianmade products of theyam pounder altogether, having run out of all of its foreign currency. http://www.metropolismag.com/html/designis/ogan_92-93.html

By Amma Ogan Design Is... We are now witnessing the rise of a class distinction in design. Every object is trying to be upmarket. There is no respect for objects that are inexpensive. Tibor Kalman 10.89 Small mortars are used to mash vegetables, condiments, and spices like pepper or soup thickeners such as melon seeds. These rich soups, chockablock with vegetables, smoked fish, fresh meat, and sun-dried crayfish, cannot stand as a meal unless accompanied by a fufu , which the British colonizers in their befuddlement described as a "stiff porridge." Fufu can be made from a variety of grains and tubers, rice, cassava, or millet, but the king of them allwhat most Nigerians would describe as the food of the godsis fufu made from the yam. Soft, smooth, and white, good fufu has a consistency that is nothing like porridge, but draws just slightly. The drawing action is importantit means the yam has been well pounded. Nigerian fufu is eaten with the hands, not a knife and fork. You pull a morsel from the mound of pounded yam, roll it between the fingers into a bail, dip this into the soupextracting as much meat or fish as you desire along with itand pop it into your mouth. The preparation of meals is a major preoccupation in Nigerian households, in part because Nigerian food should be eaten as soon as it is done. Preparation

31. MSNBC - Error 404 2 reserve currency. In the first three years of its life, the euro never reachedthe 13% of global reserves made up by the Deutschemark and other former euro http://famulus.msnbc.com/famulusgen/businessweek02-13-040001a.asp?t=BWCOM

32. Selling Out To The Euro choices made several years ago in drawing up the Maastricht Treaty, in particularthe provisions regarding transition to the single currency and its subsequent http://mondediplo.com/1999/01/11euro

January 1999 Contents Towards a new century War without end in Iraq Why Saddam won't back down ... Pandora's box would you like to read more? subscribe now search the site: to receive our free monthly summaries, please fill in your e-mail address NEW CURRENCY, MORE AUSTERITY Selling out to the euro On 1 January 1999, the euro formally replaced the national currencies of 11 European countries. For a time it seemed that Europe's governments might use monetary union to co-ordinate a programme for growth and job creation. Instead they handed control of the economy to the new central bank, depriving voters of a say in how Europe's economy is run. by LAURENT CARROUÉ * The launch of the euro (1) was preceded by a huge campaign to promote it. This initially concentrated mainly on the technical aspects of the currency change, though in the past two months there has been a heated debate over interest rates. This has served to distract people from the political and social issues that are crucial for Europe's future. The election of social-democratic governments in Italy, Britain, France and Germany has significantly altered the balance of political forces within the European Union: 11 of the European Union's 15 governments are broadly speaking of the left. At first sight, things have never been more favourable for redirecting the EU building process towards more social objectives. We have seen a rejection of the liberal politics of the past decade, and their corollaries: austerity, social exclusion, precarious employment and mass unemployment. The extraordinary meeting of the Council of Europe in Luxembourg in November 1997, when the world financial crisis was in full spate (2), already signalled a sea-change in being exclusively devoted to employment.

33. Digital Cash, Digital Money -- Money And Currency In The 21st Century 1997 article that discusses what electronic money is, its history, and other issues.Category Home Personal Finance Money Management Electronic Cash...... Today's Fedwire funds transfer service traces its roots back to around the same time,so electronic currency has been Payments made today in nearly all of the http://www.goldmoney.com/futuremoney.html

Money and Currency in the 21st Century by Geoffrey Turk July 1997 Table of Contents Introduction What Is Electronic Money? The History of Electronic Money Requirements for Digital Currency ... The Inevitability of Private Currencies "Money in the 21st century will surely prove to be as different from the money of the current century as our money is from that of the previous century. Just as fiat money replaced specie-backed paper currencies, electronically initiated debits and credits will become the dominant payment modes, creating the potential for private money to compete with government-issued currencies." — Jerry L. Jordan , President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Introduction Hardly a day goes by without some mention in the financial press of new developments in "electronic money". In the emerging field of electronic commerce, novel buzzwords like smartcards, online banking, digital cash, and electronic checks are being used to discuss money. But what are these brand-new forms of payment? Who will use them? And most importantly, which of the emerging electronic money technologies will survive into the next century? Tough questions, and no easy answers, but I will attempt to answer them nonetheless. And in the process, I will make some predictions about the future of money and currency.

34. IMF Articles: Quotas And Subscriptions The payment shall be made in the member's currency and in such that in exceptionalcircumstances the Fund may reduce its holdings of the currency below the http://www.fifoost.org/allgemein/divers/imf/node5.php

Home Newsletter Database Sitemap ... Search Countries Albania Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus ... Uzbekistan New Content Bulgaria: EU Accession Report 2002 Estonia: Tax Treaty between Austria and Estonia Ukraine: Tax Treaty Austria Bulgaria: BFIA - Business Guide 04/2002 Slovenia: Tax Treaty Austria Kyrgyz Republic: Tax Treaty Austria Czech: Austria Tax Treaty Czech: US Tax Treaty Article III Quotas and Subscriptions Section l. Quotas and payment of subscriptions Each member shall be assigned a quota expressed in special drawing rights. The quotas of the members represented at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference which accept membership before December 31, 1945 shall be those set forth in Schedule A. The quotas of other members shall be determined by the Board of Governors. The subscription of each member shall be equal to its quota and shall be paid in full to the Fund at the appropriate depository. Section 2. Adjustment of quotas (a) The Board of Governors shall at intervals of not more than five years conduct a general review, and if it deems it appropriate propose an adjustment, of the quotas of the members. It may also, if it thinks fit, consider at any other time the adjustment of any particular quota at the request of the member concerned. (b) The Fund may at any time propose an increase in the quotas of those members of the Fund that were members on August 31, 1975 in proportion to their quotas on that date in a cumulative amount not in excess of amounts transferred under Article V, Section 12(f)(i) and (j) from the Special Disbursement Account to the General Resources Account.

35. Conference On Plant-Made Pharmaceuticals mail and coffee maker, and its revolving rooftop of the 2003 Conference on PlantMadePharmaceuticals in currency Exchange Legal tender is the Canadian dollar http://www.cpmp2003.org/pages/en/gettingthere/gettingthere.html

Conference Venue Hotel Information Preferred conference rates are CDN $ 139.- for a hotel room (one or two persons) CDN $ 20.- for each additional person CDN $ 275.- for a suite Reservations may be made by : Fax : Fill out the Reservation Card (pdf) and return it by fax to 418-647-4710. Phone : 1-800-463-5256 (toll-free) or 418-647-2222 E-mail : loewsleconcordeinfo@loewshotels.com When reserving your room by phone or e-mail, please mention that you will be attending the Conference on Plant-Made Pharmaceuticals Deadline for hotel reservations at the preferred conference rate is January 16, 2003

36. Publications combination, but selection of the desired coverages must be made by aninvestor MIGApays compensation from the Trust Fund in the currency of its Contract of http://www.miga.org/screens/pubs/guides/eurunion.htm

European Union Investment Guarantee Trust Fund for Bosnia and Herzegovina Sponsor: The European Union Administrator: Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency INTRODUCTION The European Union Investment Guarantee Trust Fund (the Trust Fund) is established with the sole purpose of encouraging the flow of foreign direct investments to Bosnia and Herzegovina. It seeks to achieve this mandate by providing eligible foreign investors guarantees against major political risk concerns associated with investing in the country. The Trust Fund, totaling 10 MECU , was created at the initiative of the European Commission in response to the demand expressed by the private sector. The Trust Fund is administered by the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). ADMINISTRATOR OF THE TRUST FUND: MIGA MIGA was established on April 12, 1988, as a member of the World Bank Group. Its purpose is to encourage foreign investment in developing countries by providing: Guarantees (i.e., political risk insurance) to foreign private investors against the risks of transfer restriction, expropriation, war and civil disturbance, and breach of contract in the host country; and

37. Publications of the desired coverages must be made by an investor before MIGA issues its guarantee. aninvestor's inability to convert local currency (capital, interest http://www.miga.org/screens/pubs/guides/invest.htm

Investment Guarantee Guide INTRODUCTION The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) was established on April 12, 1988, as a member of the World Bank Group. Its purpose is to encourage foreign direct investment in developing countries by providing: Investment guarantees (i.e., insurance) to investors against the political risks of transfer restriction, expropriation, breach of contract, and war and civil disturbance in the host country; and Technical assistance to host governments on means to enhance their ability to attract foreign direct investment. OWNERSHIP OF MIGA MIGA is a multilateral development agency created with an initial authorized capital of US$1.08 billion. MIGA's membership includes some 150 countries that have subscribed to about 99.8 percent of this authorized capital; another 17 countries are in the process of fulfilling membership requirements. (A list of MIGA member countries is available upon request.) GUARANTEE PROGRAM The guarantee program is designed to encourage the flow of foreign private investment to developing member countries by mitigating political risks associated with a project. Beyond its investment guarantees, MIGA's participation in a project enhances confidence that the investor's rights will be respected, an advantage inherent in the Agency's organization as a voluntary association of developing and developed countries.

38. Wallets Travel Catalog It's large enough to hold a passport, travelers' checks, currency, and hotel roomkey in its zippered compartment (8 x 5 ; 1 oz) made in the USA. MORE http://travel.office1000.com/catalog/wallets.html

Travel Catalog Wallets Redbuzz Luggage Duffel Bags Laminated Maps ... Knitted Travel Purse The Knitted Travel Purse by Arcopédico is flat, compact, and amazingly versatile. Large enough to carry all the essentials, it has a zippered interior compartment with zippered security pocket, a fold-over flap, and a long shoulder strap that can be easily knotted to adjust to any length. Made of Black 100% Nylon knit. Spot-clean. (8 1/2 x 7 1/4"; 8 oz) MORE... Book Bags and Backpacks travel catalog Baggallini Wallet Bagg - Large With loads of organization, and the durable good looks of black microfiber and pewter-finished trim, the new larger Baggallini Wallet Bagg has an eyeglass/cell phone pocket and an open pocket on the front, six pockets inside (three zippered), four credit card slots. Carried vertically or horizontally with its adjustable shoulder strap, or attached to your belt with its rear belt loops, the Wallet Bagg is truly the ultimate in compact organization! (9 1/2 x 7 1/2 x 1 1/2"; 11 oz) MORE...

39. Security Travel Catalog made of 2inch wide nylon web, its three-dial as close as a tug on its adjustablecord. lots of compartments for travelers' checks, currency, passports, credit http://travel.office1000.com/catalog/security.html

Travel Catalog Security Redbuzz Luggage Duffel Bags Laminated Maps ... KeyCard Luggage Locks The KeyCard Luggage Lock works like a hotel room keycard. No dials, no keyholes, no apparent way to open it. Only you will know the secret; just slip the card into the bottom of the lock to open. Eliminates the need to carry tiny keys or memorize a combination. Includes two keycards small enough to fit on a key chain or in a wallet. Two locks per order. (7/8" wide x 2 3/8" to top of shackle; 2 oz/pr) MORE... Security travel catalog Eagle Creek Clip-On Travel Strap Keep your hands free and your bag secure with this padded strap from Eagle Creek. 1 1/2" wide black nylon web with covered foam pad. Lifetime guarantee! MORE... Miscellaneous travel catalog Leather Security Fanny Pack (Regular) This gorgeous black leather waist pack is worth every bit of the price for its silky, drum-dyed leather and its spare-no-cost construction. A continuous strand of thin stainless steel cable runs inside the length of its strap and through the back of the bag to stop any would-be thief bent on slicing through your waist strap and racing off with your. Has two spacious zippered compartments plus a third extra secure zippered compartment inside. (9 1/2 x 5 x 3"; 8 oz) MORE...

40. Travelers To Order Currencies Online is going to team with Dallasbased Travel currency Inc. of Cook or Chase, using FedExas its courier and Of the $1.6-trillion in purchases made on Visa, says http://www.oanda.com/site/oanda/globeandmail-08032001.shtml

home US . USD Australia . AUD Austria . ATS Belgium . BEF UK . GBP Canada . CAD Euro . EUR France . FRF Germany . DEM Hong Kong . HKD Indonesia . IDR Italy . ITL Japan . JPY Singapore . SGD Spain . ESP Sweden . SEK Switzerland . CHF Thailand . THB US . USD Australia . AUD Austria . ATS Belgium . BEF UK . GBP Canada . CAD Euro . EUR France . FRF Germany . DEM Hong Kong . HKD Indonesia . IDR Italy . ITL Japan . JPY Singapore . SGD Spain . ESP Sweden . SEK Switzerland . CHF Thailand . THB Full Currency Converter Get Currency Information For your Site. Products Currency Tools FXConverter FXCheatSheet FXPense FXDaily ... FXMail Currency Delivery FXDelivery Currency Localization Customizable Tools FXP FXCommerce FXBrowser Currency for Investors OANDA FXTrade FXAnalysis FXTrends FXMap ... FXGraph Currency Community FXNews FXMessage FXPilot FXWAP Need some yen in a hurry? Try the Web. New services to let travellers order foreign currencies on-line for overnight delivery SALEM ALATON Special to The Globe and Mail Thursday, March 8, 2001

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