21. III - Earthquakes: Risk And Insurance Issues In January, 1994 the Northridge earthquake, a magnitude 6.8 quake (see sectionon earthquake measurement), struck Southern California, causing an estimated http://www.iii.org/media/hottopics/insurance/earthquake/

Earthquakes: Risk and Insurance Issues THE TOPIC MAY 2002 An earthquake is a sudden and rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the earth’s surface. This shaking can sometimes trigger landslides, avalanches, flash floods, fires, and tsunamis. Unlike other natural disasters such as hurricanes, there are no specific seasons for earthquakes. In the United States about 5,000 quakes can be felt each year. Since 1900, earthquakes have occurred in 39 states and caused damage in all 50. One of the worst catastrophes in U.S. history, the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906, caused direct quake losses of about $24 million and fire losses of about $500 million, according to the National Geophysical Data Center. That would be almost $10 billion in 2000 dollars. The Northridge earthquake, which struck Southern California on January 17, 1994, was the most costly quake in U.S. history, causing an estimated $20 billion in total property damage including $12.5 billion in insured losses. KEY FACTS Earthquakes in the United States are not covered under standard homeowners or business insurance policies. Coverage is usually available for earthquake damage in the form of an endorsement to a home or business insurance policy. Cars and other vehicles are covered for earthquake damage under the

22. ISTAT Earth Science: Earthquakes: Measuring Earthquakes ....... Science Probe Text Science Probe II, Chapter 13, Section 13.1 contains informationabout earthquake measurement. Activity, Access, http://www.seismo.berkeley.edu/seismo/istat/9th/eq_measure.html

Earthquakes Earthquakes and Faults Seismic Waves Seismic Safety Main Topics ... ISTAT Home How seismologists "measure" earthquakes: location, magnitude, intensity, ground motion. Effects and potential effects of earthquakes on land, water, and structures: surface rupture, landslides, tsunamis, liquefaction, fires, building collapse. Standards SFUSD Performance Standard 17.5 - Using the distance and timing between S and P waves to determine the epicenter of an earthquake; discussing the relationship between logarithms and the Richter scale. Science Probe Text Science Probe II, Chapter 13, Section 13.1 contains information about earthquake measurement. Activity Access Description Science Probe II: Activity 13D Locating an Earthquake Epicenter Students will learn how seismologists identify epicenter locations on a map. They practice reading seismograms. Activity Access Description Virtual Earthquake Cal State LA One of Cal State LA's Geology On-line labs. A truly interactive on-line exercise for the concepts of locating an earthquake and determining its magnitude. Participants who complete the activity are given a "Virtual Seismologist" award. Earthquake Effects USGS Teacher's guide with computer animations and a paper model. This activity illustrates such effects as the collapse of buildings, fires, and the triggering of tsunamis.

23. 19 Lets Get Visual2 One fortyfive minutes session. Key Vocabulary. magnitude scale. Richter. moment.modified Mercalli. Procedure 1. Discuss various scales of earthquake measurement. http://www.seetc.org/teachers/lessonplans/platetec/html/19_lets_get_visual2.html

24. Newspaper Articles For 1975 Yellowstone National Park Earthquake were recorded at 105 pm and 122 pm An earthquake measurement device at the Universityof Utah measured the intensity at 5.5 to 6 on the Richter Scale. http://www.seis.utah.edu/lqthreat/nehrp_htm/1975yell/n1975ye1.shtml

QUAKE JOLTS YELLOWSTONE WEST YELLOWSTONE, Mont. (AP) Yellowstone National Park absorbed without damage or harm to humans on Monday the most severe earthquake since a killer quake of 1959. The 1959 earthquake killed 19 persons and dammed the Madison River into a new body of water now called Quake Lake. The 1959 tragedy measured 7.1 on the Richter Scale while the National Earthquake Information Center of Golden, Colo., put the strength of Monday's quake at 6.0. The focal points of earth movement, called epicenters, of the two earthquakes were in the same general area, a portion of southern Montana just to the northwest of Yellowstone's border. Acting Yellowstone Supt. Robert Haraden said crews worked Monday night to clear one park road that was closed when the earthquake shook down boulders in the fragile beauty of the country between Norris and Madison Junction. Haraden said all Yellowstone campgrounds and facilities remained open. Earth movement is constant at Yellowstone. Haraden noted that a small seismograph stationed at the visitor center near the Old Faithful geyser has recorded more than 2,000 earth movements so far this year. Most are so tiny that humans cannot feel them but Monday's earthquake rumbled with a force that shook buildings and rattled windows 200 miles away. Citizens in Great Falls and Billings reported feeling the earthquake.

25. Earthquakes Theme Page their own TV News Shows, grade 49 students learn about the history of earthquakes,the formation of continents, and earthquake measurement and prediction. http://www.cln.org/themes/earthquakes.html

Earthquakes Theme Page Below are the CLN "Theme Pages" which may supplement the study of earthquakes. CLN's theme pages are collections of useful Internet educational resources within a narrow curricular topic and contain links to two types of information. Students and teachers will find curricular resources (information, content...) to help them learn about this topic. In addition, there are links to instructional materials (lesson plans) which will help teachers provide instruction in this theme. Natural Disasters Avalanches Theme Page Blizzards Theme Page Floods Theme Page Hurricanes Theme Page ... Volcanoes Theme Page General Earthquake Resources This "Theme Page" has links to two types of resources related to the study of earthquakes. Students and teachers will find curricular resources (information, content...) to help them learn about this topic. In addition, there are also links to instructional materials (lesson plans) which will help teachers provide instruction in this theme. Please read our [The] ABC's of Plate Tectonics "A broad analysis of the basic principles that should apply to the movements of plates, some new hypotheses about how they apply to convection and landform formation, and some expected scenarios for differing tectonic events."

26. 10(m) Earthquakes earthquake measurement. When an earthquake occurs this device converts thewave energy into a standard unit of measurement like the Richter scale. http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/10m.html

10) Introduction to Geology (m) Earthquakes Introduction An earthquake is a sudden vibration or trembling in the Earth. More than 150,000 tremors strong enough to be felt by humans occur each year worldwide. Earthquake motion is caused by the quick release of stored potential energy into the kinetic energy of motion. Most earthquakes are produced along faults tectonic plate boundary zones , or along the mid-oceanic ridges Figures 10m-1 and ). At these areas, large masses of rock that are moving past each other can become locked due to friction . Friction is overcome when the accumulating stress has enough force to cause a sudden slippage of the rock masses. The magnitude of the shock wave released into the surrounding rocks is controlled by the quantity of stress built up because of friction, the distance the rock moved when the slippage occurred, and ability of the rock to transmit the energy contained in the seismic waves . The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 involved a 6 meter horizontal displacement of bedrock. Sometime after the main shock wave

27. Ewing, Sir James Alfred. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 His works include Treatise on earthquake measurement (1883), The Strengthof Materials (1899), and Thermodynamics for Engineers (1920). 1. http://www.bartleby.com/65/ew/Ewing-Si.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Ewing, Sir James Alfred

28. Science IMPACT - Supplemental Teaching Authorization - earthquake waves. earthquake measurement Magnitude scales and techniquesfor epicenter location are discussed. Modular Question http://www.csupomona.edu/~sci/impact/sapages/earthquakes.htm

29. EASEMENT Roy. Soc., 1906, 77, p. 365; JA ewing, Memoir on earthquake measurement (Tokyo,1883); CE Dutton, Earthquakes in the Light of the New Seismology (London, 1904 http://48.1911encyclopedia.org/E/EA/EASEMENT.htm

document.write(""); EASEMENT explained by reference to the traces yielded by seismometers. Perhaps the greatest triumph in seismological investigation has been the determination of the varying rates at which motion is propagated through the world. These measurements have already thrown new light upon its effective rigidity, and if we assume that the density of the earth increases uniformly from its surface towards its centre, so that its mean density is 5.5, then, according to Knott, the coefficient of elasticity which governs the transmission of preliminary tremors of an earthquake increases at a rate of nearly 1.2% per mile of descent. (J. MI.) giographie siismologique (Paris, 1906), La Science seismologique (1907); Transactions of the Seismological Society of Japan; Seismological Journal (Yokohama); Bollettino delta Societh Sismologica Italiana (Rome); Reports of the British Association, containing the annual reports of the Committee for Seismological Investigations; papers in the Beitrage zur Geophysik and the Erganzungsbande. EARTH-STAR (Geaster), in botany, a kind of puff-ball, with a distinct outer coat which, on separating from the inner, splits

30. Dg.o - The Home Of The NSF's Digital Government Program Although the inkon-paper recorder rolls that track ground movement are stillassociated with earthquake measurement, the scientists who time and analyze http://www.diggov.org/archive/library/html/fcw_earthquake_website_060500.jsp

31. BSSA, Volume 89:1 Analysis of Earthquake Recordings Obtained from the Seafloor earthquake measurementSystem (SEMS) Instruments Deployed off the Coast of Southern California http://www.seismosoc.org/publications/BSSA_html/bssa_89-1/ssa_toc_89-1.htm

Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America Volume 89 - Number 1 - February 1999 Contents Deaggregation of Probabilistic Ground Motions in the Central and Eastern United States Stephen Harmsen, David Perkins, and Arthur Frankel Seismic Coupling of Interface Modes in Sedimentary Basins: A Recipe for Disaster Spatial Distribution of High-Frequency Energy Radiation on the Fault of the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu, Japan, Earthquake ( M w ... 6.9) on the Basis of the Seismogram Envelope Inversion Hisashi Nakahara, Haruo Sato, Masakazu Ohtake, and Takeshi Nishimura A Semi-empirical Method for Simulating Strong Ground Motions Based on Variable-Slip Rupture Models for Large Earthquakes Kazuo Dan and Toshiaki Sato 3D Elastic Finite-Difference Modeling of Seismic Motion Using Staggered Grids with Nonuniform Spacing Arben Pitarka 3D Displacement Finite Differences and a Combined Memory Optimization Beginning of Earthquakes Modeled with the Griffith's Fracture Criterion Tamao Sato and Hiroo Kanamori Defining Seismogenic Sources from Historical Earthquake Felt Reports Paolo Gasperini, Filippo Bernardini, Gianluca Valensise, and Enzo Boschi An Alternative Method for a Reliable Estimation of Seismicity with an Application in Greece and the Surrounding Area C. Papazachos

32. Lecture-template Damaging Effects of Earthquakes. earthquake measurement magnitude andintensity Richter Magnitude scale Magnitude (09.9 open ended scale) http://www.salemstate.edu/~lhanson/gls100/gls100_earthqks.html

Earthquakes Assignments: Text: Essentials of Geology Read Chapters 15 Earthquake exercise (Not Assigned this semester) Online Lab: Virtual Earthquake Introductory concepts: Rocks deform when stressed (when force is applied) Deformation= Strain (change in shape or volume) Ways in which materials deform elastic (recoverable): no direct evidence plastic (flow): produces folds in rocks brittle (rupture): produces joints and faults Factors governing deformation Heat Pressure Rate at which stress is applied Strength of material Generation of earthquakes Earthquakes occur along faults : major breaks in the crust along which movement occurs and where stress tends to accumulate Elastic rebound theory : Accumulated strain energy is suddenly released upon rupture Energy travels as seismic waves Body waves S-wave (shear, secondary): travels only through solids P-wave (push-pull, primary): travels through liquids and solids Surface waves (L waves) Rayleigh wave orbital wave responsible for vertical acceleration Love wave causes lateral shaking Locating and mapping earthquakes Focus/Hypocenter (shallow, intermediate, deep): the point of initial rupture

33. Endangered Earth: Introduction To Environmental Geology Slide 6 Associated Figure(s) – None. earthquake measurement. MODIFIEDMERCALLI INTENSITY SCALE (IXII). earthquake measurement. Richter Magnitude. http://www.uky.edu/AS/Geology/kenner/classes/gly110_f02/lectures/lecture5.htm

GLY 110: Endangered Earth: Introduction to Environmental Geology Department of Geological Sciences, University of Kentucky Lecture #5: Earthquakes II Associated Reading: Chapter 4, p. 101-131, Pipkin and Trent Text Only, Figures Not Included Slide #1: Associated Figure(s ) – Photograph of ground displacement during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake Endangered Earth: Introduction to Environmental Geology GLY 110, Sections 1-6 Fall 2002 Slide #2: Associated Figure(s) – None Announcements This Friday’s recitation (09/20/2002) will be held in Funkhouser 200 so we can show a video. Report directly to Funkhouser 200 at the beginning of class. Exam #1 will be on Friday, 09/27/2002) - The exam will be given in Funkhouser 200. Report directly to Funkhouser 200 at the beginning of class. Slide #3: Associated Figure(s) – Fig. 8.4: Bolt, 1999 (similar to Fig. 4.33: Pipkin and Trent) Seismic Waves II Wave Velocities P-waves are fastest (arrive first) S-waves are next (arrive second) Surface waves are slowest (arrive last) Slide #4: Associated Figure(s) – Locating and Earthquake I Recall that P-waves travel faster than S-waves The time difference between the P- and S-wave arrivals can be used to determine the distance to the earthquake epicenter Similar to using the time between a lighting flash and thunder clap to determine distance to a thunderstorm Slide #5: Associated Figure(s) – Locating and Earthquake II Triangulation Convert S-P travel time different to distance For each seismographic station draw a circle, centered at the station, with radius equal to the calculated distance

34. Arit Newsletter It will cost about $100,000.00 to retrofit the building and make it earthquakeproofup to 9 Bals (Old Soviet system earthquake measurement). http://www.bafa.org/aritnewsletter_20000101.htm

Organization Programs Volume VII, Number 1, 2000 Executive Director's Corner Bay Area Friends of Armenia just completed its seventh year helping the people of the Republic of Armenia in the areas of health, education and welfare. In this issue of ARIT, BAFA's Board of Directors presents a comprehensive account of how your donations have supported various welfare, medical and school projects. We thank you for continuing to be a true "Friend of Armenia." Included in this issue of ARIT is a report on a productive link that BAFA has established with the Armenian Social Investment Fund (ASIF). This partnership will finance the reconstruction/retrofitting of earthquake damaged Norashen Michnagarg School. This is a school which BAFA has supported during the past three years. The advantage of this new collaboration is that each dollar that BAFA raises will be matched by nine dollars from ASIF. This project will enable the Norashen children to get out of their ten year old decrepit, temporary building and back to their spacious three-story facility. In the medical area, BAFA continues to provide orthopedic surgical training. The next physician to receive practical experience in the US has been identified. Our primary mission is to prepare this individual so that he may, in turn, train other professionals upon his return to Armenia.

35. A Quick Tour Of Earthquake Magnitudes This earthquake measurement scale is most appropriate for earthquakes that occurat distances greater than 12 degrees (about 1300 kilometers since 1 degree http://www.wcatwc.gov/magnitude.htm

Have you ever wondered why there were two or three different magnitudes for the same earthquake? Earthquakes are measured in a number of different ways. One of those ways is to identify the size (energy released) of an earthquake in units of magnitude. There are different methods for getting a magnitude. There is a magnitude that is based on the body waves that travel deep within the earth’s interior. There is a method to calculate a earthquake’s magnitude from the seismic surface waves that travel along the surface layers of the earth. There is even a method that defines a magnitude based on how much of the earth “broke” during the earthquake. The most commonly used magnitudes are the Ml, Mb, MS and Mw types. The Ml or Local (“Richter”) Magnitude is based on the maximum amplitude (A) in micrometers recorded on standard short period (1 sec) seismometer. Ml = logA – logA0, Where A0 is a standard value as a function of distance. This magnitude is good for earthquakes less than 1000 kilometers from the instrument measuring the earthquake. It is valid for earthquakes less than 6 units of magnitude. The Mb or Body Wave Magnitude is based on the amplitude of the P body waves generated by the earthquake. This earthquake measurement scale is most appropriate for earthquakes that occur at distances greater than 12 degrees (about 1300 kilometers since 1 degree = 111 kilometers) from a seismometer. This scale is valid for magnitudes less than 6.5 units.

36. The Earth Where Why Earthquakes Occur. What Causes Earthquakes? earthquake measurement Prediction. How Do Scientists Measure Earthquakes? Famous Earthquakes. http://www.bestschools.org/seaman/projects/the_earth.htm

Earth Science Structure of the Earth The Earth's Interior NASA Photo Gallery:Earth The Shaping of the Continents Our Changing Earth - All About Plate Tectonics ... ThinkQuest: Plate Tectonic and Volcanoes Earthquakes Earthquakes! What Causes Earthquakes? How Do Scientists Measure Earthquakes? Famous Earthquakes ... HowStuff Works Weather Weather Bug Automated Weather Service Franklin's Forecast The Weather Dude ... Jericho Public Schools

37. California Earthquake-Measurement Field Sites California earthquakemeasurement Field Sites. This map of Californiashows the Stanford field sites as solid circles and some of http://www-star.stanford.edu/~acfs/Field_sitesMap.html

38. Geodynamics: Cascadia Subduction Zone measurement of Subduction Zone Deformation. Subductionthrust earthquakes or mega-earthquakes are known to be one stage of a subduction-thrust earthquake http://www.pgc.nrcan.gc.ca/geodyn/cascadia.htm

Earthquake Processes: Cascadia Subduction Zone Measurement of Subduction Zone Deformation Subduction-thrust earthquakes or mega-earthquakes are known to be one stage of a subduction-thrust Earthquake Cycle The techniques mentioned above are high-precision geodetic techniques which have been developed to the required accuracy only recently. Another method called Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) uses the most fundamental reference system available, extragalactic quasars. A version of this system is being developed in Canada in a co-operative venture involving a number of Canadian scientific agencies: Geodetic Survey of Canada, Institute for Space and Terrestrial Science (ISTS), National Research Council (NRC) and Geological Survey of Canada. A number of other ways of measuring crustal deformation are 1) repeated resurveying of old geodetic survey networks, 2) repeated resurveying of old levelling lines, 3) repeated resurveying of gravity networks, and 4) measurement of changes in mean sea level (MSL). All of the high-precision methods used in the study of crustal deformation are being carried out in co-operation with the Geodetic Survey of Canada, while MSL studies are enabled through the cooperation of the Canadian Hydrographic Survey. Using the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites, and a network of permanent GPS receivers, the relative motion of points on the earth's surface can be monitored at the level of a few millimetres per year. The arrows in this diagram show the measured annual rates and directions of motion of specific sites of the

39. Measurement Of Topographic Variation By Hyogo-Nanbu Earthquake With JERS 1STAR I ACRS 1995 Mapping from Space; measurement of Topographic variationby HyogoNanbu earthquake with JERS 1STAR Interferometry. http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1995/ts3/ts3002.shtml

Home Site Map Subscribe Newsletters Search The Site ... ACRS Sessions Plenary Session Forest / Vegetation Mapping Agriculture/Soil Mapping from Space ... Workshop on Spatial Information Processing Poster Sessions Poster Session 1 Poster Session 2 Poster Session 3 Poster Session 4 ACRS 1995 Mapping from Space Printer Friendly Format Page 1 of 2 Next Measurement of Topographic variation by Hyogo-Nanbu Earthquake with JERS 1STAR Interferometry Yuichi Maruyama, Hiroji Tsu Earthquake Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) Forefront Tower, Kachidoki 3-12-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN Tel. 03-3533-9380,fax. 03-3533-9383 1. Introduction The Hyogo-Nanbu Earthquake occurred on 17 January 1995 attacked the Kobe city and the Awaji island. More than 5,000 of human lives were lost under the collapsed houses and a fire. The fault activity was observed on the several points in the area after the occurrence. The fault displacements were measured in many places. The deformation of the topographic surface, however, was hardly measured on the surrounded area of the fault line. The purpose of this study is to know the availability of the interferometric SAR for the deformation of topographic surface, by the earthquake with JERS-1 SAR data. Because, it can be very useful information for the study of active geological structure. In addition, it is also possible to apply for the natural disaster focusing such as landslide, volcanic hazards, etc.

40. Measurement Of Topographic Variation By Hyogo-Nanbu Earthquake With JERS 1STAR I ACRS 1995 Mapping from Space; measurement of Topographic variation byHyogoNanbu earthquake with JERS 1STAR Interferometry. GISdevelopment http://www.gisdevelopment.net/aars/acrs/1995/ts3/ts3002pf.htm

Measurement of Topographic variation by Hyogo-Nanbu Earthquake with JERS 1STAR Interferometry Yuichi Maruyama, Hiroji Tsu Earthquake Remote Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC) Forefront Tower, Kachidoki 3-12-1, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, JAPAN Tel. 03-3533-9380,fax. 03-3533-9383 1. Introduction The Hyogo-Nanbu Earthquake occurred on 17 January 1995 attacked the Kobe city and the Awaji island. More than 5,000 of human lives were lost under the collapsed houses and a fire. The fault activity was observed on the several points in the area after the occurrence. The fault displacements were measured in many places. The deformation of the topographic surface, however, was hardly measured on the surrounded area of the fault line. The purpose of this study is to know the availability of the interferometric SAR for the deformation of topographic surface, by the earthquake with JERS-1 SAR data. Because, it can be very useful information for the study of active geological structure. In addition, it is also possible to apply for the natural disaster focusing such as landslide, volcanic hazards, etc. For this purpose the area studied is selected in the northern part of Awaji island (Figure1), where the Nojima fault, one of the active faults had moved to rise sever hazar.

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