41. Africa Overview left was filled by desert Berbers, an indigenous African people to the growing powerof the hausa states. Of all the peoples the Europeans tried to subdue, the http://www.adams.edu/academics/art_letters/hgp/civ/110/1africaoverview.html

Return to syllabus African Civilizations Africa south of the Sahara Africans south of the Sahara lived largely in nomadic, hunter-gatherer groups up until 200 BC. As a result, African populations were very sparse. There are several speculations as to why sub-Saharan Africans remained in hunting-gathering groups, but they are all guess-work. Perhaps the most reasonable explanations involve the abundance of resources and the protection that their isolation gave them from invasion and migration pressures. Still, early sub-Saharan Africans developed metallurgy at a very early stage, possibly even before other peoples. Around 1400 BC, East Africans began producing steel in carbon furnaces (steel was invented in the west in the eighteenth century). The Iron Age itself came very early to Africa, probably around the sixth century BC, in Ethiopia, the Great Lakes region, Tanzania, and Nigeria. Iron technology, however, only spread slowly across Africa; it wasn't until the first century AD that the smelting of iron began to rapidly diffuse throughout the continent. The instrument of that spread was the Bantu migrations Urban settlement began at a very early date in Africa. The earliest urban settlements were stone-walled towns in southern Mauritania that date back to sometime in the second millennium BC. An explosion of urban settlement in the Sahel region immediately south of the Sahara began between 600 and 200 BC. The Sahel is a hot, dry savanna that can support human agriculture and settlement. The first urban settlements were Sahelian: Jenne, Gao, and Kumbi (later Kumbi Saleh, the capital of the kingdom of Ghana). All of these urban centers grew up in oasis and river regions which could support such large populations.

42. Africa: "Tribe" Background Paper, 2 While there are many indigenous Zambian words which and culturally distinct Hutu and Tutsi peoples. of Igbospeakers (16 million) and hausa-speakers (35 http://www.africaaction.org/docs97/eth9711.2.htm

Africa Policy Home Page Chronological Index (1997) Geographical Index (1997) Africa: "Tribe" Background Paper, 2 Date distributed (ymd): 971221 APIC Document APIC Background Paper 010 (November 1997) This series of background papers is part of a program of public education funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York and the Ford Foundation. The attractively produced typeset version of this background paper is available from APIC for $2 each ($1.60 each for 20 or more). Add 15% for postage and handling. Order in bulk for your class or study group, or to send to news media in response to stereotypical coverage of Africa. Talking about "Tribe": Moving from Stereotypes to Analysis November, 1997 (continued from part 1) Case in Point: Zambia Zambia is slightly larger than the U.S. state of Texas. The country has approximately 10 million inhabitants and a rich cultural diversity. English is Zambia's official language but it also boasts 73 different indigenous languages. While there are many indigenous Zambian words which translate into nation, people, clan, language, foreigner, village, or community, there are none that easily translate into "tribe." Sorting Zambians into a fixed number of "tribes" was a byproduct of British colonial rule over Northern Rhodesia (as Zambia was known prior to independence in 1964). The British also applied stereotypes to the different groups. Thus the Bemba, Ngoni and the Lozi were said to be "strong." The Bemba and the Ngoni were "warlike" although the Bemba were considered the much "finer race" because the Ngoni had intertwined with "inferior tribes and have been spoiled by civilization." The Lamba were labelled "lazy and indolent" and the Lunda considered to have "an inborn distaste for work in a regular way." These stereotypes in turn often determined access to jobs. The Lunda, for instance, were considered "good material from which to evolve good laborers."

43. Discount Travel: Niger Africa Cheap Vacation Packages, Cruises, Airfares, & Tour Religions Muslim 80%, remainder indigenous beliefs and Christians Languages French(official), hausa, Djerma Economy The Island of Gold (peoples of africa http://www.cheapvacations.com/places/nigerafrica.html

Niger Africa COUNTRY DESCRIPTION: Nigeria is a developing west African country that has experienced periods of political instability. Its internal infrastructure is neither fully functional nor well maintained. The inauguration of President Olusegun Obasanjo on May 29, 1999 marked the return of civilian rule after sixteen years of military governments. ENTRY/EXIT REQUIREMENTS: A passport and visa are required. The visa costs forty-five U.S. dollars and must be obtained in advance. Promises of entry into Nigeria without a visa are credible indicators of fraudulent commercial schemes in which the perpetrators seek to exploit the foreign traveler's illegal presence in Nigeria through threats of extortion or bodily harm. U.S. citizens cannot legally depart Nigeria unless they can prove, by presenting their entry visas, that they entered Nigeria legally. Entry information may be obtained at the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 2201 M Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20037, telephone (202) 822-1500, or at the Nigerian Consulate General in New York, telephone (212) 850-2200. Overseas inquiries may be made at the nearest Nigerian embassy or consulate. SAFETY AND SECURITY: Nigeria regularly experiences localized civil unrest and violence. The causes and locations vary. Locations where outbreaks of violence have occurred in the past year include the Lagos area, southwestern Nigeria, the oil-producing states in the Niger Delta region, and Anambra, Benue, Kaduna, and Kano states.

44. The Technological Dimension Of Africa's Crisis Of instance, evident in the evolution of indigenous science of peoples who were notedfor their early craftsmanship in the Wolof, Susu, the Kano hausa, the Yoruba http://www.aaps.co.zw/Publications/AIJP/Agbu.html

The Technological Dimension of Africa’s Crisis of Development: An Agenda for the 21 st century Introduction The South Centre , 1998:34). We strongly believe that the widely recognised technological weakness of Africa has assumed the dimensions of crisis, which is part of the total crisis that Africa is experiencing in this era. A corpus of literature exists on Africa's technological crisis and the related dimensions of the efficacy or otherwise of technology transfers as vehicles for technological and industrial growth as seen in the works by Adubifa (1990), Agbu (1992, 1995, 1997), Ake (1981), Eze (1986) and Masanjo (1991) amongst others. Opposing the view taken by the liberal economic approach, a significant number of South scholars believe that since the technology "gap" will most likely continue to exist, technology transfers bereft of fundamental changes in institutional and international regimes governing technology does not even begin to address the problem. Africa's crisis of technological development can very easily be appreciated from the fact that some forty countries in sub-Saharan Africa display common features of semi-subsistence peasant agriculture and very low levels of modern industry and infrastructure even in the twenty-first century. At the end of the 20th century, which witnessed unparalleled advances in the technological and scientific fields, poverty still burdened the lives of millions who live in Africa. Of the 174 countries indexed by the United Nation's Human Development Report, 18 of the bottom 20 were African scoring very low on literacy, life expectancy, schooling and per capita GDP but high on population growth (Mills and Mutscher, 1998:2).

45. CIESIN Information Cooperative - Organizational Guide - CIKARD - Activities And BURCIK (Burkina Faso), SARCIK (South africa), BRARCIK (Brazil of India, Yoruba,Kulere, and hausa of Nigeria The speakers are themselves indigenous peoples. http://www.ciesin.org/IC/cikard/CIKARDactprog.html

Activities and Programs Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development Acting as a Global Clearinghouse for Indigenous Knowledge Systems The documentation unit and library of the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) has so far collected, catalogued, and preserved more than 4,000 documents pertaining to indigenous knowledge systems from all over the globe. Most of the documents are unpublished 'gray literature' and are not available in libraries. A recent publication of the U.S. National Research Council (1992: 10), supporting this role of CIKARD, states that "Development agencies should place greater emphasis on, and assume a stronger role in, systematizing the local knowledge baseindigenous knowledge, 'gray literature,' anecdotal information. A vast heritage of knowledge about species, ecosystems, and their use exists, but it does not appear in the world literature, being either insufficiently "scientific" or not "developmental." Designing Training Manuals on Methodologies for Recording Indigenous Knowledge Systems A consortium of Iowa Institutions of Higher Education, representing three state universities and the state's largest community college, with their Nigerian counterpart institutes, has been awarded a Co-operative Agreement by USAID under the University Development Linkage Project (UDLP). The purpose of the UDLP is to strengthen institutional capacities for research and training in several key areas of development planning and management. CIKARD at Iowa State University is one of the member institutions in the consortium. The program objectives of the UDLP focus on eight principal areas of which indigenous knowledge systems is a central one. Workshops are currently being conducted in the eight institutions to gain an understanding of and an appreciation for the role of indigenous knowledge systems in agriculture, rural development, and natural resource management.

46. Ethnicity In Nigeria for the territorial claims of the indigenous peoples (38 The Ibo and hausaFulaniof Nigeria are each made and very indifferently, applied to peoples of Native http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/nigeria/ethnicity.html

Ethnicity in Nigeria Simon A. Rakov, Vassar College '92 (English 32, Fall 1990) The ethnicity of Nigeria is so varied that there is no definition of a Nigerian beyond that of someone who lives within the borders of the country (Ukpo, p. 19). The boundaries of the formerly English colony were drawn to serve commercial interests, largely without regard for the territorial claims of the indigenous peoples (38). As a result, about three hundred ethnic groups comprise the population of Nigeria (7), and the country's unity has been consistently under siege: eight attempts at secession threatened national unity between 1914 and 1977. The Biafran War was the last of the secessionist movements within this period (3). The concept of ethnicity requires definition. Ukpo calls an "ethnic group" a "group of people having a common language and cultural values" (10). These common factors are emphasized by frequent interaction between the people in the group. In Nigeria, the ethnic groups are occasionally fusions created by intermarriage, intermingling and/or assimilation. In such fusions, the groups of which they are composed maintain a limited individual identity. The groups are thus composed of smaller groups, but there is as much difference between even the small groups; as Chief Obafemi Awolowo put it, as much "as there is between Germans, English, Russians and Turks" (11). The count of three hundred ethnic groups cited above overwhelmingly enumerates ethnic minority groups, those which do not comprise a majority in the region in which they live. These groups usually do not have a political voice, nor do they have access to resources or the technology needed to develop and modernize economically. They therefore often consider themselves discriminated against, neglected, or oppressed. There are only three ethnic groups which have attained "ethnic majority" status in their respective regions: the Hausa-Fulani in the north, the

47. The Standards Site: African Roots: Where Did Most Black Americans Originate? affect cultural differences; to identify those indigenous peoples who were the useof 'factcards' about different indigenous groups, eg Ibo, hausa ask pupils http://www.standards.dfee.gov.uk/schemes2/secondary_history/his15/15q2?version=1

48. Ethnic Groups has a large centralized hausa community, usually of information about the peoplesof africa concerning Native, Aboriginal, and indigenous internet resources on http://web.uflib.ufl.edu/cm/africana/ethnicit.htm

African Ethnicities Please note that I have a separate page available on African languages A number of Web pages have been produced by members of indigenous minority and majority ethnic groups world-wide. Rather than primarily serving as academic, encyclopedic, or anthropological resources, they are often self-promotional, but several provide excellent information and rigorous documentation. This is a small collection of such pages produced primarily by Africans, along with some material produced by others. Most often, these African ethnic group home pages are a direct expression of individual members of the group, but in several cases represent an academic, official, or institutional point of view. If you are looking for an "objective" presentation, these links may not be the best sources for your work. Nevertheless, most have very good cultural, historical, and other background information, and many provide links to related sites that you may also find useful. Below the list, there is a collection of Other sites with information on African ethnic groups with different kinds of resources, for example, with a national, cultural anthropological, or linguistic focus. Finally, because this is an area that is not well represented on the web, a

49. 1Up Info > Sudan > The Muslim Peoples - Arabs | Sudanese Information Resource Of other peoples living in Darfur in the But the hausa themselves, particularly thoselong in and they occasionally competed with indigenous populations for http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/sudan/sudan49.html

You are here 1Up Info Sudan History People ... News Search 1Up Info Sudan Sudan The Muslim Peoples Arabs In the early 1990s, the largest single category among the Muslim peoples consisted of those speaking some form of Arabic. Excluded were a small number of Arabic speakers originating in Egypt and professing Coptic Christianity. In 1983 the people identified as Arabs constituted nearly 40 percent of the total Sudanese population and nearly 55 percent of the population of the northern provinces. In some of these provinces (Al Khartum, Ash Shamali, Al Awsat), they were overwhelmingly dominant. In others (Kurdufan, Darfur), they were less so but made up a majority. By 1990 Ash Sharqi State was probably largely Arab. It should be emphasized, however, that the acquisition of Arabic as a second language did not necessarily lead to the assumption of Arab identity. Despite common language, religion, and self-identification, Arabs did not constitute a cohesive group. They were highly differentiated in their modes of livelihood and ways of life. Besides the major distinction dividing Arabs into sedentary and nomadic, there was an old tradition that assigned them to tribes, each said to have a common ancestor. The two largest of the supratribal categories in the early 1990s were the Juhayna and the Jaali (or Jaalayin). The Juhayna category consisted of tribes considered nomadic, although many had become fully settled. The Jaali encompassed the riverine, sedentary peoples from Dunqulah to just north of Khartoum and members of this group who had moved elsewhere. Some of its groups had become sedentary only in the twentieth century. Sudanese saw the Jaali as primarily indigenous peoples who were gradually arabized. Sudanese thought the Juhayna were less mixed, although some Juhayna groups had become more diverse by absorbing indigenous peoples. The Baqqara, for example, who moved south and west and encountered the Negroid peoples of those areas were scarcely to be distinguished from them.

50. [Documents Menu] Documents Menu Date Mon, 27 Nov 1995 203628 such as the Yoruba and hausaFulani (an of scholarly associations focused on Africacan pool War and the constant warfare against indigenous peoples (to name http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/30/063.html

Documents menu Date: Mon, 27 Nov 1995 20:36:28 GMT-5 Organization: East Tennessee State University Subject: QUERY: Democracy in Africa Democracy in Africa A dialog on the H-Africa list 27 November 1995 Date: Mon, 27 Nov 1995 This article reinforced my awareness that traditional African societies had important democratic features, albeit not the representative democratic forms touted in Western cultures, but democratic nevertheless. I also am aware that colonialized and poverty stricten peoples in Asia have been able to find their way toward contemporary democratic governments. Furthermore, eastern European poeples have struggled through to democratic structures is spite of pressures from their former Soviet neighbor. Romania is an example of where this took place against a repressive dictatorship. My musings went deeper into the Nigerian situation. I am aware that the old Habe kingdoms were always subject to the tempering effects of their princes; Habe kings could not be tyrants, at least not until they began to come into possession of guns and other weapons. It was then that they became tyrannical, and it was then that they faced the challenged of the Fulani revolt. So why do Africans, in spite of traditional patterns of democracy and in spite of 30 to 35 years of independent rule, have so much difficulty? More importantly, what are the prospects that they will be able to do it in the near future?

51. UA Advertising/PR Undergraduate Information Development in nonwestern cultures (indigenous institutions) 12 selection of culturesand peoples will be hausa hausa is the largest natively spoken language http://www.apr.ua.edu/undergraduate/cultural.html

52. Expo Times the Kongors shapely isolated from the indigenous people, Liberia kingdoms like theAsante or hausa or Yoruba its protocol of free movement of peoples of West http://www.expotimes.net/issue001025/Liberia.htm

KEVIN McPHILLIPS TRAVEL The world's sole specialist in travel to and Sierra Leone CLICK HERE for more information GUARDSHIP LTD Money transfer and shipping CLICK HERE for details Shipping, forwarding Air sea freight Money transfer Tel: (020) 7231 9000 Fax: (020) 7231 5657 TransAfrica TEL/FAX: MOBILE CLICK HERE for details INDEPENDENT Sierra Leone, 25 Oct-7 November, 2000 Vol 6 No 17 EXPO TIMES Exposing today for tomorrow RETURN TO HOME PAGE INDEX OF BACK ISSUES ESSAY I s Liberia West Africa's evil empire? Kofi Akosah-Sarpong writes from Ottawa, Canada Liberia, the oldest republic in Africa, is roughly 153 years old. Roughly, the country shaped like human teeth, has been a top newsmaker in West Africa, becoming a den for anarchic vibration, money launderers and drug dealers, and other unAfrican, evil practices. Sierra Leone's Foday Sankoh is a product of the Liberian rebel 'university.' In the book: Criminalization of the State in Africa (1999) we read about the Liberian state increasingly criminalised by the NPFL government via drug trafficking and currency laundering, and where the game is crime is seen as moral despite international laws. Here evil pays, and it is the law. That's the machine for crime. Guinea's Ahmed Toure, elder son of the late President Sekou Toure, who is leading a guerrilla campaign against the President Lansana Conte government, is a graduate of the Liberian rebel school.

53. CSOC208.htm Studies WWW Virtual Library to indigenous Resources for Of particular interest arethe peoples links, which provides access to the Yoruba, hausa, and Ibo http://library.ups.edu/instruct/bachmann/csoc208.htm

Peoples of Africa Comparative Sociology 208 Dr. Karen Porter University of Puget Sound Collins Memorial Library Librarian Donna Bachmann Popular Press Sources via the Web Africa News provides fairly comprehensive to current news from and about Africa it links to reporting from more than 40 African news organizations. Search by topic, country, or region Channel Africa presents a collection of news items from Africa, compiled from shortwave,satellite, and Internet radio broadcasts by Channel Africa. Read, listen, and/or watch: Video, audio, and text files about music, sports, money markets, and news are available. To go directly to English language resources, click on Programmes in English . (RealPlayer is required for media files. If you don't have it, Download RealPlayer from Sun Microsystems.) Browse the list of all newspapers in Africa, or search by the following countries: Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Electronic Journals and Newspapers on Africa is a directory of links to electronic journals and newspapers about Africa on the Internet, arranged alphabetically and presented by the Department of African Studies at Columbia University. A short description of each journal and newspaper is included.

54. Global Advisor Newsletter -The Languages And Writing Systems Of Africa of ), English is the official language but, hausa, Yoruba, Ibo and a number of indigenouslanguages are Ewe in the south and Voltaicspeaking peoples in the http://www.intersolinc.com/newsletters/africa.htm

Global Advisor Newsletter Return to Newsletter Archives T he Languages and Writing Systems of Africa Country Language Script Algeria, Al Djazair, Algérie, (Democratic and Popular Republic of) Arabic, French and a Berber language. Arabic, Latin, Berber Angola, (Republic of) Portuguese is the official language, but a Bantu language is widely spoken. Latin, Bantu Benin, former kingdom, situated in present-day SW Nigeria French and Fon Latin, Fon Botswana, ( Republic of) English is the official language, but the population is mainly Tswana, who speak a Bantu language. Latin, Bantu Burkina Faso or Burkina, formerly Upper Volta French is the official language. Latin Burundi, Republic of Official languages are French and Kurundi (a Bantu language) Swahili is also spoken Latin, Bantu Cameroon (Cameroun) (Republic of) French and English are the official languages. Latin Central African Republic (Republique Centrafricaine) French is the official language, but Sango is the medium of communication among people who speak different languages. Latin Chad

55. The Standards Site: Black Peoples Of America From Slavery To Equality? different indigenous groups, eg Ibo, hausa ask pupils of pupils investigating differentindigenous African tribes promote or inhibit black peoples' freedom in http://www.standards.dfes.gov.uk/schemes2/secondary_history/his15/?view=activiti

56. BC3110:  Women And Religion In Africa And Diaspora Islam and systems of belief indigenous to africa. in africa and amongst africandescendedpeoples in the B. “Hajiya Ma’daki” A Royal hausa Woman” in http://www.barnard.columbia.edu/history/faculty/ejikeme/3110/3110x_2002.html

Course: Women and Religion in Africa and Diaspora Professor A. Ejikeme email: aejikeme@barnard.edu phone: x4-2055 Lehman 418A Pan-African Studies BC3110x Fall 2002 T 4:10-6:00 Course Requirements and Description In this course we will explore the ways in which women have been constituted by religions as well as religions which have been constituted by women in Africa and its Diaspora. Course Objectives To introduce students to the diversity of religious expressions in Africa and amongst African-descended peoples in the Americas. words commonly used, but which can be difficult to categorize. To examine the articulation between gender categories and religious beliefs/practices. Each student must present a 15-20 page research paper. Students are required to submit a paper proposal by October 15 Because this is a seminar and each student will be working on an independent research project, an important aspect of the course will be the sharing of information and ideas. Students will be asked to make two presentations on their works-in-progress, and then a major presentation on the draft/paper at the end of the semester.

57. Africana.com: Gateway To The Black World.Screen Name Service hausa, one of the two most common indigenous languages of are published, and the bodyof hausa literature is spoken by the Khoikhoi and San peoples of southern http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_162.htm

Seems like there's been some kind of error. The link that brought you here is malfunctioning. The content you wish to view may have moved to another area of the site or may no longer be available. Apologies for the inconvenience. Let's try again!

58. The MIA Curriculum Only indigenous African languages are eligible to count exception of courses in Arabic,hausa, Swahili, Wolof Anthropology G4328 African peoples in the World http://www.columbia.edu/cu/sipa/MIA/afr.html

McNeil became part of a small group of SIPA students who wanted to promote investment in Africa. “Today, development is much more about capital markets than it is about trade flows. Most people are not aware of the exponential growth of stock markets in Africa, especially South Africa. In the next few decades, I think infrastructure development based on new technologies is what is going to propel Africa forward. And I expect to be part of it.” Lawrence McNeil, Jr. Institute of African Studies Courses of Instruction and Research http://sipa.columbia.edu/ias 1103 International Affairs Tel: 212-854-4663 Director: Mahmood Mamdani F ounded in 1959, the Institute of African Studies has prepared generations of Africa practitioners for careers in development, diplomacy, business, governance, journalism, law and human rights, and academic research and teaching. It provides a special forum for students, faculty, and others interested in the multitude of issues facing the African continent. Programs A weekly brown bag lecture series features presentations by academicians, diplomats, journalists, activists, business leaders, and development practitioners. The monthly University Seminar on Africa invites distinguished scholars to present their research; the Diplomatic Forum attracts diplomats from around Africa to speak to faculty and students. In addition, a number of conferences and panel discussions draw specialists from around the world. Each spring, students affiliated with the Institute organize a conference on a theme of their own choosing.

59. African Studies - History And Cultures and continuing development of Uganda's indigenous art forms Dxeriku, Hambukushu, Wayeyi,and Xanekwe peoples. Paradise Visualizing Islam in West africa and the http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/cult.html

History and Cultures of Africa A B C D ... Sights and Sounds of a Continent (University of Wisconsin-Madison Libraries and African Studies Program, Madison, Wisconsin) Under construction: Downloadable images, sound files, and other materials on Africa. "This online collection ... contains digitized visual images and sounds of Africa contributed over the years to the African Studies Program of the University of Wisconsin-Madison." Africa Forum (H-Africa, H-Net Humanities and Social Sciences OnLine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.) The full text article reprinted from History in Africa. 22 (1995): 369-408. "History facing the present: an interview with Jan Vansina" (November 2001) and Reply by Jean-Luc Vellut "Photography and colonial vision," by Paul S. Landau (May 19, 1999, Dept. of History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut) Excerpt from "The visual image in Africa: an introduction" in Images and empires: visuality in colonial and post-colonial Africa, ed. by Paul S. Landau and Deborah Kaspin. H-Africa Africa Forum Home Page H-Africa Network Home Page Africa's 100 Best Books (Zimbabwe International Book Fair, Harare; via Columbia University)

60. Publications 12 Antimalarial plants used by hausa in northern and traditional medicine in AfricaAbayomi Sofowora. agenda by and for indigenous peoples contesting the http://users.ox.ac.uk/~gree0179/publications.htm

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