1. Frame Page For History Of Computers Profiles of hardware and software pioneers and a chronology of system architecture and manufacturers comprises the bulk of this resource. Online emulators of computers and computing systems. Miscellaneous. Women in (the) Computing History http://www.maxmon.com/history.htm

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2. History Of Computers HiTMilL's Directory, history of computers links, a compiled directory of specific topic links and general computer history links for students and researchers. IBM Vintage Personal Computers. Internet Explorer. The History of Internet Explorer http://www.hitmill.com/computers/computerhx1.html

hitmill.com/ Computers Main Page History of Computers History of Computers has moved. Please click below and go to http://www.hitmill.com/computers/computerhistory.asp" Updated -

3. Jones Encyclopedia Of Media & Technology Information: New Media, Media History, Personal Computers History and Development. Overview. Byte; September1995. Freed, Les; The history of computers; ZiffDavis Press; 1995. http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/pc_hd.html

Over 500 original articles, updated as companies and technologies change and new leaders emerge. New articles are published weekly from a variety of topics on the history, innovations, milestones, pioneers, and legal trends that shape the world of media, information technology, telecommunications, and broadband. Bluetooth Bluetooth is a short-range, wireless technology developed by Ericsson Inc., Intel Corp., Nokia Corp., IBM Corp. and Toshiba, which is used to interconnect electronic devices. A Bluetooth network can effectively replace physical cables or infrared connections to wirelessly integrate personal computers, wireless phones, printers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and a range of new and innovative applications. read entire article Biographies Media and IT industry innovators, pioneers, leaders and mavericks. Company Profiles History and analysis of the rise (and fall) of media and IT companies.

4. A History Of Computers Offers an array of information arranged by date including microprocessors, keyboards, the first computer Category Computers History References......350 Million Years BC The first tetrapods leave the oceans. 30,000 BC to 20,000 BCCarving notches into bones. 8500 BC Bone carved with prime numbers discovered. http://www.maxmon.com/timeline.htm

350 Million Years BC The first tetrapods leave the oceans 30,000 BC to 20,000 BC Carving notches into bones 8500 BC Bone carved with prime numbers discovered 1900 BC to 1800 BC The first place-value number system 1000 BC to 500 BC The invention of the abacus 383 BC to 322 BC Aristotle and the Tree of Porphyry 300 BC to 600 AD The first use of zero and negative numbers 1274 AD Ramon Lull's Ars Magna 1285 AD to 1349 AD William of Ockham's logical transformations 1434 AD The first self-striking water clock 1500 AD Leonardo da Vinci's mechanical calculator 1600 AD John Napier and Napier's Bones 1621 AD The invention of the slide rule 1625 AD Wilhelm Schickard's mechanical calculator 1640 AD Blaise Pascal's Arithmetic Machine 1658 AD Pascal creates a scandle 1670 AD Gottfried von Leibniz's Step Reckoner 1714 AD The first English typewriter patent 1726 AD Jonathan Swift writes Gulliver's Travels 1735 AD The Billiard cue is invented 1761 AD Leonhard Euler's geometric system for problems in class logic 1800 AD Jacquard's punched cards Circa 1800 AD Charles Stanhope invents the Stanhope Demonstrator 1822 AD Charles Babbage's Difference Engine 1829 AD Sir Charles Wheatstone invents the accordion 1829 AD The first American typewriter patent 1830 AD Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine 1834 AD Georg and Edward Scheutz's Difference Engine 1834 AD Tally sticks: The hidden dangers 1837 AD Samuel Morse invents the electric telegraph 1847 AD to 1854 AD George Boole invents Boolean Algebra 1857 AD Sir Charles Wheatstone uses paper tape to store data

5. History Of Computers HiTMilL's Directory, history of computers links, a compiled directory of specifictopic links and general computer history links for students and researchers. http://www.hitmill.com/computers/computerhistory.asp

hitmill.com/ Computers Main Page History of Computers Photograph of PDP-6 Computer Specific Topic List Futuristic Computers History of the Web, Beginning at CERN Computer Magazines, E-Zines ... General Computer History List From PC Magazine's Archives: PC Mag's Technical Excellence Awards: The People Behind the Products PC Magazine: December 2000, Breakthroughs Yet to Come 1988 Lifetime Achievement: Dennis Ritchie 1987 Lifetime Achievement: Douglas Engelbart ... 1985 Award to Mike Brown for Floppy Disk-copy software Specific Computer History Topics A B C D ... Z -A- ABACUS The Abacus (ee.ryerson.ca) The Abacus (Jim Loy) The Abacus: A History (Liz Young) Discover the Abacus (dircom.co.uk) The Abacus (Indian-River.k12.fl.us) The Abacus - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts (T.Hammond, truman.edu) The Abacus Great picture!(CyberKids) AIKEN, HOWARD HATHAWAY Howard Hathaway Aiken and the Mark I Howard Hathaway Aiken, Mathemetician Biography of Howard Hathaway Aiken by Hallie Jones ANALYTICAL ENGINE Analytical Engine/Babbage APPLE Apple Computer history ATANASOFF, JOHN VINCENT The John Vincent Atanasoff Virtual Archive Iowa State University Department of Computer Science, birthplace of the electronic digital computer.

6. The History Of Computers During My Lifetime Select events from a timeline spanning the 1970's to the 1990's. Subjects include the Commodore PET, Category Computers History References......The history of computers During My Lifetime. In this document I take a quicklook at the great moments in the history of computers during my lifetime. http://www.pattosoft.com.au/jason/Articles/HistoryOfComputers/

The History Of Computers During My Lifetime by Jason Patterson jason@pattosoft.com.au In this document I take a quick look at the great moments in the history of computers during my lifetime. Over time it should hopefully build up to become a fascinating look back into history. In fact it is already quite interesting, even though I'm still a youngster! PS: If you think I've missed something, or you find a mistake, please email me... PPS: All the prices are in US dollars. The 1970's From the world's first general purpose microprocessor to the Apple II, Commodore PET and TRS-80. UNIX, the C programming language, the VAX and the Cray 1 at the high end. The 1980's The Commodore 64, the IBM PC, the Apple Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga. Graphical user interfaces and the birth of multimedia. The Intel 80386. The C++ language. RISC architectures. The SPARCstation 1, the Silicon Graphics IRIS, and the NeXT. The 1990's Microsoft Windows 3. Virtual Reality. The Alpha, the PowerPC and the Pentium. The PowerMacintosh. The Internet and the World Wide Web. OS/2 Warp. Windows '95. Toy Story. Help Wanted...

7. The History Of Computers During My Lifetime - The 1980's The history of computers During My Lifetime The 1980's. http://www.pattosoft.com.au/jason/Articles/HistoryOfComputers/1980s.html

The History Of Computers During My Lifetime - The 1980's by Jason Patterson jason@pattosoft.com.au The Commodore VIC-20 Riding on the success of the PET, Commodore drove its engineers to make computers that anyone could afford. The 6502 based VIC-20, introduced in 1981, was the first color computer that cost under $300. It was also the first computer to sell one million units. VIC-20 production hit 9000 units per day - a rate that was absolutely phenomenal back then. While shortsighted critics kept asking what these machines were good for, Commodore was the first company to introduce millions of people to personal computing. The First Portable Computer - The Osborne 1 Adam Osborne sold Osborne Books to McGraw-Hill and started Osborne Computer. Its first product, the 24 pound Osborne 1 "portable", cost $1795. The Osborne 1 was easily identified by its tiny built-in screen. Osborne also started the practice of bundling software with the computer - the Osborne 1 came with nearly $1500 worth of programs! Unfortunately Osborne went bankrupt when it preannounced its next computer while still trying to sell the Osborne 1. The IBM PC In 1981, the landmark announcement of the IBM PC stunned the computing world. People had always thought of IBM as a high end mainframe player. Even the chairman of IBM is supposed to have looked at the original PC and said that it would never fly - that mainframes would dominate forever.

8. The Virtual Museum Of Computing A virtual museum that includes an eclectic collection of WWW hyperlinks connected with the history Category Recreation Collecting Computers...... Computer Science history of computers links from Study Web. history of computerscourse material from North Carolina State University, USA. http://vmoc.museophile.com/

Virtual Library Museums Computing Pioneers The Virtual Museum of Computing (VMoC) Now accessible as: vmoc.museophile.com This virtual museum includes an eclectic collection of World Wide Web (WWW) hyperlinks connected with the history of computing and on-line computer-based exhibits available both locally and around the world. This museum opened on st June 1995 The museum receives about 200 visitors each day. Please contact Jonathan Bowen if you know of relevant on-line information not included here. Mirror sites are available in Sweden and USA courtesy of ICOM , and also elsewhere , including the UK , if you experience poor access speed. Automatic redirection to a mirror site is available. Selected recent additions and events Roger Needham (1935-2003) died on 28 February 2003. Allan Bromley , who researched Charles Babbage 's drawings of the Difference Engine extensively in the London Science Museum archive, died in August 2002. This work led to the building of the Difference Engine No. 2 , now on display in the Science Museum Computing Gallery in London.

9. History Of Computing Information History of computing, with a focusing on the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, the world's Category Computers Hardware Historical...... History; The History of Modern Computing In General (Zuse, Bell, Aiken,Eckert); history of computers BAE 221 course notes. There's http://ftp.arl.mil/~mike/comphist/

History of Computing Information Information about the history of computing, assembled by Mike Muuss for your information and edification. Documents from the home of the ENIAC The U. S. Army Research Lab Online Documents "ENIAC: The Army-Sponsored Revolution" , by William T. Moye. An executive summary of the history of computing. A complete and concise presentation of the origins of the BRL and the ENIAC, with names, places, and dates. (4 pages) "My Life with the ENIAC - a Worm's Eye View" , as lived by Harry Reed. Plus "Firing Table Calculations on the ENIAC". The History of Computing at BRL , by Mike Muuss. A chronicle of processors, software, and networking at the U. S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratory, prior to the installation of the ENIAC through 1992. (18 pages) Photographs of Historic Computers The ENIAC Story , by Martin H. Weik. The world's first production electronic digital computer was developed by Army Ordnance to compute World War II ballistic firing tables. This is the story of that computer. (6 pages) Electronic Computers Within the Ordnance Corps , by Karl Kempf.

10. Sdc: Site {computer History} The author takes the user through a short tour of computer history including subjects such as advances Category Computers History References...... The history of computers starts out about 2000 years ago, at the birth of the abacus,a wooden rack holding two horizontal wires with beads strung on them. http://www.softlord.com/comp/

A Short History of the Computer (b.c. - 1993a.d.) by Jeremy Meyers I DO NOT HAVE ANY OTHER INFORMATION ON THIS TOPIC OTHER THAN WHAT IS ON THIS PAGE! PLEASE DO NOT E-MAIL ME REQUESTING MORE INFORMATION! Instead, check Yahoo Download this paper in PDF format Note: Yes, a lot of this is from Groliers Encyclopaedia. Hey, I was young. I didn't know any better. Credit where credit is due. Also, this information is only current as of the early 1990's (1993, to be exact), and no I'm not planning to add more information anytime soon. Citing This Work You are welcome to use this document as a reference in creating your own paper or research work on the subject. Please don't just copy this paper verbatim and submit it as your own work, as I put a lot of time and effort into it. Plus, it's bad karma. If you would like to use this work, please use this citation in your bibliography: Meyers, Jeremy, "A Short History of the Computer" [Online] Available <http://www.softlord.com/comp/> <Date you accessed this page> Table of Contents: In The Beginning...

11. The History Of Computers - Computer History Timeline A history of computers and the inventors involved with each computer invention milestone a timeline with detailed history features. The history of computers http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm?PM=ss12_inventors

12. The Role Of IBM In The History Of Computers By Mary Bellis This chapter in the History of Modern Computers finallybrings us to a name most of you will have heard of. IBM http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa070798.htm

zfp=-1 About Homework Help Inventors Search in this topic on About on the Web in Products Web Hosting Inventors with Mary Bellis Your Guide to one of hundreds of sites Home Articles Forums ... Help zmhp('style="color:#fff"') Subjects ESSENTIALS 20th Century Inventions History of Computers/Internet A to Z Inventions ... All articles on this topic Stay up-to-date! Subscribe to our newsletter. Advertising Free Credit Report Free Psychics Advertisement Inventors of the Modern Computer The History of International Business Machines and the IBM 701 EDPM Inventors of the Modern Computer Series Table of Contents Next Chapter John Backus and IBM - FORTRAN ENTER More on the History of IBM - IBM 701 Further Reading: Pictures of the IBM 701's tape drive, 701's electrostatic storage tubes used for memory, the IBM 704 and the 650 EDPM. More on the history of the largest computer company in the world - IBM. By Mary Bellis This chapter in the "History of Modern Computers" finally brings us to a name most of you will have heard of. IBM stands for I nternational B usiness M achines, the largest computer company in the world today. IBM is responsible for numerous inventions having to do with computers.

13. Untitled Charts the evolution of computers from ancient times to the present.Category Computers History...... However, many centuries elapsed before technology was sufficiently advanced to developcomputers. Let us now look closely into the development of computers. http://www.angelfire.com/de3/dacz/briefhistoryintro.htm

Mans progress is measured by the sophistication of his tools. First, he discovered how to control fire. Eventually he invented the wheel. He built boats and learned to harness the wind. As soon as commerce developed in early societies, people recognized the need to calculate and to keep track of information. They soon devised simple computing devices and bookkeeping systems to enable them to add, subtract, and record simple transactions. Today, we are witnessing rapid technological changes taking place on a broad scale. However, many centuries elapsed before technology was sufficiently advanced to develop computers. Without computers, many technological achievements of the past decade would not have been possible. Let us now look closely into the development of computers.

14. A Brief History Of Computers And Networks Golden Ink . Woodstock, Georgia 30188 . Telephone (770) 5164051A Brief history of computers and Networks. Webster's Dictionary http://goldenink.com/computersandnetworks.shtml

Golden Ink . Woodstock, Georgia 30188 . Telephone (770) 516-4051 A Brief History of Computers and Networks Webster's Dictionary defines "computer" as any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. The basic idea of computing develops in the 1200's when a Moslem cleric proposes solving problems with a series of written procedures. As early as the 1640's mechanical calculators are manufactured for sale. Records exist of earlier machines, but Blaise Pascal invents the first commercial calculator, a hand powered adding machine. Although attempts to multiply mechanically were made by Gottfried Liebnitz in the 1670s the first true multiplying calculator appears in Germany shortly before the American Revolution. In 1801 a Frenchman, Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds a loom that weaves by reading punched holes stored on small sheets of hardwood. These plates are then inserted into the loom which reads (retrieves) the pattern and creates(process) the weave. Powered by water, this "machine" came 140 years before the development of the modern computer. Ada Lovelace Shortly after the first mass-produced calculator(1820)

15. University Of Illinois Department Of English Presents: Cybercinema An interactive site devoted to the history of computers and artificial intelligence in film, presented Category Arts Movies History......Cybercinema is sponsored by the Department of English at the Universityof Illinois at UrbanaChampaign. Cybercinema was recently http://128.174.194.59/cybercinema/

An Interactive Site Devoted to the History of Computers and Artificial Intelligence in Film Intelligence Fear God Love ... Cybercinema Awards Cybercinema is sponsored by the Department of English at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Cybercinema was recently featured in Entertainment Weekly Magazine. Click here to see the review on EW 's online service. Cybercinema is written, created, and maintained by: Matthew Hurt Graphics and original artwork created by: Melanie Creel Please send your comments and questions to: mhurt@uiuc.edu Visit the English Department's English 104: Introduction to Film Website Please also visit this completely unrelated site by Matthew Hurt: Adventures of Joe Prospect Now in RealAudio! This site, and all information herein, is intended for non-profit, educational use only.

16. Computer Industry History Comprehensive list of links to the best computer industry history resources that can currently be Category Computers History...... History of Computing (The) Virginia Tech; history of computers atGrant MacEwan Community College; history of computers During My http://www.elsop.com/wrc/h_comput.htm

About Products Free Trial Purchase ... Anti-Spam Info Computer Industry History [ History of: The Web The Computer Computer Companies People ... Twenty Five Years of the Microprocessor Unix History An incomplete history of the QED Text Editor - the ancestor of the Unix ed and vi editors Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System (The) First edition of the Unix Programmer's Manual, dated November 3, 1971 PDP Unix Preservation Society Home Page ... VisiCalc and Software Arts History Try a Free Evaluation Copy of our Product: LinkScan LinkScan is a website quality assurance tool that checks links and produces two types of SiteMaps using multi-threaded simultaneous processing that provides reports on HTML pages readable from any browser on any platform. Get a free evaluation copy Electronic Software Publishing Corporation (Elsop)

17. History Of Computers/Internet Theme Page page provides links to information technology curricular resources and instructionalmaterials (lesson plans) in the specific topic of history of computers. http://www.cln.org/themes/computer_history.html

History of Computers/Internet Theme Page This "Theme Page" has links to two types of resources related to the study of History of Computers/Internet. Students and teachers will find curricular resources (information, content...) to help them learn about this topic. In addition, there are also links to instructional materials (lesson plans) which will help teachers provide instruction in this theme. Please read our [A] Brief History of the Internet A comprehensive document discussing the origins of the Internet through to the commercialization of the technology. Further, the authors provide a small description of what they believe the future Internet may look like. Brief History of UNIX This article is for beginners to UNIX, and explain the history and gives a general introduction to UNIX. Charles Babbage Institute of Computer History The Institute is "dedicated to promoting the study of the history of computing and its impact on society..." They encourage the research and writing in the history of computing through fellowhips and by making resources and information available to scholars, scientists and members of the public. Chronology of Events in the History of Microcomputers A comprehesive listing of events in the history of the microcomputer.

18. History Of Computers History. The evolution of the computer. In a sense computers havebeen evolving from the beginning. Life forms have been increasing http://www.scri.fsu.edu/~odyssey/cyberkids/computers/history/

History The evolution of the computer In a sense computers have been evolving from the beginning. Life forms have been increasing their information (Processing abilities. All senses are ways of receiving information. The eyes perceive a range of electro-magnetic rays; The ears respond to pressure in the air; The nose reacts to various molecules. This input is transmitted along nerve fibers to our Central Processing Unit-The Brain. After processing the input information (data) the brain sends signals (output) to such output devices as our voice (speech output) and muscles. Computing machines are much simpler than people to understand but the processes involved are very similar. 600-500 BC Abacus One of the earliest known calculating machines was the abacus. 650 AD The Numeral Zero The Hindus invented the written zero which led to the development of written decimal arithmetic. Written calculations did not begin in the western world until about 650 AD. The Hindu people in India invented a written symbol for zero, an essential step to doing written calculations. The concept of zero and place values was integral to the use of the abacus ( a zero value was represented by a bead in the down position), but, before a symbol for zero was introduced by the Hindus there could be no real decimal arithmetic calculation in writing. 830 AD The First Standard Mathematics Textbook The Indian mathematics spread to the Arabs. In 830 a Persian scholar named Mohammed Ibn Musa Abu Djefar wrote a standard text book on the subject of mathematics! He was commonly known as Al Khwarismi and the subject of his book was Al Gebr We'l Mukabala or Algebra for short!

19. A Brief History Of Computers Computers Not Just a PC on a Desk. by Don Lindsay. And it's easy to think thatall computers look like that, and that they always did, and always will. http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~lindsay/talk/

Computers: Not Just a PC on a Desk by Don Lindsay Everyone has seen a computer. You probably saw a keyboard, and a mouse, and a screen. And it's easy to think that all computers look like that, and that they always did, and always will. If you've taken a computer course, you may have heard that a computer contains a microprocessor. And you may know that a processor works by fetching instructions from a memory. But if you click on some of the links below, you will see some examples that are just a bit different. Not all computers do just one instruction at a time. Recent microprocessors are "superscalar". This means that it sometimes executes more than one instruction per tick of the clock. That was the original DEC Alpha chip, which could execute 2 instructions per clock: its bigger, denser successor can do 4 per clock. Of course, you can always string together 6,768 microprocessors when one isn't enough. Not all electronic computers are made from transistors . Electronic logic can be built from vacuum tubes, magnetic amplifiers, magnetic core, magnetic bubbles, superconducting cryotrons, or superconducting Josephson junctions Not all computers are electronic. Digital logic can be built from

20. Paul N. Edwards RC/History 379/SI 528, history of computers and Networks (Fall PDF); SI 648/748,Infoculture Theory and Methods in the History and Sociology of Information http://www.si.umich.edu/~pne/

Paul N. Edwards Associate Professor Director, UM STS Program School of Information Residential College West Hall Tyler 104, East Quad University of Michigan University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1092 Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1245 Office: (734) 764-2617 Office: (734) 647-4346 Fax: (734) 764-2475 Email: pne@umich.edu Research History, politics, and cultural aspects of: Selected Publications not reproduce their pagination as published. Comments welcome. Books Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance (2001), eds. Clark Miller and Paul N. Edwards. Changing Life: Genomes, Ecologies, Bodies, Commodities (1997), eds. Peter J. Taylor, Saul E. Halfon, and Paul N. Edwards. The Closed World: Computers and the Politics of Discourse in Cold War America (1996). Links to overview, full text of Preface and Chapter 1, and on-line reviews. In preparation: The World in a Machine: Computer Models, Data Networks, and Global Atmospheric Politics . Projected completion: 2002 Articles and Book Chapters Self-Governance and Peer Review in Science-for-Policy: The Case of the IPCC Second Assessment Report,

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