21. History Of Mathematics @ SFU Research project by the students in the department of Mathematics. Includes region, timeline, people Category Reference Education Simon Fraser University Research...... Region -, - Time -, - Person or Topic -. Egypt. 1600s BC, Ahmes, Ancient EgyptianFractions. China, 200s BC, Remainder Problem. Master Sun. 100s BC, Jiuzhang Suanshu. http://www.math.sfu.ca/histmath/

- Region - Time - Person or Topic Egypt 1600s BC Ahmes , Ancient Egyptian Fractions China 200s BC Remainder Problem Master Sun 100s BC Jiuzhang Suanshu Jia Xian Qin Jiushao The Ta-Yen Rule ... Counting Board Simulator Program for PC computers India Aryabhata Brahmagupta Bhaskara Europe Blaise Pascal 300s BC Euclid His Works and Influences Ada Byron King The Countess of Lovelace Emy Noether Her life and Work Alan Turing The Man and the Machine Topics Sundials Calendars History of Math Notes

22. History Of Mathematics History of Math Notes. The superiority of Babylonian mathematics is based on theplacevalue notation of its number system. 3500 BC. Clay tablets with numbers. http://www.math.sfu.ca/History_of_Math/math380notes/math380.html

History of Math Notes These are my notes from Math-380 lectures in Spring 1998. Questions, comments, suggestions, corrections? Send me an email © 1999 Christos Obretenov Also available in Microsoft Word 97 format: math380.zip Babylon Oldest civilization: Mesopotamia (Babylonia) The superiority of Babylonian mathematics is based on the place-value notation of its number system. 3500 BC Clay tablets with numbers 1800 BC King Hamorabi wrote laws on clay tablets Flourishing period of Babylonian math. 700’s BC King Nabonasssar Eclipse records 530 BC Triangular inscriptions of Bisistun (Iran) Cuneiform (script language of Babylon) deciphered by Rawlonson in 1800s Number System Base 60 Positional Had a special symbol for empty places (zero) Algebra Uses algorithms , but doesn’t explain them No symbols Only one solution in quadratic equation , not the usual two. No negative numbers No apparent practical value (always produced nice round numbers) Study of solutions of Pythagorean triangles Babylonians were the only ancient people to solve quadratic equations as we do today.

23. Science In India: History Of Mathematics: Indian Mathematicians And Astronomers, Describes Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhatta who modelled the solar system, Bhaskar, Varahamira, Category Science Math History...... history of mathematics in India. 26. CT Rajagopal and MS Rangachari On an untappedsource of medieval Keralese mathematics, Arch. History Exact Sci. http://members.tripod.com/~INDIA_RESOURCE/mathematics.htm

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated SOUTH ASIAN HISTORY Pages from the history of the Indian sub-continent: Science and Mathematics in India History of Mathematics in India In all early civilizations, the first expression of mathematical understanding appears in the form of counting systems. Numbers in very early societies were typically represented by groups of lines, though later different numbers came to be assigned specific numeral names and symbols (as in India) or were designated by alphabetic letters (such as in Rome). Although today, we take our decimal system for granted, not all ancient civilizations based their numbers on a ten-base system. In ancient Babylon, a sexagesimal (base 60) system was in use. The Decimal System in Harappa In India a decimal system was already in place during the Harappan period, as indicated by an analysis of Harappan weights and measures. Weights corresponding to ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, and 500 have been identified, as have scales with decimal divisions. A particularly notable characteristic of Harappan weights and measures is their remarkable accuracy. A bronze rod marked in units of 0.367 inches points to the degree of precision demanded in those times. Such scales were particularly important in ensuring proper implementation of town planning rules that required roads of fixed widths to run at right angles to each other, for drains to be constructed of precise measurements, and for homes to be constructed according to specified guidelines. The existence of a gradated system of accurately marked weights points to the development of trade and commerce in Harappan society.

24. ICHM to encourage the study of the history of mathematics; and Aim of group is to promote scholarly learning Category Science Math History Organizations......The International Commission for the history of mathematics (ICHM) is an interunioncommission joining the International Mathematical Union (IMU) and the http://www.math.uu.nl/ichm/

Members of the Executive Committee of the ICHM Members of the ICHM Links to related organizations. Past activities. World Directory of Historians of Mathematics World Directory of Historians of Mathematics Registration Form The International Commission for the History of Mathematics (ICHM) is an inter-union commission joining the International Mathematical Union (IMU) and the Division of the History of Science (DHS) of the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS). The ICHM has the following international aims to encourage the study of the history of mathematics; and to promote a high level of historically and mathematically sophisticated scholarship in the field. The ICHM works toward these goals, first and foremost, through its official journal, Historia Mathematica . Founded in 1974 by Kenneth O. May, Historia Mathematica is currently under the editorship of Craig Fraser (University of Toronto) and Umberto Bottazzini (University of Palermo) and publishes original research on the history of the mathematical sciences in all periods and in all cultural settings. The ICHM also seeks to promote and encourage the history of mathematics through a variety of other activities, most notably:

25. COLOR: History Of Mathemathics In Africa history of mathematics in Africa. The Sphinx. Introduction. For tens of thousandsof years, Africa was in the center of mathematics history. http://www.saxakali.com/COLOR_ASP/historymaf.htm

A frican Y outh ... illage Rated as a Site Vote for it History of Mathematics in Africa The Sphinx Introduction For tens of thousands of years, Africa was in the center of mathematics history. From the civilizations of southern, central and northern Africa came contributions which would enrich both ancient and modern understanding of nature through math and science (see Map of Africa ). From the measurement used in the African forest kingdoms, and the mathematics used in building the great stone complexes of Zimbabwe, to the efficient irrigation technologies, central administration, and the great accuracy of the dimensions of the pyramids, the achievements of Africans still give rise to wonder. Despite great achievements, there are still negative images of Africa and Africans worlwide (see Misconceptions About Africa ). In opposing these myths, Nwankwo Ezeabasili (1977) argues that African science is "African account of nature and how it works." He goes on to say that "...the black African has an authentic scientific culture." Africans were among the first humans to raise crops and to domesticate cattle 15,000 years ago ( Van Sertima 1984). "...between 17,000 and 18,500 years ago while ice still covered much of Europe - African peoples were already raising crops of wheat, barley, lentils , chick- peas, capers and dates" (

26. History Of Mathematics In The Americas history of mathematics in the Americas. Mesoamerican cultures wereamong the most developed of ancient civilizations( see History http://www.saxakali.com/COLOR_ASP/historymam.htm

History of Mathematics in the Americas Mesoamerican cultures were among the most developed of ancient civilizations( see History of Mesoamericans ); they created a calendar to measure time, numerals to calculate finances and astronomy, glyphs to chronicle the lives of rulers, tables charting the movement of planets, and architecture that rival other ancient cultures in Africa, Asia and Europe. Geographical boundaries of the ancient Maya empire spread through the countries of Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, western Honduras and the five Mexican states of Yucatán, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Campeche and Chiapas (see map ), a total area is around 500,000 square kilometers. The ancient Maya civilization lasted for 4,000 years, yet it is often dismissed because, even though the Mayas built huge stone temples and pyramids, they lacked metal tools and didn't use the wheel or beasts of burden. But the early Mesoamericans fashioned tools harder than steel, and discovered the concept of zero (something that escaped the Greeks and Romans). One of the Maya's unique contributions to architecture is the Korbel Arch, also called the Maya Arch, which was formed by projecting stone blocks out from each side of a wall until they met forming a peak. This technique was a handy substitute for a true arch. The Maya also invented the wheel but, dismissing its usefulness, only used it for children's toys. Mesoamerican cultures and histories overlap and influenced each other through trade and commerce, architecture, astronomy, mythology, and so on. Mesoamericans had and wanted different resources, which led to the development of extensive trade networks that knit together regional economies. People in the highlands wanted salt, honey and cacao beans from the lowlands, and bird feathers and jaguar skins from the forests. People in the lowlands wanted jade, obsidian, basalt and grinding stones from the mountains, to carve monuments, figurines, masks, and jewelry.

27. History Of Mathematics Home Page Includes classic texts by Hilbert and Euclid (a Java enhanced version of the Elements) a chronology, and links. http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/

Every culture on earth has developed some mathematics. In some cases, this mathematics has spread from one culture to another. Now there is one predominant international mathematics, and this mathematics has quite a history. It has roots in ancient Egypt and Babylonia, then grew rapidly in ancient Greece. Mathematics written in ancient Greek was translated into Arabic. About the same time some mathematics of India was translated into Arabic. Later some of this mathematics was translated into Latin and became the mathematics of Western Europe. Over a period of several hundred years, it became the mathematics of the world. There are other places in the world that developed significant mathematics, such as China, southern India, and Japan, and they are interesting to study, but the mathematics of the other regions have not had much influence on current international mathematics. There is, of course, much mathematics being done these and other regions, but it is not the traditional math of the regions, but international mathematics. By far, the most significant development in mathematics was giving it firm logical foundations. This took place in ancient Greece in the centuries preceding Euclid. See

28. An Overview Of The History Of Mathematics An overview of the history of mathematics. How we view history. We view the historyof mathematics from our own position of understanding and sophistication. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/8690/History_overview.html

An overview of the history of mathematics Mathematics starts with counting. It is not reasonable, however, to suggest that early counting was mathematics. Only when some record of the counting was kept and, therefore, some representation of numbers occurred can mathematics be said to have started. In Babylonia mathematics developed from 2000 BC. Earlier a place value notation number system had evolved over a lengthy period with a number base of 60. It allowed arbitrarily large numbers and fractions to be represented and so proved to be the foundation of more high powered mathematical development. Number problems such as that of the Pythagorean triples (a,b,c) with a +b = c were studied from at least 1700 BC. Systems of linear equations were studied in the context of solving number problems. Quadratic equations were also studied and these examples led to a type of numerical algebra. Geometric problems relating to similar figures, area and volume were also studied and values obtained for The Babylonian basis of mathematics was inherited by the Greeks and independent development by the Greeks began from around 450 BC. Zeno of Elea 's paradoxes led to the atomic theory of Democritus . A more precise formulation of concepts led to the realisation that the rational numbers did not suffice to measure all lengths. A geometric formulation of irrational numbers arose. Studies of area led to a form of integration. The theory of conic sections show a high point in pure mathematical study by Apollonius . Further mathematical discoveries were driven by the astronomy, for example the study of trigonometry.

29. MathPages: History Of Mathematics history of mathematics. Pierre Gassendi, Mercurius in Sole Visus TheThought of a Thought Edgar Allan Poe The Prismoidal Formula http://www.mathpages.com/home/ihistory.htm

History of Mathematics Pierre Gassendi, Mercurius in Sole Visus The Thought of a Thought - Edgar Allan Poe The Prismoidal Formula Gerber's Gravity ... Math Pages Main Menu

30. Lectures On The History Of Mathematics Math 629 history of mathematics. Summer 1998. Instructor G. Donald Allen. MidtermExam. Sample Midterm Exam Summer. Lectures on the history of mathematics. http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/m629_97a.html

Math 629 History of Mathematics Archimedes Math 629 History of Mathematics Summer 1998 Instructor: G. Donald Allen Office: Milner 331 Phone: 845-7950 Office Hours: MW 3:00-4:00PM, or by appointment Syllabus, postscript Homework Assignments Homework Set 1 Homework Set 2 Homework Set 3 Homework Set 4 ... Homework Set 6 Date Due 3/5/97 Homework Set 7 Date Due 4/7/97 Homework Set 8 Date Due 4/16/97 Homework Set 9 Date Due 4/21/97 Midterm Exam Sample Midterm Exam - Summer Lectures on the History of Mathematics The Origins of Ancient Mathematics ... Don Allen's Home Page Send an e-mail message

31. History Of Mathematics - Main Page http://www.math.tamu.edu/~dallen/masters/hist_frame.htm

32. History Of Mathematics Department Offers graduate study and research, and courses in Akkadian, historiography, and ancient scientific texts.Category Reference Education Departments and Programs......history of mathematics at Brown. Department of history of mathematicsWilbour Hall Box 1900 2 Prospect Street, Providence Brown University http://www.brown.edu/Departments/History_Mathematics/

History of Mathematics at Brown Department of History of Mathematics Wilbour Hall Box 1900 2 Prospect Street, Providence Brown University Providence, RI 02912, USA hmath@brownvm.brown.edu Faculty Prof. David Pingree, Chair Dr. Kim Plofker, Visiting Lecturer Graduate Students Clemency Williams Micah Ross Toke Knudsen Others affiliated with the Department Dr. Alice Slotsky, Yale University (Visiting Assistant Professsor at Brown) Dr. Peter Scharf, Lecturer in Sanskrit, Classics Department Joseph Leichter , Doctoral Candidate, Classics Department Further information A brief history of the Department Current research Courses, 2002/2003 Information on applying to the Department's graduate program (and other programs in history of mathematics) ... American Committee for South Asian Manuscripts This page was last updated 27 August 2002.

33. History Of Mathematics history of mathematics. Mathematics is as old as civilization itself. Bythe necessary. With counting, the history of mathematics began. To http://pratt.edu/~arch543p/help/history_of_mathematics.html

Note: the following has been abstracted from the Grolier Encyclopedia. History of Mathematics Mathematics is as old as civilization itself. By the Neolithic Period, as life became settled and villages began to appear, writing and counting became increasingly useful, if not necessary. With counting, the history of mathematics began. To count the passage of time, to weave intricate patterns in baskets or fabrics, and to apportion goods, crops, and livestock required a basic sense of arithmetic. Similarly, even in the most rudimentary cultures, the ability to decorate pottery with intricate designs, to distinguish constellations among the stars, or to arrange stones, obelisks, and tombs in ritualistic formations indicates a sense of space and geometry. Egyptian, Babylonian, and Greek Mathematics Arithmetic and Algebra Geometry and Trigonometry Islamic and Medieval Mathematics ... Philosophy of Mathematics Egyptian, Babylonian, and Greek Mathematics The earliest knowledge of mathematics is preserved in Egyptian papyruses, Babylonian cuneiform tablets, and Greek manuscripts. They indicate that the first mathematical concerns involved ARITHMEtic, Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry. Arithmetic and Algebra Among the earliest surviving mathematical texts are the famous Rhind papyrus (c.1750 BC) and the Golonishev papyrus. They reveal that the Egyptians used a decimal system; the unit was represented by a single line, and tens, hundreds, and thousands by hieroglyphic symbols. Arithmetic for the Egyptians was essentially additive; repeated doubling was used for multiplication. Except for the fraction 2/3, for which there was a special hieroglyph, all fractions were expressed as unit fractions of the form 1/n; a relatively simple fraction like 2/59 was always handled in the more complex though equivalent form 1/36 + 1/236 + 1/531 = 2/59.

34. History Of Mathematics history of mathematics. Martin's Press, New York (1971), pp. 200. Boyer, Carl (revisedby Uta Merzbach), A history of mathematics, Wiley 1968, 1991, pp 715. http://www.math.utah.edu/history/

History of Mathematics Mathematicians Alphabetical Chronological Sources Encyclopedia Britannica (1968 Edition). Beckman, Petr, A History of Pi, St. Martin's Press, New York (1971), pp. 200. Boyer, Carl (revised by Uta Merzbach), A History of Mathematics, Wiley 1968, 1991, pp 715. Struik, Dirk, J.: A Concise History of Mathematics, Dover Publications (1948, 1967), pp. 195. Back to Department of Mathematics, University of Utah Comments to webmaster@math.utah.edu

35. History Of Mathematics Math 3010 Topics in the history of mathematics, Spring 2001. Classmaterials are avaialable below in Acrobat (PDF) format. You will http://www.math.utah.edu/~carlson/history/

Math 3010: Topics in the History of Mathematics, Spring 2001 Class materials are avaialable below in Acrobat (PDF) format. You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader for this. Please recall that my office hour is Thursdays at 1 PM. I encourage you to come see me then. I'm also available after class for questions or to make an appointment. Syllabus LectureOutline Slides Notes ... Assignment 1 (January 8, due January 17) Assignment 2 (January 15, due January 24) Assignment 3 (January 25, due February 1) Assignment 4 (January 30, due February 8) Assignment 5 (February 6, due February 15) References Links: Math History Archive US Navy Data Services A remarkable formula Math Cranks ... Math Sci

36. History Of Maths Sites of interest Maths History Topics; history of mathematics HomePage; Women Mathematicians; history of mathematics Babylonia; http://www.scit.wlv.ac.uk/university/scit/maths/history.htm

Welcome to the History of Maths Page! Sites of interest: Maths History Topics History of Mathematics Home Page Women Mathematicians History of Mathematics: Babylonia ... Mathematicians of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries Maths Home Page I welcome comments, suggestions and contributions, please send me an e-mail at: cm1993@wlv.ac.uk (Mike Thelwall)

37. Description Of The History Of Mathematics E-mail List history of mathematics Email List. This is an unmoderated mailing groupfor individuals with a serious interest in the history of mathematics. http://www.maa.org/features/history_list.html

Search MAA Online MAA Home History of Mathematics E-mail List This is an unmoderated mailing group for individuals with a serious interest in the history of mathematics. It deals with all aspects of the history of mathematics, including the following: Announcements of meetings on the history of mathematics. Information on new books and interesting journal articles. Discussion of the teaching of the history of mathematics. Using history in the classroom. Questions that you would like the answer to. and, hopefully, answers to those questions. Discussion of questions unsettled in the literature. If you would like to join this group on the history of mathematics, send email to: listserv@enterprise.maa.org consisting of the single line: subscribe math-history-list Within moments you will receive a message from "listserv" that you have been subscribed. Please save this message as it contains information about how to post messages to the list and how to unsubscribe. If you wish to unsubscribe you should send a message to listserv@enterprise.maa.org

38. The History Of Mathematics The history of mathematics. A Reader. It is a book which will beautifullycomplement the other history of mathematics works published by the MAA. http://www.maa.org/pubs/books/hmr.html

The History of Mathematics A Reader John Fauvel and Jeremy Gray, Editors Sold exclusively by the MAA in the United States under a special arrangement with Macmillan Publishing and The Open University in England. Text Supplement Anyone interested in the history of mathematics and especially in its use in the teaching of mathematics today will find much of interest in Fauvel and Gray's Reader. Its judicious use will enable a professor of mathematics not only to include original source material in appropriate courses, but also to provide students with the social and intellectual context in which the mathematics was developed. It is a book which will beautifully complement the other history of mathematics works published by the MAA. -Victor Katz This book contains a wide selection of readings in the history of mathematics from earliest times to the twentieth century. The variety of sources chosen illuminates several different approaches to the subject. They go from discussions of the origins of counting to the application of electronic computers, and from Euclid's Elements to Cantor's continuum hypothesis. Contents Origins; Mathematics in Classical Greece; Euclid's Elements; Archimedes and Apollonius; Mathematical Traditions in the Hellenistic Age; Islamic Mathematics; Mathematics in Mediaeval Europe; Sixteenth-century European Mathematics; Mathematical Sciences in Tudor and Stuart England; Mathematics and the Scientific Revolution; Descartes, Fermat and their Contemporaries; Isaac Newton; Leibniz and his Followers; Euler and his Contemporaries; Gauss and the Origins of Structural Algebra; Non-Euclidean Geometry; Projective Geometry in the Nineteenth Century; The Rigorization of the Calculus; The Mechanization of Calculation.

39. History Of Mathematics: Egyptian Math, Pi, Magic Squares, Chinese Arithmetic, Me This web site links to informations overview of the history of mathematics,the number theories, and the history of mathematics at St. Andrew to 1700. http://nunic.nu.edu/~frosamon/history/bc3000.html

HISTORY OF NUMERAL SYSTEMS (4700 B.C.E.-1500 C.E.) A timeline and brief history of numeral systems were indicated from 4700 B.C. to 1500 A.D. Many cultures through-out the world had developed numeral systems for their own community technological advancement. HISTORYCAL CREATORS OF MATHEMATICAL GAMES AND THEIR BIOGRAPHIES (1850 B.C.E.-Present) Mathematical games and recreations started around 1850 BC and continued on to the present by famous mathematicians. The biographies of mathematicians who invented the games are reported including pictures and graphs in this web site. MAGIC SQUARES (2200 B.C.E.) The magic square has been studied for a long period of time. It shows how a magic square is formed and who studied the magic squares. ARISTOTLE-DEDUCTIVE LOGIC (340 B.C.E.) Aristotle wrote a book called "TOPICS" which started out with a discussion of deductive logic. The whole world reestablished this book starting with the Islamic translation on through time. HISTORY OF PI (287 B.C.E. to present time) There are a several different methods of estimating the value of pi: Archimedes' method of exhaustion, Leibniz series, Machin formula using tangents, and others. THALES, FOUNDER OF GREEK GEOMETRY (585 B.C.E.)

40. Links To History Of Mathematics And Science Sites Links to historical information.Category Science Physics Fluid Mechanics and Dynamics......These are the history of science, technology, aviation, and mathematicssites which I've collected. This is a history of mathematics site. http://www.eng.vt.edu/fluids/msc/hist.htm

HISTORY OF SCIENCE SITES These are the history of science, technology, aviation, and mathematics sites which I've collected. I'm always looking for more of these. Drop me a line if I've missed a good one. General History of Math and Science Pages: Mathematicians of the 17 th and 18 th ... Centuries. These are the guys and gals who invented 20 th century engineering. Here's another page on both Galileo and Einstein from UVa. This is a History of Mathematics site The Museum of the History of Science at Oxford has a nice on-line exhibit page Here's a freestanding site on Isaac Newton Eric's Treasure Trove of Scientific Biographies A UVa site that's been around for a while. Here's a page of History of Science links. This site appears to be a reasonable list of biographies of Women Mathematicians History of Fluid Mechanics, Aviation, Etc: Here is a synopsis entitled Highlights in the History of Hydraulics by Hunter Rouse. The page also includes a nice reference list. Speaking of hydraulics, here is a site with biographical information on Henry Darcy , a major contributor to the theory of pipe flow and porous media.

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