1. More . . . About Hydropower The major application for hydropower energy is in the bulk power market, where itaccounts for about 77,000 MW conventional capacity and 18,000 MW of pumped http://hydropower.inel.gov/more.htm

How Hydropower Works The hydrologic cycle: Water constantly moves through a vast global cycle, in which it evaporates from lakes and oceans, forms clouds, precipitates as rain or snow, then flows back to the ocean. The energy of this water cycle, which is driven by the sun, is tapped most efficiently with hydropower. Description of the Technology Hydropower plants capture the kinetic energy of falling water to generate electricity. A turbine and a generator convert the energy from the water to mechanical and then electrical energy. The turbines and generators are installed either in or adjacent to dams, or use pipelines (penstocks) to carry the pressured water below the dam or diversion structure to the powerhouse. Hydropower projects are generally operated in a run-of-river, peaking, or storage mode. Run-of-river projects use the natural flow of the river and produce relatively little change in the stream channel and stream flow. A peaking project impounds and releases water when the energy is needed. A storage project extensively impounds and stores water during high-flow periods to augment the water available during low-flow periods, allowing the flow releases and power production to be more constant. Many projects combine the modes. The power capacity of a hydropower plant is primarily the function of two variables: (1) flow rate expressed in cubic feet per second (ft3/s), and (2) the hydraulic head, which is the elevation difference the water falls in passing through the plant. Project design may concentrate on either of these variables or both.

2. EERE: Hydropower Energy electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energyneeds or to sell power to utilities. Large Hydropower Although definitions http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/hydropower.html

Home Site Map A-Z Index Ask an Energy Expert Search U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Federal Government U.S. Universities and Research Institutes International Organizations ... Discussion Groups Hydropower Topics advanced turbine technologies that will not only help maximize the use of hydropower but also minimize adverse environmental effects. More basic information about hydropower is also available Types of Hydropower Impoundment An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir level. Diversion A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river , facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam. Pumped Storage When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity. Sizes of Hydropower Plants Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.

3. EERE: Hydropower Energy - Basics Hydropower Basics. Flowing water creates energy that can be capturedand turned into electricity. This is called hydropower. Hydropower http://www.eere.energy.gov/RE/hydro_basics.html

Home Site Map A-Z Index Ask an Energy Expert Search Hydropower Basics Flowing water creates energy that can be captured and turned into electricity. This is called hydropower . Hydropower is currently the largest source of renewable power, generating nearly 10% of the electricity used in the United States. The most common type of hydropower plant uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which, in turn, activates a generator to produce electricity. But hydropower doesn't necessarily require a large dam. Some hydropower plants just use a small canal to channel the river water through a turbine. pumped storage plant Webmaster EERE Home U.S. Department of Energy Content Last Updated: 02/04/2003

4. EERE: Hydropower Energy operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities. Large Hydropower. Although definitions vary, DOE http://www.eren.doe.gov/RE/hydropower.html

Home Site Map A-Z Index Ask an Energy Expert Search U.S. Department of Energy U.S. Federal Government U.S. Universities and Research Institutes International Organizations ... Discussion Groups Hydropower Topics advanced turbine technologies that will not only help maximize the use of hydropower but also minimize adverse environmental effects. More basic information about hydropower is also available Types of Hydropower Impoundment An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir level. Diversion A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river , facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam. Pumped Storage When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir to generate electricity. Sizes of Hydropower Plants Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.

5. Energy Quiz 11. Solar, biomass, geothermal, wind, and hydropower energy are all renewablesources of energy. They are called renewable because they. http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyquiz.html

What is Energy Kid's Corner Milestones Energy Quiz Home Online Resources Contact Info Classroom Connection ... About Energy Ant and Us Here's a quiz to test your energy knowledge. Most of the energy we use originally came from a) the sun b) the air c) the soil d) the oceans Find the answer first or look at the Quick Answer List Electrical energy can be produced from a) mechanical energy b) chemical energy c) radiant energy d) All of the above Find the answer first or look at the Quick Answer List Which uses the most energy in American homes each year? a) lighting b) water heating c) heating and cooling rooms d) refrigeration Find the answer first or look at the Quick Answer List The U.S. consumes lots of energy. Which fuel provides the most energy? a) petroleum b) coal c) natural gas d) solar Find the answer first or look at the Quick Answer List Coal, petroleum, natural gas, and propane are fossil fuels. They are called fossil fuels because: a) they are burned to release energy and they cause air pollution b) they were formed from the buried remains of plants and tiny animals that lived hundred of millions of years ago c) they are nonrenewable and will run out d) they are mixed with fossils to provide energy Find the answer first or look at the Quick Answer List Gasoline is produced by refining which fossil fuel?

6. HydroPower Energy How Hydropower Works. Hydropower converts the energy in flowing water into electricity. Benefits.Hydropower is a clean, domestic and renewable source of energy. http://www.ece.umr.edu/links/power/hydropow.htm

Hydroelectric Power Turning water's mechanical energy into electricity Since the time of ancient Egypt, people have used the energy in flowing water to operate machinery and grind grain and corn. However, hydropower had a greater influence on people's lives during the 20th century than at any other time in history. Hydropower played a major role in making the wonders of electricity a part of everyday life and helped spur industrial development. Hydropower continues to produce 24 percent of the world's electricity and supply more than 1 billion people with power. Evolution of Hydropower The first hydroelectric power plant was built in 1882 in Appleton, Wisconsin to provide 12.5 kilowatts to light two paper mills and a home. Today's hydropower plants generally range in size from several hundred kilowatts to several hundred megawatts, but a few mammoth plants have capacities up to 10,000 megawatts and supply electricity to millions of people. Worldwide, hydropower plants have a combined capacity of 675,000 megawatts and annually produce over 2.3 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity, the energy equivalent of 3.6 billion barrels of oil. Hydropower in the U.S.

7. DOE Hydropower Energy Subject Portal New Releases - HYP a networkbased information infrastructure for fisheries and hydropower informationin Using Distributed Energy Resources, A How-To Guide for Federal Facility http://hyp.osti.gov/cgi-bin/genresults?nrhyp.results

8. TEENET Hydropower Energy Databases Databases on hydropower energy, There are six databases on hydropowerenergy included in DEED. If you have a database related to http://www.serd.ait.ac.th/teenet/hydro.htm

9. The E7 Observer Sustainable technologies for electric power generation Status and perspectivesto 2020. hydropower energy by Mr Joseph Milewski, HydroQuébec, Canada. http://www.e7.org/Pages/Observer/E7Obs16/E7Obs16.4.0.htm

Sustainable technologies for electric power generation: Status and perspectives to 2020 Hydropower Energy HYDROPOWER TODAY AND ITS POTENTIAL CURRENT SITUATION OF HYDROPOWER Hydropower is a significant player in electricity production, complementary to other generating sources. ECONOMICALLY FEASIBLE HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL, WORLDWIDE Less than a third already installed. Hydropower is not only a highly efficient and reliable electricity generating option, but also produces minimal GHG emission and possesses a significant development potential CHALLENGES FOR HYDROPOWER IN THE COMING DECADES Greater risk for private investors, in deregulated markets Greater uncertainty, for some projects To the extent that hydroelectricity affects water resources and its many public uses, and requires substantial lead time to develop, the future of hydropower depends on public will. Government commitment recognizing the multiple benefits of hydropower, associated with public confidence is essential to promote this option POSSIBLE AVENUES AND HYDRO-QUEBEC'S APPROACH 1 - Similar measures implemented in the U.S.A. and Canada

10. Global Warming - Hydropower Energy Saving http://www.pegergy.org/frm50523.html

11. Global Warming - Hydropower Energy Saving http://www.pegergy.org/frm5023g.html

12. Argonne Technology Transfer Highlights, Vol. 9, No. 3 Managing Thermal and hydropower energy Resources. GTMax model helpsutilities maximize resources, minimize costs. Argonne's GTMax http://www.techtransfer.anl.gov/highlights/9-3/gtmax.html

Managing Thermal and Hydropower Energy Resources GTMax model helps utilities maximize resources, minimize costs Argonne's GTMax software can help utility operators optimize resource utilization at thermal and hydropower facilities. Around the world, utility operators who rely on thermal and hydropower resources must consider many complex and changing physical, environmental, economic, and institutional constraints when determining how to best utilize their supply systems to serve system loads and minimize costs. The operators need to know on an hourly basis how much water to release from hydro plants and which thermal units to dispatch. Throughout this process, they also need to take into account the energy they can buy and sell through long-term contracts and on the spot market. Argonne developed a program called GTMax to help operators consolidate this vast amount of data and address these important concerns. This PC-based optimization tool simulates the hourly operations of a set of integrated hydro and thermal power plants for weekly periods. Its goal is to maximize the value of the utility system's resources and minimize its costs. GTMax . . . .

13. Sierra Solar And hydropower energyusing the energy of water in rivers-can alsobe a source of renewable energy. This solar energy site explores http://www.sierrasolar.com/ss3/solar_energy/

Solar Energy Information Page from SierraSolar.com active solar system active solar systems alternate energy alternate energy source ... wind energy Geothermal and solar energy are considered renewable energy resources since it is so vast as to be inexhaustible. And hydropower energy-using the energy of water in rivers-can also be a source of renewable energy. This solar energy site explores the uses of renewable energy that produce electricity except for hydropower energy, which is not included. Solar energy technological developments since the early 1970s have made renewable energy technologies affordable in many situations. Assuming that your state has a suitable resource, there are several reasons to consider including renewable energy technologies in your state's energy investment portfolio. Our Online Catalog! solarjon@sierrasolar.com

14. ::Academics:: The discipline of hydropower energy and computer digital simulationis the national main constructive discipline of 211 Project. http://www.hust.edu.cn/english/academic/depart/sch_hde.html

About HUST President's Welcome General View Administration Facts and Figures ... History Academics Schools and Departments Graduate Programs Undergraduate Programs Postdoctoral Programs ... Degree Granting Committee Admissions Admission catalogue Academic program Chinese language program Academic calendar Research Research Organizations Scientific Research Research Achievement Achievement Transfer ... Academic News Int'l Exchange International Exchange Center International Conference Sister Univeristy International Programs Campus Life Cultural Activities Student Organizations Life of Int'l Students Resources Library Campus map Central China Network Center Facilities ... The University Hotel Enterprises Enterprise Administration Office Huagongtech Co.Ltd Alumni Overseas Alumni Home alumni Useful Links China Scholarship Council Home Universities Overseas Universities Study Abroad ... About us Academics The school offers the discipline leading to the bachelor degree in engineering: water conservancy and hydropower engineering. The students principally study the major courses concerned with hydropower energy and the knowledge about information science, control science, management science and humanities.

15. SOE: Climate Change, Response Indicators hydropower energy is used for the production of electricity. At present only 12% of the total energy demand could be met by using hydropower energy. http://nfp-ee.eionet.eu.int/SoE/c/r/index_en.htm

Climate change, Response Indicators Total energy supply Renewable energy resources Industrial energy consumption energy consumption households ... fuel price and taxation Total energy supply Source: Statistical Yearbooks, 1993-1999 The indicator shows the annual total primary energy supply, expressed in Peta Joules (PJ = 10 J) per year. Primary energy is such kind of energy that is consumed without being converted into other energy types. Of the fuels produced in Estonia oil shale, fuel peat, fuelwood, timber wastes and biogas are primary fuels. Of imported fuels coal, natural gas, heavy fuel oil, fuel petroleum, diesel fuel, car petrol and aircraft petroleum belong to this category. The annual total energy supply is the total of energy supply at the beginning of year, plus annual production and import. Several trends can be observed in the 1990’s. In the first place, total energy supply has declined from 416,6 PJ in1990 to 213,9 PJ in 1998. Secondly, the role of domestic fuels has increased from 53,7% in 1990 to 63,6% in 1998. It is caused by an increase in the share of fuel peat and fuelwood from 3,4% to 10,8%. The use of fuel oils has declined from 78.5 PJ in 1990 to 19.9 PJ in 1998. The import of coal and coke has also dropped radically - from 9.4 PJ in 1990 to 2.2 PJ in 1998. An increase in the use of renewable energy resources is shown by indicator Cr2 Renewable energy resources Source: Statistical Yearbooks, 1993-1999

16. Barker Reservoir Frequently Asked Questions from the continued generation of electricity. hydropower energy willbe sold to Xcel Energy. Energy sold to Xcel will provide revenue http://www.ci.boulder.co.us/publicworks/depts/utilities/projects/barker-res/htm/

Frequently Asked Questions PDF file: Hydropower Content Area: Questions: Hydropower Updated 3/28/01 Will the city's acquisition of the Boulder Canyon hydroelectric plant affect historic operations and power output? Who will benefit from the energy production? Will the city need to hire more staff to operate the facilities? Right now the creek flows in Boulder fluctuate frequently. Some of these fluctuations in stream flow are associated with the peaking operations of Boulder Canyon Hydro. Will this continue? ... How can I provide input to the hydropower planning portion of the Middle Boulder Creek Source Water Management Work Plan? Will the city's acquisition of the Boulder Canyon hydroelectric plant affect historic operations and power output? Boulder Canyon Hydro will continue to be operated. The city of Boulder has a contract with Xcel Energy (formerly Public Service Company of Colorado) for the sale of all the electricity generated at Boulder Canyon Hydro. The operation of Boulder Canyon Hydro will be studied during the development of the management plan. Some operational changes are envisioned in order to balance all of the interests for use of the facilities.

17. Electric Generation Supplier Energy Consumption Pennsylvania Power Companies Ren Corporation's successful entry into the California electric market, its subsidiaryelectricAmerica began marketing clean hydropower energy consumption to http://www.electricamerica.com/generation-supplier.html

ENTER electric generation supplier energy consumption electric generation supplier energy consumption pennsylvania power companies renewable energy pennsylvania power companies renewable

18. Remarks Prepared For Delivery By Interior Secretary Gale Norton National Confere And finally, perhaps most importantly, we are privileged to be joined by leadersin the fields of geothermal, wind, solar, biomass, and hydropower energy. http://www.doi.gov/news/Energy.htm

U.S. Department of the Interior Remarks Prepared for Delivery by Interior Secretary Gale Norton National Conference on Renewable Energy Nov. 28, 2001 South Interior Department Building Auditorium, Washington, D.C. Welcome to the Department of the Interior and the National Conference on Renewable Energy sponsored by both Interior and the Department of Energy. Thank you all for joining us today. Secretary Norton at the National Conference on Renewable Energy at the South Interior Building, Washington, DC For those who love history, it was in this very room the Joint Chiefs of Staff mapped the strategies that won World War II. So this room is exactly the right place to map plans to improve national security through increased energy security. By convening this conference we are renewing our work on renewable energy. Assembled here today are our own energy security "joint chiefs of staff." These are the generals who will be developing our plans for energy security. With us today are: Jim Connaughton who chairs the Council on Environmental Quality. He oversees federal agencies' implementation of environmental regulations. Jim Moseley, Deputy Secretary of Agriculture, who oversees the U.S. Forest Service, a major partner in biomass and geothermal energy.

19. EVDS MDP Abstract A Portable hydropower energy Source by JJ Richters Supervisor Dr.R. Wardell. 1987. A thorough needs analysis indicates that the http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/faculties/EV/designresearch/mdp_abstracts/id/id87_ri

A Portable Hydropower Energy Source by J.J. Richters Supervisor: Dr. R. Wardell A thorough needs analysis indicates that the extraction of kinetic energy from a river through the use of a floating turbine can find applications in developing countries. Through theoretical analysis, it is shown that only a limited quantity of kinetic energy in a river flow can be converted into useful energy. However, it is also shown that this amount of energy is still sufficient to produce power for small appliances. Rotors can be used to convert the kinetic energy into rotational energy. Various rotor designs were considered and some were tested to obtain performance data. One rotor design was chosen on the basis of performance and simplicity of construction. Through a systematic design analysis a design is proposed that uses this rotor and demonstrates the feasibility of building a floating turbine. Careful consideration is given to the ergonomics of such a floating turbine as well as environment were it will be used. KEYWORDS: alternative energy, kinetic energy, floating turbine, hydropower, Delta-wing propeller

20. Promotion Of Energy Efficiency In Industry And Financing Of Investment : Part 4 Consequently, hydropower is a strategic resource and it is expedient to investigatestrategies of further development of hydropower energy systems in Tajikistan http://www.unescap.org/enrd/energy/finance/part4_tajikistan.html

Part 4: Energy Sector Development Issues in Tajikistan By D. Mansurov Introduction Energy Resources in Tajikistan Tariff Policy and its Role in Increasing Energy Efficiency Back to Part4 MainPage Introduction In order to facilitate the country's integration into the world economy, Tajikistan should establish an efficient national energy system capable of providing greater national energy independence and sufficient affordable energy supplies for all sectors of the economy. The main constraints of energy sector development in Tajikistan can be described by two main aspects: lack of supply side efficiency and difficulties with transition towards market economy. Tajikistan is largely independent in energy supply but its energy supply has been highly monopolized. The transition of the national economy to greater resource efficiency is one of the most important factors for economic stabilization. New financial and administrative measures and regulations are required to achieve greater energy efficiency. The vitality and development of the national economy depends on reliability and quality of energy supply, which in turn depends on the existence of an effective energy sector. The national reforms and energy sector development efforts currently under way in Tajikistan aim at building more and more efficient use of the accessible resources.

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