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         Kongo Indigenous Peoples Africa:     more detail
  1. Death and the Invisible Powers: The World of Kongo Belief by Simon Bockie, 1993-09

1. Click Afrique: Magazine: History: Africa's Ancient Empires - Kongo
about as the Bakongo peoples migrated south across Congo River absorbing the indigenous communities. Like most of empires of SubSaharan africa, trading was key to kongo's wealth.
http://www.clickafrique.com/0900rpt/history1009.asp
Home News Forum Directory ... Flag/Maps/Info An E-Community for Africa Magazine - Africa's Ancient Empires - Kongo.
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2. VADA - Volkeren Stammen Peoples Tribes I - L (Noord Amerika - North America). IN
Features a wide variety of links devoted to the study and display of ancient and modern African art.
http://www.vada.nl/volkenil.htm

3. Indigenous Art & Art: Freeland's Introduction
Art indigenous Art Introduction Cynthia Freeland. But Is It Art? Chapter 3 - "Cultural Crossings" african nkisi nkondi, fetish statues from Loango, in the kongo region of africa. comment Decontextualizing art objects from indigenous peoples is only inappropriate if this
http://puffin.creighton.edu/eselk/Aesthetics-WebSite-p2000/Powerpoint_outlines/I
Introduction - Cynthia Freeland. But Is It Art? Chapter 3 - "Cultural Crossings" Dewey’s view on the role of art in understanding other cultures: Art is one of the best ways to understand other cultures because art is "the expression of the life of the community" ( Art and Experience Example: African nkisi nkondi, fetish statues from Loango, in the kongo region of Africa. But what happens when these objects are taken out of their cultural context ("decontextualize" the objects)? And is this appropriate? Answers to these questions is not simple. 1st most art objects of indigenous peoples are not pure; they are a mixture of several cultures. 2nd [my comment] Decontextualizing art objects from indigenous peoples is only inappropriate if this is done in a condescending way. But is there anything improper about displaying art objects of indigenous peoples for the sake of their aesthetic qualities alone?

4. Search The Standards Database
the interregional trading system that linked peoples of africa King Affonso II ofthe kongo and Portuguese between the Spanish and indigenous populations such as
http://www.mcrel.org/compendium/Benchmark.asp?SubjectID=6&StandardID=26

5. Berkeley Geography Graduate Students A-C
Regional Focus africa, maintenance of religious institutions, particularly kongolesereligious Santa Cruz Research Interests indigenous peoples, Human Rights
http://geography.berkeley.edu/PeopleHistory/grads/GradsA-C.html
Graduate Students, Spring Semester, 2001
A through C
Go to D through F
Return to People and History
Negar Ashtari
E-mail: nashtari@uclink.berkeley.edu
BA 2000 (Geography) Middlebury College
Research Interests: Human geography: political economy of development in Africa, gender, poverty, and public health.
Regional Focus: Africa
Jodi L. Bailey
E-mail: jodib@socrates.berkeley.edu
BA 1983 (Geography) UC Berkeley
MA 1990 (Geography) U. of Hawaii-Manoa
Research Interests: My areas of primary interest are: political ecology, particularly international environmental politics; institutions for environmental management, the role of the state in control of access to resources; environment and social justice; biogeography of isolated areas.
Regional Focus: I have research experience in the Northern Andean countries (especially Ecuador and to a lesser extent Bolivia), the Western U.S., and the insular South Pacific.
Abubakar Bankole
E-mail: abankole@hotmail.com
MS 1990 (Agriculture Econ.) UC Davis; BS 1987 (Intl. Agriculture Devel.) UC Davis
Research Interests: Cultures of resistance in the Western Hemisphere; maroon societies, slave rebellions, and the maintenance of religious institutions, particularly Kongo-lese religious systems in the Western Hemisphere.

6. History Department At Millersville University
Encounters between Europeans and the indigenous peoples of the Latin America, MiddleEast and africa as well Publications Books The Kingdom of kongo Civil War
http://muweb.millersville.edu/~history/faculty/thorntoncv.html
Quick Search: Dr. Thornton Courses:
  • History 101 History 281 History 391
Dr. Thornton Curriculum Vitae: Experience:
1995-Present Professor, Department of History, Millersville University of PA
1990-95 Associate Professor, Department of History, Millersville University of PA
1986-90 Assistant Professor, Department of History, Millersville University of PA
1985-6 Lecturer, Department of History, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
1984-5 Fellow, Carter Woodson Institute, University of Virginia
1981-4 Assistant Professor, Department of History, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA
1979-81 Lecturer Grade II, Department of History, University of Zambia, Lusaka
1972-75 Military Service, USAF (Honorable Discharge) Education:
BA, University of Michigan, Political Science, 1971
MA, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, African Area Studies, 1972 PhD, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, History, 1979 (Sup. E. A. Alpers) Grants and Fellowships Faculty Assistance Grant, Millersville University

7. Overview Of African History
close ties with fading empires such as kongo, Songhai and others. toll on indigenous peoples. We should also note that the Afrikaansspeaking whites in South africa who moved to
http://www.msubillings.edu/dzirker/African%20History%20Overview.html
AFRICA AND LATIN AMERICA BRIEF OVERVIEW OF AFRICAN HISTORY A Brief Overview ( with my additions! ) of Points Raised in Bohannan and Curtin, Chapters 12, 13, 14, 18, 19 and 20 Chapter 12: Africa AND THE WORLD
  • We should constantly remind ourselves that our understanding of Africa is conditioned by the fact that Europe conquered and dominated the continent to an unparalleled extent. The knowledge that most Americans have of Africa is immediately filtered through:
    • Slavery , and its aftermath, the protracted social and economic privation of a large and easily recognizable group The trivialization of African society and culture in literature, films, the media, and other popular culture outlets
    CULTURE AND OUR OWN JUDGMENTS What is culture?
    • "High" vs. "low" conceptualizations of culturewhat do these terms signify? Really mean? The complex influences that African culture had on American and European cultures The use of technology (and the attainment of a level of technology , particularly in warfare) as a standard for judging the relative merits of African culture (apples vs. oranges?)

8. Congo - A Look At The Past
speaking peoples established themselves throughout Central africa. and they largelydisplaced the indigenous peoples. in the area, including kongo, Kuba, Luba
http://cwr.utoronto.ca/cultural/english/congo/alook.html
A L OOK AT THE P AST T he indigenous peoples in Congo were forest dwellers. Their descendants, primarily members of the Efe and Mbuti tribes, still live as hunters and gatherers in the northern Ituri forest. Late in the first millennium A.D., Bantu-speaking peoples established themselves throughout Central Africa. Their culture was based on ironworking and agriculture, and they largely displaced the indigenous peoples. B y the 15th century, several kingdoms had developed in the area, including Kongo, Kuba, Luba and Lunda. When the Portuguese explorer Diogo Cam reached the mouth of the Congo River in 1482, he discovered that the coastal kingdoms were capturing people from nearby areas and sending them to work as slaves in Saudi Arabia. Over the next few centuries, Portuguese and French traders enslaved millions of Africans, and sent them to work on plantations in North and South America. The slave trade was abolished in 1885. I n 1878, King Leopold II of Belgium hired Anglo-American explorer Henry Morton Stanley to establish outposts along the Congo River. Leopold persuaded other European rulers to recognize Congo as his personal territory, which he named the Congo Free State. D uring Leopold's reign, the Congolese were brutally treated. They were forced to build a railroad and collect ivory and rubber. As many as 10 million Congolese died between 1880 and 1910. When news of the atrocities became public in 1908, the Belgian government took control of the colony and renamed it the Belgian Congo. Although the Belgian government improved working conditions slightly, it too was a harsh ruler and continued to extract natural resources. For years, the Congolese struggled to achieve independence.

9. 100gogo Expedition Of Africa, Africa's Super Predators & Mammals Safari
of which the more important include the Fang of Gabon and the kongo, Mongo, Kuba Theother indigenous groups are all Bantuspeaking peoples, originally from
http://www.100gogo.com/africa/
Africa - The Birthplace of Modern Humans You either love it or hate it . . . Africa Map Click here to see large map
Introduction
Features of Africa Africa is the second-largest continent , after Asia, covering 30,330,000 sq km; about 22% of the total land area of the Earth. It measures about 8,000 km from north to south and about 7,360 km from east to west. The highest point on the continent is Mt. Kilimanjaro - Uhuru Point - (5,963 m/19,340 ft) in Tanzania. The lowest is Lake 'Asal (153 m/502 ft below sea level) in Djibouti. The Forests cover about one-fifth of the total land area of the continent.
The Woodlands, bush lands, grasslands and thickets occupy about two-fifth.
And the Deserts and their extended margins have the remaining two-fifths of African land. World's longest river : The River Nile drains north-eastern Africa, and, at 6,650 km (4,132 mi), is the longest river in the world. It is formed from the Blue Nile, which originates at Lake Tana in Ethiopia, and the White Nile, which originates at Lake Victoria. World's second largest lake : Lake Victoria is the largest lake in Africa and the is the world's second-largest freshwater lake - covering an area of 69,490 sq km (26,830 sq mi) and lies 1,130 m (3,720 ft) above sea level. Its greatest known depth is 82 m (270 ft).

10. Exploring Africa -> Students-> Religion In Africa-> Christianity
kongo speaking peoples lived along the west independent Antonine Christian movementin the kongo? Churches, incorporate aspects of indigenous African religions
http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm14/stu_actfour14.html
Unit Three: Studying Africa through the Humanities
Module Fourteen: Religion in Africa
Student's Edition Activity Four: Christianity in Africa: Explain The Christian religion was founded in what is today Israel and Palestine 2000 years ago at the beginning of the Common Era . Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, a Jewish teacher and prophet. Early Christians (followers of Christ) believed that Jesus was divine in that he was the son of God. This is a major difference between Christianity and Judaism and Islam, the two other major monotheistic religions. Judaism does not hold that any of their great prophets were divine. And although God spoke directly to Mohammed through the angel Gabriel, Islam does give him the status of being divine. Although the early Christian church suffered persecution at the hands of Roman officials, the fact that Palestine was part of the Roman Empire facilitated the rapid spread of Christianity. Christianity, like Islam, is a proselytizing religion. This means that followers of these religions believe that it is their duty to share their religion and try to convert others to their religion. Early Christians came from the Jewish tradition, but they believed that the message and teachings of Jesus were meant for all people, and they used the transportation networks (roads, shipping routes) to spread the message of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire-or the

11. Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Curriculum-> Religion In Africa-> Christianity
able to resist attacks from neighboring Moslem dominated peoples. in the kongo hadweakened the kongo kingdom teachings in the Bible and indigenous beliefs and
http://ex.matrix.msu.edu/africa/curriculum/lm14/actfour14.html
Unit Three: Studying Africa through the Humanities
Module Fourteen: Religion in Africa
Teacher's Edition Activity Four: Christianity in Africa: Explain The Christian religion was founded in what is today Israel and Palestine 2000 years ago at the beginning of the Common Era . Christianity is based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, a Jewish teacher and prophet. Early Christians (followers of Christ) believed that Jesus was divine in that he was the son of God. This is a major difference between Christianity and Judaism and Islam, the two other major monotheistic religions. Judaism does not hold that any of their great prophets were divine. And although God spoke directly to Mohammed through the angel Gabriel, Islam does give him the status of being divine. Although the early Christian church suffered persecution at the hands of Roman officials, the fact that Palestine was part of the Roman Empire facilitated the rapid spread of Christianity. Christianity, like Islam, is a proselytizing religion. This means that followers of these religions believe that it is their duty to share their religion and try to convert others to their religion. Early Christians came from the Jewish tradition, but they believed that the message and teachings of Jesus were meant for all people, and they used the transportation networks (roads, shipping routes) to spread the message of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire-or the

12. Encyclopedia Of African History: List Of Entries VI
of Islam in west africa Religion indigenous, and cults. kongo, from Jaga invasionto 1665 kongo, late 17th development of trade and power peoples of southern
http://www.fitzroydearborn.com/london/africentr6.htm
FITZROY DEARBORN PUBLISHERS editorial website
Encyclopedia of African History List of Entries VI IRON AGE TO END OF 18TH CENTURY (1,000-1,500 words each) (a) NORTH AFRICA (Iron Age to End of 18th Century) Egypt
Arab conquest, (639-45)
Egypt in the Arab empire (640-850)
Tulunids and Ikhshidids (850-969)
The Fatimid Caliphate in Egypt (969-1073)
The Later Fatimids (1073-1171): Egypt as a centre of world trade
The Later Fatimids (1073-1171): Army and administration
The Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt (1169-1250)
The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Baybars, Qalawun and the Mongols (1250-1300)
The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Mamluk army and iqta' system The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Cairo under the Mamluks The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): Literature under the Mamluks The Mamluk dynasty (1250-1517): The Black Death and its consequences Egypt and Africa (1000-1500) Egypt under the Ottomans, 1517-1798: Ottomans in Nubia and the Red Sea Egypt under the Ottomans, 1517-1798: Trade with Africa Egypt under the Ottomans, 1517-1798: Mamluk Beylicate (c.1600-1798)

13. The PanAfrican Journal
were sought in africa with indigenous peoples forced to possessed; 2) To seek Christianpeoples with whom relations were established with the kongo kingdom of
http://www.fiu.edu/~bgso/articles/1100/01nov2000.htm
Home About Us Articles Links ... Contact Us Portuguese Expansion and the Colonization of Angola to1700 The history of relations between Africa and Europe encompasses four distinct periods. The first being what can be described as the "Age of Reconnaissance", in which Europeans became better acquainted with lands beyond Europe and sought ways to exploit these territories for the benefit of European potentates. During this period, Europeans sought in Africa commodities (gold, salt, silver, wheat, and cloth to name a few) for home consumption and to achieve a better balance of trade with other European nations. That period gave way to the era of mercantilism whereas European powers began to claim lands across the Atlantic, and realized that agricultural production could yield positive results by producing staple commodities for European consumption and also by providing military outposts composed of citizens seeking to better their plight abroad. These events changed the objectives of Europeans in regards to their dealings with Africa. While the foundations for the slave trade had been laid in the previous era, this period saw the trade in men take first priority. Beginning in the latter years of the fifteenth century, the slave trade grew dramatically as European colonial possessions in the Americas expanded reaching its apex in the second half of the eighteenth century.

14. 1Up Info > Country Study For Zaire | Zaire Information Resource
The kongo peoples; The Significance of Ethnic Identification. indigenous SOCIALSYSTEMS; Relations with North africa. Section National Security NATIONAL
http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/zaire/
You are here 1Up Info Zaire
History People ... News Search 1Up Info
Zaire

15. Democratic Republic Of The Congo / DRC (Kinshasa)
An annotated guide to internet resources on africa.Category Regional africa Congo, Democratic Republic of the...... KF http//www.kongokinshasa.de african/lang.html L1 Ituri Forest peoples Fund/Cultural Survival,based in Cambridge, MA, helps indigenous peoples and ethnic
http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/zaire.html
Countries Democratic Republic of the Congo Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: DRC News
ABC Nightline - Heart of Darkness
Site for the five-part TV series hosted by Ted Koppel. Program transcripts, a journal by the producer of life in the Eastern Congo, people profiles, relief efforts, the link between coltan, cell phones and the DRC. http://abcnews.go.com/sections/nightline/
Academie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-mer (Bruxelles, Belgium)
In French, English, Dutch. "The Royal Academy of Overseas Sciences was founded in 1928 with the aim of promoting scientific knowledge in overseas regions" [esp. Congo-Kinshasa]. "The Academy is divided into three Sections: the Section of Moral and Political Sciences, the Section of Natural and Medical Sciences and the Section of Technical Sciences." Publishes Biographie belge d'Outre-Mer (first pub. in 1941, was called la Biographie Coloniale Belge . Publishes three series of . http://www.belspo.be/kaow-arsom2/index.html
Aequatoria Archives Research Project
Based at the Research Center of the International Pragmatics Association, University of Antwerp, and works with the

16. African Timelines Part II
A timeline from 1st 15th centuries AD/CE, from Central Oregon Community College.Category Society History By Region africa Early Empires...... to what they perceived as pagan peoples, the search african states, but scholars arguethat indigenous slavery was africa, such as Benin and kongo, slavery was
http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline2.htm
Humanities 211
Prof. Cora Agatucci
6 October 1998 Part II: African Empires
AD / CE 1st - 15th centuries
With Brief Discussions: Axum Advent of Islam
Mali Empire Sundjata Keita, Griots ... Timbuktu
Contribute to African Timelines, add a link, or make a comment! New Submission Form "Let's face it think of Africa, and the first images that come
to mind are of war, poverty, famine and flies.
How many of us really know anything at all about
the truly great ancient African civilizations, which in their day,
were just as splendid and glorious as any on the face of the earth?" Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Wonders of the African World (PBS Online,1999): http://www.pbs.org/wonders/ ca. 300 (to 700) Rise of Axum or Aksum (Ethiopia) and conversion to Christianity. (By CE 1 st century, Rome had conquered Egypt, Carthage, and other North African areas; which became the granaries of the Roman Empire, and the majority of the population converted to Christianity). Axum spent its religious zeal carving out churches from rocks and writing and interpreting religious texts
  • Civilizations in Africa: Axum (Richard Hooker, World Civilizations, WSU):

17. Home About Artists Knowledge Contact Us Links Ijaba Films
in africa (see Table of Statistics) indigenous religion has Portuguese, French, Englishand native peoples) a bewildering Brazil and Cuba) as kongo, Palo Monte
http://www.geocities.com/badedit/articles/48.html
Home About Artists Knowledge ... Ijaba Films 25 Nov 2001
Religions of the World
African Religions
and Their Derivatives
African and African-Derivative Religions are a large group of beliefs and practices based upon ancient indigenous faiths of sub-Saharan African peoples. Within the last 100 years in Africa (see Table of Statistics) indigenous religion has declined under the influence of colonialism, Western acculturation and proselytizing by Islam and Christianity. In the African Diaspora (mainly in the Americas) African-derived belief systems are in a state of impressive growth.
ithin just the last two years the amount of information made available through the Internet is also impressive. Some of the best information comes to us from Italy, Sweden and Brazil. We are no longer dependent upon reports from academia or encyclopedias. There are now numerous websites maintained by the faithful themselves and, while the quality and quantity of information varies enormously among them, one may now hear from practitioners their own statements of faith.
In many, if not most, cases African spirituality has evolved in the Americas. Ancient practices brought westward by slaves became syncretized, more or less, with religious traditions of the slaves' masters. This syncretization is most noticeable in areas dominated by the Catholic faith and where the celebration of saints, votive offerings and other practices found parallels in ancient traditions.

18. Book Reviews
photographs depicting human activity from africa to New often revealing the facesof indigenous peoples along with the be followed by another on kongo art this
http://www.tribalarts.com/review/review_su_au99.html
Current Reviews Previous Reviews Summer/Autumn 1999 TRIBAL ARTS HOME FORUM LETTERS CLASSIFIEDS ... GALLERIES Au centre du monde
Collective work edited by Francine Ndiaye.
Published in French and in Spanish by AMR Publicat Girona, 1999.
Softcover: 195 FF
Illustrated with objects and antique photographs, this catalogue, which has been published in conjunction with an exhibition organized by the city of Boulogne-Billancourt in France and the Caixa Foundation of Girona in Spain, addresses the art of the Plains Indians in all its originality and diversity. It includes essays by five French and Spanish authors who are specialists in Native American history and culture. Their studies explore the history of the Plains Indians, the role of women, religion, and the central importance of Vision in their culture. Although the Plains Indians created no monumental art and little sculpture, their artistic creations such as headdresses and ceremonial garments, horse trappings, weapons, and ritual objects survive as testimony to a unique and rich philosophy of life.
back Te Patu Tiki
Le Tatouage aux îles Marquises
Published in French by Ch. Gleizal Éditeur, Singapore/Moorea, 1998.

19. Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001
BC and 1500, Bantuspeaking peoples became dominant over places powerful kingdoms,such as kongo, Luba, and and social organization of the indigenous population
http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africa.html
Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Africa k KEY Geology and Geography Geologically, recent major earth disturbances have been confined to areas of NW and E Africa. Geologists have long noted the excellent fit (in shape and geology) between the coast of Africa at the Gulf of Guinea and the Brazilian coast of South America, and they have evidence that Africa formed the center of a large ancestral supercontinent known as Pangaea. Pangaea began to break apart in the Jurassic period to form Gondwanaland, which included Africa, the other southern continents, and India. South America was separated from Africa c.76 million years ago, when the floor of the S Atlantic Ocean was opened up by seafloor spreading; Madagascar was separated from it c.65 million years ago; and Arabia was separated from it c.20 million years ago, when the Red Sea was formed. There is also evidence of one-time connections between NW Africa and E North America, N Africa and Europe, Madagascar and India, and SE Africa and Antarctica.

20. African Studies - Art And Archaeology
of illustrated short essays on 'indigenous sculptural arts Art kongoLe pays kongo(Nekongo Networking Assistance research among the Sherbro peoples of Sierra
http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/AfArt.html
African Studies
Internet Resources
African Studies Email:
africa
@libraries.cul.columbia.edu African Studies Internet Resources home WWW Virtual Library ... Department home
Art and Archaeology of Africa

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