81. Ancient Kurdistan August 17 2002 ANCIENT NEAR EAST ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PAGE. Ancient kurdistan (Kardouchoi). AManual of Ancient geography Kiepert Heinrich - Page 47. http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Kurdistan.html

The History of the Ancient Near East Electronic Compendium ANCIENT ISRAEL IRAQ EGYPT TURKEY SYRIA LEBANON JORDAN ARABIA CYPRUS BAHRAIN AND WESTERN IRAN Ancient Kurdistan (Kardouchoi) Southeastern Turkey together with fair sized portions of the Zagros mountain slopes in Iraq and Iran is inhabited by people known as the Kurds. They speak an Indo-Aryan language. It is generally agreed that they were undoubtedly the people called the Kardouchoi who even then (406 BC) caused Xenophon and his Ten Thousand great trouble ..... THE JOINT PREHISTORIC PROJECT Robert J. Braidwood and Linda S. Braidwood Oriental Institute in Chicago The Karduchians or Kurds belong by speech to the Iranian stock forming in fact their farthest outpost to the west. They are little given to agriculture but chiefly to the breeding of cattle. Their name was pronounced Kardu by the ancient Syrians and Assyrians and Kordu by the Armenians .It first appears in its narrower sense in western literature in the pages of the eye witness Xenophon. Later writers knew of a small kingdom here at the time of the Roman occupation ruled by native princes who after Tigranes II (about 80 BC) recognised the overlordship of the Armenian king. Later it became a province of the Sassanid Kingdom and as such was in 297 AD handed over among the regiones transtigritanae to the Roman empire but in 364 was again ceded to Persia A Manual of Ancient Geography Kiepert - Heinrich - Page 47 In the ancient world the Kurdish people formed three kingdoms; the

82. Middle East--Geography, Governments And Politics show place names, settlement patterns, infrastructure, and physical geography accuratelyand kurdistan Web is a new Kurdish site offering cultural, historical http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/mideast/govtgeog.html

catalog worldcat using the library electronic resources ... Middle East Middle EastGeography, governments and politics Geography, states, governments and politics: Please bear in mind that linking to these sites is not meant to be an endorsement of their content or that of sites to which they provide further links. It is not possible for us to check every link these pages provide, and it is not our goal to present or ignore any political, religious or other point of view which might exist on the web. Maps, country information, politics, policy, governments, law, etc.: Maps: The University of Chicago Map Collection Only about 40% of the Collection's sheet-map holdings are cataloged. Because virtually all the cataloging records have been derived from other libraries' records, few unique titles are noted in the online catalog. To find out what is in the Map Collection, you must visit, telephone, or email. The Map Collection is located in Regenstein 370. Hours are Monday-Friday, 12-5. http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/su/maps University of Texas Middle East Network Information Center (MENIC): Maps offers links to a wide variety of map sites, with contemporary, historical, technical and other sorts of maps available.

83. Iran - Government, History, Population, Geography And Maps Iran. geography. repressed by the government include Mojahedine Khalq Organization(MEK), People's Fedayeen, Democratic Party of Iranian kurdistan; the Society http://www.worldrover.com/vital/iran.html

Search the Net: History 100% Free Clip Art including world flags and 1000's more images and photos! Iran source: CIA World Factbook 1998 Iran Geography [Top of Page] Location: Middle East, bordering the Gulf of Oman, the Persian Gulf, and the Caspian Sea, between Iraq and Pakistan Geographic coordinates: 32 00 N, 53 00 E Map references: Middle East Area: total: 1.648 million sq km land: 1.636 million sq km water: 12,000 sq km slightly larger than Alaska Land boundaries: total: 5,440 km border countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km Coastline: 2,440 km note: Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km) Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 24 nm continental shelf: natural prolongation exclusive economic zone: bilateral agreements, or median lines in the Persian Gulf territorial sea: 12 nm Climate: mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast Terrain: rugged, mountainous rim; high, central basin with deserts, mountains; small, discontinuous plains along both coasts Elevation extremes: lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m highest point: Qolleh-ye Damavand 5,671 m

84. Kurdistan On The Map At Last Saleh believes the situation in Iraqi kurdistan will remain precarious as long sciencesare taught in English, and literature, history and geography in Arabic. http://mondediplo.com/2002/10/05kurdistan

85. Kurdistan Observer It depends on the climate. It is now winter in kurdistan. There are some placeswith three metres of snow. geography is affecting our military plans. http://home.cogeco.ca/~observer/4-2-03-talabani-interview-puk-kdp-strcuture.html

ns Jan 2003 news headline Jan 31, 2003 Washington Warns KDP and PUK Kurds Will not Take Part in U.S.-led War - Barzani Security Alert for US Journalists in Southern Kurdistan Talabani Praises the Stance of Syrian Kurdish party ... KDP blame Iraqi government agents, Islamists for Arbil blasts Jan 30, 2003 Syrian Authorities Judge Kurdish Writer Before A Military Court Kurds Threaten Retaliation if Turkey Continues "Aggression" Iraqi Kurdistan Mission-Press Release Small Number of U-S Forces Now in Southern Kurdistan Jan 28, 2003 Iraqi Kurds warn against Turkish military intervention 9 Iraqi Opposition Leaders Promise United, Multiparty Democracy Iraqi opposition seeks major US air support for meet in Kurd enclave Jan 27, 2003 Barham Salih meets, Vatican, Italian parliament officials Visiting French senator expresses support for Kurds' aspirations PUK official says oil-for-food programme to continue Uday Saddam: Expected war-plan for US invasion of Iraq ... US and Milliyet battle over alleged contacts with PKK Jan 25, 2003 Massoud Barzani Says There Is No Threat to Kurdish Region New Bookstore For an Ancient Culture PUK Official says WHO Will Not Provide Medicines in Event of War Erdogan accuses US of double standards ... Tragedy of the death of 30 Iraqi Kurdish refugees Jan 24, 2003

86. What Is Going On In Kurdistan? states, namely Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Syria; and a completely destructed geography. Beingthe biggest part among others, Turkish kurdistan has been the field http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/turkey/ah_kurd_aug99.html

What is Going On in Kurdistan? Summer 1999 Article scanned without permission from the Turkish Anarchist magazine 'Ates Hirsizi'. Address at end. What is Going On in Kurdistan? Thousands of Kurdish demonstrators have shaken more than 30 cities of the world, when Adullah Ocalan, president of PKK (Kurdish workers Party) was recently captured in Kenya d brought to Turkey thanks to an operation possibly organized by Turkey, US, Israel and Greece. Receiving an intensive coverage from local and international media, Ocalan's arrest we rise not only to numerous rumours, but also new discussions over Kurdish question as well a campaign of bombed attacks which have overshadowed the intoxication of Turkish government. Yet these tragic events are only the u dated versions of a long-standing bloodshed that marked the Kurdish history. 130 Years Of Agony Being one of the largest stateless nations of world, approximately 29 million Kurds are scattered in four major states, namely Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Syria with bits in European and former USSR countries. The fact that they have been denied simplest political and cultural rights is the very cause of Kurdish National Liberation Struggle estimated to be 130 years old. Firstly, all Kurdish bourgeois classes still maintain their existence. One can even talk about a regression in this regard; during the 70s, Kurdish bourgeois classes have received quite a good deal of blows from Kurdish socialist groups, but nowadays, all Kurdish bourgeois classes have strong links with all political groups under the pretext of patriotism.

87. Kurdistan A detailed analysis of migrations, deportations, and integration and assimilationis provided under Human geography. In the north of kurdistan, Kurds now http://members.lycos.nl/zangelo/newpage1.html

Welcome to Kurdistan Zangelo Englisch Duits Swaratuka Kurdistan Gallery News Contact Guestbook Zangelo Foundation By: Prof. Mehrdad R. Izady The vast Kurdish homeland consists of about 200,000 square miles of territory. Its area is roughly equal to that of France, or of the states of California and New York combined. Kurdistan straddles the mountainous northern boundaries of the Middle East, separating the region from the former Soviet Union. It resembles an inverted letter V, with the joint pointing in the direction of the Caucasus and the arms toward the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. In the absence of an independent state, Kurdistan is defined as the areas in which Kurds constitute an ethnic majority today. Kurdish ethnic domains border strategically on the territories of the three other major ethnic groups of the Middle East: the Arabs to the south, the Persians to the east, and the Turks to the west. In addition to these primary ethnic neighbors, and the Armenians to the north, the Azeris to the northeast, the Lurs to the southeast, and the Turcomans to the southwest. Historically, the range of lands in which Kurdish populations have predominated has fluctuated. Kurdish ethnic territorial

88. Russian Books Catalog. Iuzhnyi Kurdistan Segodnia: Uroki Krizisa., Social Scienc Agriculture Art/Architecture Atlases/geography Aviation/Space Bestsellers/FictionBiography/Memoirs Caucasus/Central Iuzhnyi kurdistan segodnia Uroki krizisa. http://www.eastview.com/xq/ASP/sku=A9780645/Gasatrian/MA/Lazarev/MS/and/S/Moskva

Home EVShop Services welcome ... services Quick Search Title Author(s) All Fields my account shopping cart Browse Bestsellers Agriculture Art/Architecture Atlases/Geography Aviation/Space ... Women's Studies Book Details Iuzhnyi Kurdistan segodnia: Uroki krizisa. List Price: Our Price: $10.98 You save: cyrillic latin EVP Order Number Author(s) Gasatrian, M.A., Lazarev, M.S. and S City Moskva Country Russia Language Russian ISBN Date Publication Publisher Institut vostokovedeniia RAN Subject Social Sciences Orient Cover Type Paperback Pages home help contact us

89. Introduction To World Geography - HS 105 - Mid Term Exam points for culture core areas that, through the diffusion process, created lastingimprints on the human geography of the Russia, Turkey, kurdistan, and Iran. http://www.bmcc.edu/Qs/public_html/quizzes/GE105/GE105midterma.html

Introduction to World Geography - HS 105 - Mid Term Exam Answer the questions below and then click "submit" to send your answers. This portion of the mid term exam contains 25 multiple choice questions, and 5 true and false questions. There is a part B (short answer), and a Part C (essay question) portion to this test. When you complete one section of the exam you will automatically be taken to the next section. At the conclusion of this exam, after you click submit, you should see a page light uo that says "success." Keeping a back up copy of this exam on paper is never a bad idea. Eratosthenes: Your answer: Measured the distance between the sun and the earth at the summer solstice. Developed the concept that most atmospheric moisture originates in the oceans. Computed the earth's circumference. discovered the source of the Nile river. Aristotle's zones of habitability is an early example of scholarly interest in: Your answer: The relationships between people and the lands that support them. Environmental determinism.

90. Joe's Essays A third factor in these conflicts is economic geography. The areas of Iraq, Iran,Turkey, and Syria that the Kurds live in is called kurdistan, shown on the http://www.freeessay.com/joe/History/kurds_2_5.shtml

Home Essays Search Links ... Contact PAID ADVERTISEMENT Word Count: 2162 Print Back Next - 2 of 5 PAID ADVERTISEMENT Not Free Essay's EssayFind Search Part of the

91. Geography return to top of page. Asia. aka kurdistan (http//www.akakurdistan.com/).Animated Chinese Characters (http//www.ocrat.com/ocrat/chargif/). http://www.networksplus.net/leupold/geography.html

return to Online Library Index All Countries Geography Atlases Europe Flags North America ... Celebrations/Holidays Links checked on 3-6-01 All Countries CIA World Fact Book (http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html) Embassy Web (http://www.embpage.org/) Greatest Places Online (http://www.smm.org/greatestplaces/) Lesson Plans and Resources for Social Studies Teachers (teacher resource) http://www.csun.edu/~hcedu013/index.html Lonely Planet (http://www.lonelyplanet.com/) (http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/regions.htm) State Department Background Notes (http://www.worldbank.org/html/extdr/regions.htm) United Nations CyberSchoolBus (http://www.un.org/Pubs/CyberSchoolBus/) return to top of page Atlases Map Machine!@National Geographic (http://plasma.nationalgeographic.com/mapmachine/) National Atlas of the United States (http://www.nationalatlas.gov/atlasvue.html)

92. State Department: The Geographic Learning Site (geography Information, Maps, And Geographic Learning Site is designed to assist teaching of geography and foreign affairs to students in grades K12. http://geography.state.gov/

Foreign Affairs for America's Youth Web Site Text version Where Do U.S. Diplomats Work? Traveling With the Secretary ... Credits This site is best viewed at a screen resolution of 800 x 600.

93. Kurdistan - Kedma.co.il The summary for this English page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www.kedma.co.il/MiddleEast/states/Kurdistan/kurdistan.asp

Forum Kedma Articles Women ... Home Kurdistan Geography Demography History Links Click to enlaege Algiria Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Ethiopia Greece Iran Iraq Israel Italy Jordan Kurdistan Kuwait Lebanon Libya Morocco Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Spain Sudan Syria Tunisia Turkey U.A.E Yemen

94. Www.KurdistanWeb.org § KurWeb § Previous Opening Pages. Map of kurdistan. Remembering HalabjaDay 16 March 1988 the city of Halabja (Hellebje) in Southern kurdistan, 5000 people were immediately killed and up to http://kurdweb.humanrights.de/

About KurWeb KURDISTANICA Hellebje Project Kurdish Language Academy Kerkúk Research Network www.Kirmashan.com Xanekin Kurdish Computer Society Previous Opening Pages Map of Kurdistan Kurds are kept away from desired capital The Kurds have been told by Washington to stay outside the historically Kurdish city. The reason is because Turkey has threatened to intervene militarily in northern Iraq if the Kurds make a move on Kirkuk or Mosul, and Washington, keen to keep Turkey out of the war, has promised to keep the Kurds under control. Turkey fears that control of local oil resources around the two cities could embolden Iraqi Kurds to move towards independence, a tabu prospect that could set an example to Turkey's own Kurdish minority. Search Help! Contact us Media ... Personal Web sites This Site Hosted By Human Rights Server KurdistanWeb.org NO.

95. Religions In Kurdistan of mainstream Shiitem Islam among the Kurds, particularly in and around the citiesof Kirmashan, to Hamadan and Bijar in southern and eastern kurdistan and the http://kurdy_person.tripod.com/Pekhshan/id14.html

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated Home About Me ... Kurdish nation Religions in Kurdistan Halabja Kurdish partys Kurdish women Religions in Kurdistan Pekshan The infusion of an Indo-European (Iranic) language, culture, and genetic element into the Kurdish population over the two millennia preceding the Christian era also entailed the incorporation of Aryan religious practices and deities into indigenous Kurdish faith(s). Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Manichaeism, and Christianity Successively made inroads into Kurdistan. The most holy of Zoroastrianism's three grand fire temples, that of Azargushasp, was built at the holy site of Ganzak (modern Takab) in eastern Kurdistan in the northern environs of the Kurdish city of Bijr. Despite this, Zoroastrianism did not succeed in converting any appreciable proportion of the Kurds. In fact, it was the indigenous Kurdish religions that, in addition to deeply influencing Zoroastrianism, on two instances attempted to absorb that religion. ISLAM Nearly three fifths of the Kurds, almost all Kurmanji-speakers, are today at least nominally Sunni Muslims of Shafiite rite. There are also some followers of mainstream Shiitem Islam among the Kurds, particularly in and around the cities of Kirmashan, to Hamadan and Bijar in southern and eastern Kurdistan and the Khurasan. These Siite Kurds number around half a million.

96. Southern Kurdistan Map of South and Southeast kurdistan. Sources Dr. M. Izady, ColombiaUniversity, New York, USA. © 199799 Kurdish Worlewide Resources http://www.kurdish.com/kurdistan/maps/map-04.html

Map of South and Southeast Kurdistan Sources: Dr. M. Izady, Colombia University, New York, USA.

97. Culture And Geography [Beyond Books] http://www.beyondbooks.com/wcu91/index.asp

Hello, GUEST Log in What Is Culture? What Is Geography? Sub-Saharan Africa The Middle East and North Africa The Former Soviet Union South Asia China Japan, Korea, and the Pacific Rim Southeast Asia Latin America Search BB Program Contents Page Culture and Geography [Introduction] 1. What Is Culture? 2. What Is Geography? 2a. The Five Themes of Geography 2b. Physical and Human Geography 2c. What Does a Geographer Do? 2d. Climate and Weather 2e. Weather Extremes 2f. Oceans and the Hydrosphere 2g. Water Resources 2h. River Systems 2i. Ecological Essentials 2j. Geologic Hazards 2k. Shaping the Earth 3. Sub-Saharan Africa 4. The Middle East and North Africa 4a. The Geography of the Middle East 4b. The Sahara Desert 4c. Judaism 4d. Christianity 4e. Islam 4f. Society and Family Life 4g. Breaking Up the Ottoman Empire 4h. The Emergence of Israel 4i. Art and Literature of the Middle East 4j. Food, Fashion, and Music 4k. Turkey: A Case Study 4l. Iran: A Case Study 4m. The Arab-Israeli Conflict

98. Iraq THE OTTOMAN PERIOD, 1534-1918 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, N The resistance made it impossible for the Ottomans to maintain evennominal suzerainty over Iraqi kurdistan (land of the Kurds). http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/iraq/iraq_history_the_ottoman_period_1534_1918.h

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] Iraq THE OTTOMAN PERIOD, 1534-1918 http://workmall.com/wfb2001/iraq/iraq_history_the_ottoman_period_1534_1918.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS Unavailable Figure 4. The Ottoman Empire in the Mid-Seventeenth Century Source: Based on information from Roderic H. Davidson, Turkey , Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1968, 51; and Philip K. Hitti, The Near East in History , New York, 1961, 334. fig. 4 The major impact of the Safavid-Ottoman conflict on Iraqi history was the deepening of the Shia-Sunni rift. Both the Ottomans and the Safavids used Sunni and Shia Islam respectively to mobilize domestic support. Thus, Iraq's Sunni population suffered immeasurably during the brief Safavid reign (1623-38), while Iraq's Shias were excluded from power altogether during the longer period of Ottoman supremacy (1638-1916). During the Ottoman period, the Sunnis gained the administrative experience that would allow them to monopolize political power in the twentieth century. The Sunnis were able to take advantage of new economic and educational opportunities while the Shias, frozen out of the political process, remained politically impotent and economically depressed. The Shia-Sunni rift continued as an important element of Iraqi social structure in the 1980s (see Religious Life , ch. 2).

99. Favorieten kurdistan. The realm of kurdistan begins on the coast of the Straitsof Hormuz, which borders on the shores of the Indian Ocean. http://www.gulalesure.com/Kurdistan.html

Gulale Sure About Me Kurdistan Photos Halabje Kurdistan "The realm of Kurdistan begins on the coast of the Straits of Hormuz, which borders on the shores of the Indian Ocean. From thence, it extends forth on a straight line, terminating with the the provinces of Malatya and Marash. To the north of this line are the provinces of Fars, Persian Iraq, Azerbaijan, Armenia Minor and Armenia Major. To its southern side lay the Arab Iraq, Mosul and Diyarbakir. And thus the branches of this nation have reached from the extremities of the lands of the East to the extremities of the lands of the West." The Sharafnma, Prologue, 7-9. Prince Sharafaddin Bitlisi, AD 1597 Kurdish nation Political Geography Language Geomorphology ... Kurdish women

100. FINDING THE KURDS A WAY: KURDISTAN AND THE DISCOURSE OF THE NATION-STATE A paper submitted by Kevin Kuswa, University of Texas, assessing the Kurdish situation by employing Category Society Ethnicity Kurdish Society and Culture...... http://www.utexas.edu/courses/speclass/intern98/kuswax.html

FINDING THE KURDS A WAY: KURDISTAN AND THE DISCOURSE OF THE NATION-STATE Kevin Kuswa Advisor: Ronald Walter Greene, PhD Finding the Kurds a Way: Kurdistan and the Discourse of the Nation-State Abstract This project assesses the Kurdish situation by employing a critical rhetorical perspective. Who constitutes the Kurds and how does Kurdish nationalism bubble to the surface? Although their sense of nationalism is strong, the Kurds do not possess sovereignty or independent territory. Combining the Iraqi, Syrian, Iranian, Turkish, and "other" Kurds (the diaspora) may provide an approximate ideal of the "Kurdish nation-state." But, it is at that point that the traditional discourse of the state fails to add any explanatory value to "nation." Tracing the location of Kurdishness in international relations and human rights rhetoric, it appears evident that statism has produced its own diasporic flaw. Consequently, the Kurdish dilemma offers a poignant example of the interplay between the rhetoric of the New World (Dis)order, national identity, cultural expression, and physical security. No one finds it easy to live uncomplainingly and fearlessly with the thesis that human reality is constantly being made and unmade, and that anything like a stable essence is constantly under threat.

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