41. Lithuania-Ireland: Regional Policy Compared Same size, same population, but different history and policy. http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/euregion/lithuania-ireland.html

Lithuania-Ireland: regional policy compared Lithuania and the Republic of Ireland are of similar size, and in the mid-1990's had had almost exactly the same population. Population density in Lithuania was slightly higher, 57/km as against 53/km in Ireland. Unlike, for instance, the Netherlands, this is low enough to speak of classic regions with central cities: there are no large overlapping commuter zones. Until the 1990's, real urbanisation was lower in Ireland, probably under 50%, and the west of Ireland was less than 25% urban by European definitions. Both countries became independent after the First World War, but their different histories affected population and urbanisation. Recent economic growth in Ireland is creating a new urban pattern there, sharply distinct from that of Lithuania. New census results show a diverging population - under 3,5 million in Lithuania but approaching 4 million in Ireland. There are five major differences in the population and urbanisation history of Lithuania and Ireland. The first is that Lithuania was a front-line area in both the First and Second World Wars. Ireland has been stable and neutral for 80 years. The Second World War saw Soviet occupation, German occupation, the extermination of the large Jewish minority, return to the Soviet Union, expulsion of the remaining German minority, nationalist guerrilla activity until 1951, political deportations under Stalin, and the "voluntary" transfer of Poles to Poland. The scale of violent death in Lithuania this century, far exceeds that of the Irish War of Independence, and the 30 years of violence in Northern Ireland.

42. Lietuvos Istorija. History Of Lithuania metodologija, etnologija, archeologija ir kitos artimos humanitariniumokslu disciplinos. history of lithuania, in lithuanian. http://istorija.nkm.lt/

43. The Marriage Of Jadwiga And Jagiello A short overview of the facts/history surrounding the marriage of Queen Jadwiga of Poland and King Jagiello of lithuania. http://www.lehigh.edu/~jahb/jadwiga/jadwiga.wawel.html

The Union of Jadwiga and Jagiello Queen Jadwiga of Poland (1374?-1399) and King Wladyslaw Jagiello of Poland and Lithuania (1351?-1434), whose marriage joined Poland and Lithuania in a centuries-long union, are the major players in a dramatic, romatic, and/or pious story that still captures the Polish (if not the Lithuanian!) hearts. Jadwiga especially is the focus of both romantic and sacred interest, for her youthful marriage not only enable the Christianization of Lithuania and the final defeat of the Teutonic Knights, but involved a sacrifice dear to the romantic imagination. Eastern Europe of the fourteenth century, growing steadily more peaceful despite two centuries of warfare, raiding, bickering and succession disputes, was still in a state of flux. Though regional borders had become more pronounced, national borders were still flexible, and the great (and petty) rulers schemed, warred, and bargained over which region belonged to which country. Even the relatively sparse English-language descriptions of the era show that mix of piety, coldblooded politics, and pageantry that we think of as typically medieval; especially so when describing the players of this game. Casimir the Third of Poland, called the "the Great", King of Poland from 1333 to 1370, consolidating Great and Little Poland, Mazovia, and Red Ruthenia into a large Polish state. He was known for his statecraft and diplomacy, as well as for his code of law and his consideration for the non-noble (one of his nicknames was "The Peasant King"). However, he apparently had no legitimate heirs to his lands; he had no surviving male issue, and because of a trifling dispute over his second marriage (his first wife being still alive when the marriage took place) his daughters by that marriage had to be legitmated.

44. MapZones.com History lithuania, history, Back to Top. The ancestors of lithuanians cameto the Baltic area most likely around 2500 bc. The first reference http://www.mapzones.com/world/europe/lithuania/historyindex.php

Country Info Lithuania Introduction Lithuania General Data Lithuania Maps Lithuania Culture ... Lithuania Time and Date Lithuania History Back to Top The ancestors of Lithuanians came to the Baltic area most likely around 2500 bc. The first reference to them by name was in ad 1009 in a medieval German manuscript, the Quedlinburg Chronicle. With the rise of the medieval lords in Germany and Russia, Lithuania was constantly subject to invasion and attempted conquest. In the 13th century, when the Teutonic Knights, a German militaristic religious order, were establishing their power, the Lithuanians resisted. The various Lithuanian tribes united to form a loose federation under pagan chieftain Mindaugas. Mindaugas was baptized as a Christian in 1251 and subsequently crowned king of Lithuania under the authority of Pope Innocent IV. In about 1260 the Lithuanians defeated the Knights’ attempt to capture Lithuanian territory. In 1263 Mindaugas was assassinated, probably by pagan Lithuanian princes, and Lithuania officially reverted to paganism. Despite the earlier nonaggression pact, Germany invaded the USSR in June 1941. Large-scale anti-Soviet uprisings then took place in Lithuania. Unable to contend with both the revolt and the German onslaught, Soviet forces withdrew from Lithuania. During the Nazi occupation, Lithuanian resources were systematically pillaged and more than 200,000 Lithuanians, including an estimated 165,000 Jews, were killed. The Nazis nearly exterminated the entire Jewish population, which had constituted Lithuania’s largest minority group before the war.

45. Lithuania - History Of Lithuanian Flags This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World websiteLithuania history of Lithuanian Flags. http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/lt-hist.html

Lithuania - History of Lithuanian Flags Last modified: by dov gutterman Keywords: lithuania Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors ... Ancient Lituanian Flag See also: Lithuania Samogitia Central Lithuania (Vilnius Republic) Overview The following material represents a synopsis of the history of Lithuanian flags: Not much is known about Lithuanian flags prior to the 1200's. The earliest available records talk about "yellow Gediminas towers" on a "red field. This is a clear reference to King Gediminas of Lithuania who ruled from 1316 to 1341. The earliest described Lithuanian flag contains a block shaped outline of the Voruta castle, home of King Gediminas during his reign. Of interest however is that archeological diggings have unearthed Lithuanian bracteate's dating from King Mindaugas'es reign (1234 - 1263) in Gotland and elsewhere showing the same outline on the coins as is attributed to King Mindaugases flags. The earliest known mention of Lithuanian flags is in the "Chronicon Dubicense"; it cites an "insignia Lithwanorium" in the text but does not go on to describe it. Logic would state that it must have been one of the "towers of Gediminas". Ample documentation exists regarding the Lithuanian flags which participated in the Tannenberg battle of 1410 against the Teutonic Knights. Lithuanian units from the Aukstaitija province flew the red and yellow towers of Gediminas. Aside from the towers of Gediminas (also called gates of Gediminas), which now are identified with all things Lithuania, there are two other "national" symbols which have adorned Lithuanian flags since the early Middle Ages - the Apostolic cross and the Vytis.

46. LITHUANIAN HISTORY TABLE....http://fly.to/lithuania lithuaniaN history TABLE 1230 Crusaders begin conquests of lithuanian tribes;1266 1772 First Partition of lithuania; 1793 Second Partition of lithuania; 1795 http://www.angelfire.com/mn/zukauskas/histdates.html

LITHUANIAN HISTORY TABLE Crusaders begin conquests of Lithuanian tribes Lithuanian victory over Knights of the Sword Reign of Gediminas Reign of Vytautas the Great Lublin Union with Poland First Partition of Lithuania Second Partition of Lithuania Third Partition of Lithuania Napoleon invades Lithuania Lithuania occupied by German Army Independence declared after WWI. Soviets attempt to regain power Poles occupy city of Vilnius Clandestine German-Soviet agreement gave Soviets control of most of Lithuania Becomes republic of USSR Lithuania revolts against Soviets, forms own government. WWII Germany occupies Lithuania USSR regains control Demonstration against Soviet presence Sajudis, a populist front, campaign for autonomy Lithuanian made official language. Local communist control abolished In January the Soviet Army briefly occupies parts of Vilnius but by September, the USSR recognizes Lithuanian independence Algirdas Brazauskus elected president, last Russian troops pull out and Lithuania is admitted into the European Council LETTER TO ALL ZUKAUSKAS ZUKAUSKAS Ancestry-Translated documents JACK SHARKEY (James Paul Zukauskas) LINK: Information About LITHUANIA ... Back to ZUKAUSKAS

47. World Travel Guide - Lithuania - History And Government World Travel Guide lithuania - history Government - includes informationon the constitution and politics. WORLDTRAVELGUIDE.NET, http://www.travel-guide.com/data/ltu/ltu580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/Europe/Lithuania/HistoryandGovernment'; WORLD TRAVEL GUIDE .NET GUIDES World Travel Guide World City Guide World Airport Guide World Cruise Guide ... World Weather TOOLS Holiday Brochures Mini Guide Online Bookstore World Clock ... Reservations APPENDICES How to Use This Guide Health Disabled Travellers Buddhism ... Travel Warnings LANGUAGES Deutsch Dutch Español Français ... Lithuania History and Government History: Present-day Lithuanians, along with Latvians and ancient Prussians, are descendants of the Balts, an Indo-European ethnic group that settled on the Baltic coast 4000 years ago. The name of Lithuania was first mentioned in the Quedlinburg Annals in 1009. Under Grand Duke Gediminas, who is recognised as the founder of Lithuania, and under the rule of Grand Duke Mindaugas, the territory was extended during the 14th century southwards to take in Minsk and later as far as the Black Sea. This power enabled Lithuania to withstand the advance of the Teutonic Knights and to reach, together with Poland, the decisive victory at the Zalgiris (Tannenberg) battle in 1410. The capital of the new state was therefore established at Kaunas. The Lithuanian constitution promulgated in 1922 declared Lithuania to be a parliamentary republic with the

48. Iron Crosses: Pre-Christian History And Beliefs A look at the history and folklore of lithuania, one of three Baltic countries. lithuania was the last pagan country in Europe to accept Christianity. This site is devoted to examining the history, folktales and beliefs of Pagan lithuania. Topics such as Perkunas, Gabija, Zemyna, Saule and the various Grand Dukes (Mindaugas, Gediminas, Jogaila, Vytautas) are explored, along with the elements of lithuanian paganism chthonic and indo-european. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/3503

ithuania, on the shore of the Baltic Sea, has had a very intriguing role in European development, in various ways: militarily, economically, politically and religiously. It was the last country to accept Christianity, in 1387, as part of the marriage agreement between Grand Duke Jogaila and Jadwiga, Queen of Poland. The new faith lived in conjunction with the old nature-based beliefs; and well into the twentieth century in certain regions. odern Lithuanians are an unusual amalgam of Catholicism and a fierce pride in their pagan past. Many will proudly state that Grand Duke Jogaila and his cousin Grand Duke Vytautas the Great defeated the Crusading Teutonic Order. The language was nearly wiped out when it was under the auspices of the Russian Empire But it endured, and to this day Lithuanians are fiercely protective of both their language and of their culture. This website is dedicated to exploring the history, culture, folktales, and folk beliefs of this most colourful country. Table of Contents zemyna@geocities.com

49. Lithuania - History Of Lithuanian Flags This page is part of © FOTW Flags Of The World website lithuania history of lithuanian Flags. Last modified 2000-09-01 by dov http://www.fotw.ca/flags/lt-hist.html

Lithuania - History of Lithuanian Flags Last modified: by dov gutterman Keywords: lithuania Links: FOTW homepage search write us mirrors See also: Lithuania Samogitia Central Lithuania Overview The following material represents a synopsis of the history of Lithuanian flags: Not much is known about Lithuanian flags prior to the 1200's. The earliest available records talk about "yellow Gediminas towers" on a "red field. This is a clear reference to King Gediminas of Lithuania who ruled from 1316 to 1341. The earliest described Lithuanian flag contains a block shaped outline of the Voruta castle, home of King Gediminas during his reign. Of interest however is that archeological diggings have unearthed Lithuanian bracteate's dating from King Mindaugas'es reign (1234 - 1263) in Gotland and elsewhere showing the same outline on the coins as is attributed to King Mindaugases flags. The earliest known mention of Lithuanian flags is in the "Chronicon Dubicense"; it cites an "insignia Lithwanorium" in the text but does not go on to describe it. Logic would state that it must have been one of the "towers of Gediminas". Ample documentation exists regarding the Lithuanian flags which participated in the Tannenberg battle of 1410 against the Teutonic Knights. Lithuanian units from the Aukstaitija province flew the red and yellow towers of Gediminas. Aside from the towers of Gediminas (also called gates of Gediminas), which now are identified with all things Lithuania, there are two other "national" symbols which have adorned Lithuanian flags since the early Middle Ages - the Apostolic cross and the Vytis.

50. WWW-VL History Index Click Here for WWWVL Main Catalogue WWW-VL history lithuania. historyof lithuania from the Catholic Encylopedia 1913; lithuanian Roots. http://www.ku.edu/history/VL/europe/lithuania.html

WWW-VL HISTORY: LITHUANIA Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) Main Catalog The WWW-VL search facility. Click Here to access the Mirror at Florence, Italy Click Here to access the Mirror at Lawrence, Kansas, USA Research Tools Geography Maps Map Page of Lithuania Relief Map Political 1998 Lithuania [enlish. clickable map of districts and towns] Baltic Lands 1000-1809 1579 Lithuania Russian Empire on the Baltic 1882 Gazetteers Location of Cities and Towns World Heritage Sites Vilnius Historic Centre Language Languages of Lithuania Latvian Dictionaries (in Polish) Lithuanian Language Course On-Line An Historical Grammar of the Lithuanian Language , by Cyril Babaev Lithuanian Fonts for Windows95 Lithuanian Language Software for Sale Reference Country Study: Lithuania Countries of the World: Lithuania World Factbook 2001 [click on "lithuania"] Lthuania. A Country Study United States Department of State Background Notes [January, 1998] Important Facts in Lithuanian History Bibliography Bibliographies, including Internet Gateways

51. Romuva: The Name not have a founder or any single source, and it predates recorded history. It isone of the oldest religions of the world, and the oldest one in lithuania. http://www.wcer.org/members/europe/Lithuania/history.htm

W orld C ongress of E thnic R eligions Romuva History (Text by Audrius Dundzila, Ph.D) Back to the Lithuania page Lithuanian Religion does not have a founder or any single source, and it predates recorded history. It is one of the oldest religions of the world, and the oldest one in Lithuania. It evolved from the natural and native beliefs of its indigenous people. Three formative periods developed the present-day religion. After the last Ice Age, the first nomads in the region of present-day Lithuania practiced a hunting-gathering oriented religion. Once the region became agrarian, the settlers practiced their version of Old European religion. After a wave of cultural changes spread across Europe, the inhabitants practiced their form of Indo-European religion. Each religious transformation incorporated elements from its predecessors. Baltic Religion evolved primarily from these three antecedents. Each Baltic nation developed its own ethnic variant of Baltic Religion. Baltic Religion underwent several known reforms. Sovijus (dates unknown) is attributed with introducing cremated burials, which eventually gained widespread acceptance. In Lithuania, Duke Ðventaragis (ca. 5th-6th Centuries) relocated cremations to sacred grounds and extended them to the nobility. In Prussia, the Chief Prophet Prutenis (?-573) and his younger brother King Vaidevutis (?-573) unified the Prussians into a theocratic state, reformed the pantheon, and built the Romuva temple at Nadruva with the Gods Patrimpas (Dievas), Perkûnas and Patolas (Velnias) as the presiding trinity.

52. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Lithuania (History By Nation) history history by Nation lithuania. GENERAL World Book Online Articleon lithuania; Brief history; List of rulers; lithuanian Roots; http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/His

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 Lithuania document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); GENERAL World Book Online Article on LITHUANIA Brief history List of rulers ... Contact Us

53. Bigchalk: HomeworkCentral: Kingdom Of Poland & Lithuania (History) HIGH SCHOOL BEYOND Regional Studies Countries of the World Europe lithuania history Kingdom of Poland lithuania. http://www.bigchalk.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/WOPortal.woa/Homework/High_School/Reg

Home About Us Newsletters My Products ... Product Info Center Email this page to a friend! K-5 document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); GENERAL OVERVIEW Jagiellon Dynasty (1385-1572) Noble Republic (1572-1795) Provinces ... Contact Us

54. National Stock Exchange Of Lithuania - History history The first lithuanian exchange opened in Klaipëda seaport in 1775 After therestoration of independence in 1990, lithuania started implementing radical http://www.nse.lt/beta/istorija_e.htm

55. Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidentas Presidential activities, annual addresses, speeches and statements, weekly reviews, visits, interviews. Biography of the President and the First Lady. Office of the President contacts, Presidential Palace, history, virtual tour. http://www.president.lt/

English version Prezidento veikla Dekretai Kalbos Interviu Praneðimai spaudai ... Ðvietimo gairës Respublikos prezidentas Biografija Prezidento institucija Istorija Teisinë aplinka Informacija kontaktams Prezidentûros rûmai Rûmø istorija Virtuali ekskursija Atsakymai á klausimus Prezidentas priims Ispanijos Valstybës sekretoriø Ramonà de Migelá Egea (Ramon de Miguel Egea) Prezidentas priims Valstybës kontrolieriø Jonà Liauèiø Valstybës vadovas dalyvaus Pilietybës komisijos posëdyje Prezidento Rolando Pakso inauguracijos iðkilmës (video filmas) Prezidentas R. Paksas nepatenkintas didelëmis eilëmis Lietuvos pasienyje Prezidentas akcentavo, jog bûtina uþkirsti kelià valstybës pareigûnø paþeidimams skirstant ir atkuriant þemës nuosavybæ Ispanijos Valstybës sekretorius paþadëjo Prezidentui, jog greitu laiku Vilniuje bus atidaryta Ispanijos ambasada ... Prezidentas praðo Vidaus reikalø ministro informacijos apie galimus neteisëtus policijos pareigûnø veiksmus Paruoðë Lietuvos Respublikos Prezidento kanceliarija. Cituojant bûtina nurodyti ðaltiná. Interneto sprendimas: Metasite . Apie klaidas ir netikslumus praðome praneðti

56. Radio In Lithuania. History RADIO IN lithuania BITS OF history Lietuviðkai esperantlingva versiokliknij - wersja polska no-pyccku, BEFORE WORLD WAR II STATE http://www.zilionis.lt/history/index-e.htm

RADIO IN LITHUANIA - BITS OF HISTORY BEFORE WORLD WAR II STATE RADIO (RADIOFONAS) , KAUNAS Law on State Radio (Valstybés radiofono istatymas) POLISH RADIO VILNIUS (POLSKIE RADIO WILNO) First station, 1927-1931 (photos, 70 kB) Second station, 1931-1939 (photos, 84 kB) Witold Hulewicz, program manager of Polish Radio Vilnius from 1927 to 1935 ID jingle, in use from May 3, 1928 to September, 1939 First page of the first issue of Banga ... Radio Receiver Factory, WORLD WAR II PERIOD Lithuanian Activist Front Radio (clandestine), 1941 Sendergruppe Ostland . Article by H. Kriegler in Welt-Rundfunk ... Radio Station (clandestine), 1943-1944 SOVIET OCCUPATION PERIOD RADIO Interval Signal of Radio Vilnius (foreign service) First transmitter of the ... Tarybu Lietuva, PROGRAM GUIDES First page of the first issue of Kalba Vilnius weekly program guide, April 6, 1956 RECENT HISTORY Protocol between Lithuanian and Soviet Ministries of Communication on separation of functions. September 5, 1991 Radio Vilnius about the start of FM radio service in the CCIR-FM ... 1386 kHz: Lithuania vs. Russia STATIONS IN LITHUANIA AND AROUND IT List of sources Sigitas Zilionis January 2003

57. Svencionys, Lithuania - History lithuania immediately. This event is called in Jewish history “TheExpulsion from lithuania” (14951503). Under the conditions http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/svencionys/sve0152.html

Previous page Table of Contents Next page Dedicated to my parents: Shmuel the son of Shimon-Yankev, and Lea Sara daughter of Yisrael, and my sisters: Yokheved and Slova, of blessed memory Shimon Bushkanyetz The History of Svintsyan THE BEGINNING The time of the Middle Ages and the life in PolandLithuanian-Polish union and its influence on the Jewish settlementsExpulsion from Lithuania (1495)Svintsyan and its founders. The mass conversion to Catholicism occurred at the time that his nephew, Vladivostok Yagela, came to Lithuania accompanied by a large contingent of priests. They began to spread Catholicism among the Lithuanian people and were successful after great difficulty. The Grand Prince Gedimin transferred the capital city from Troki in Lithuania to Vilna. Under his rule, the Jews benefited from a certain amount of political autonomy, as well as free trade and business privileges. His approach continued that of Prince Vitold as opposed to that of Vladivostok Yagela in Poland, on whom the Catholic priests' hatred of Jews had a tremendous influence. Yagela listened to their advice and was not content with the usual limitations of Jewish rights. In addition he instituted Jewish ghettos like those in the fanatical lands of Western Europe at that time. The kings who ruled in Poland-Lithuania after Vladivostok Yagela were more approachable and treated the Jews more humanely. In their time, Jews from Germany and Austria came to live in Poland, because they were persecuted and tormented in those other lands. In Poland they found a place of refuge. The Jewish refugees quickly conformed to the prevailing conditions, and then a great Jewish settlement was created.

58. Svencionys, Lithuania - History Previous page Table of Contents Next page. The history of Svintsyan(cont.). SVINTSYAN IN WORLD history. SVINTSYAN IN POLISH history. http://www.jewishgen.org/yizkor/svencionys/sve0153.html

Previous page Table of Contents Next page The History of Svintsyan (cont.) SVINTSYAN IN WORLD HISTORY The city at the crossroads of wandering nations Napoleon and his army in the city The historical house A memorial in Svintsyan. According to the Polish Geographic Dictionary , in the 16th century Svintsyan was occupied by the crusaders who had marched into Eastern Europe from the west. The gastaltsn Swedes coming from the north also didn't avoid the city. There were also Tartars who had remained after their wanderings and expansionist activities in that century. The wanderings and wars of these various tribes comprise a tragic chapter in Jewish history, because with the coming of these occupiers and after their departure, it was always the Jews, no matter where they were, who suffered because they were always accused of having good relations with the enemy camp, and for this they were always well rewarded. We don't really know accurately the numbers of Jews from this city who were murdered and martyred. Svintsyan is especially noted on the map of Jewish history because of Napoleon Bonapart's march to Moscow.

59. AIESEC Vilnius, Lithuania - History history. This page is created by Akmis Lomsargis Last Updated October19,1996 URL http//www.aiesec.lt/aiesec/vilnius/istorija.htm http://aiesec.org/lt/web/aiesec/vilnius/istorija.htm

60. Jewish History Of Lithuania Jewish history of lithuania. Character and Influence on the DiasporaSpiritual Trends and Leaders Haskalah Hibbat Zion and Zionism http://www.heritagefilms.com/LITHUANIA.html

Jewish History of Lithuania Character and Influence on the Diaspora Spiritual Trends and Leaders Haskalah Hibbat Zion and Zionism ... After the War Also: Lietuva; Lita; Litwa top Character and Influence on the Diaspora The notion of "Lithuanian" ( "Litvak" (shin) as R (sin) or s (samekh) . The world outlook and way of life of Lithuanian Jewry were based on the Written Law and the Oral Law. The Shulhan Arukh and its commentaries guided them in their everyday life. Torah learning flourished among wide circles, and love of Torah and esteem for its study was widespread among the masses of Jews. The Jews who lived in the region bordering Lithuania, the "Poles" in the west and the "Volhynians in the south, associated specific characteristics with the Lithuanian Jews: a certain emotional dryness, the superiority of the intellect over emotion, mental alertness, sharp-wittedness, and pungency. Their piety was also questioned (hence the popular derogatory appellation for the Lithuanian Jews, "tseylem-kop"

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