41. MEDLINEplus Medical Encyclopedia: Malnutrition malnutrition. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top malnutrition isa general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000404.htm

Skip navigation Medical Encyclopedia Other encyclopedia topics: A-Ag Ah-Ap Aq-Az B-Bk ... Z Malnutrition Contents of this page: Illustrations Alternative names Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors ... Prevention Illustrations Food guide pyramid Alternative names Return to top Nutrition - inadequate Definition Return to top A condition caused by inadequate intake or inadequate digestion of nutrients. It may result from eating an inadequate or unbalanced diet, digestive problems, absorption problems, or other medical conditions. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Return to top Malnutrition is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements. This can occur because of deficiencies in the diet. Single vitamin deficiencies are a form of malnutrition just as starvation is a form of malnutrition. Malnutrition can also occur when nutrients are adequately consumed in the diet, but one or more nutrients are not digested or absorbed properly. Malnutrition may be mild enough to show no symptoms or so severe that the damage it has done is irreversible even though the individual may be kept alive. Worldwide, malnutrition continues to be a significant problem, especially among children who cannot fend adequately for themselves. Poverty, natural disasters, political problems and war in countries such as Biafra, Somalia, Rwanda, Iraq, and many others have demonstrated that

42. Health Ency.: Disease: Malnutrition malnutrition. conditions. Causes and Risks. malnutrition is a general termthat indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements. This http://www.accessatlanta.com/shared/health/adam/ency/article/000404.html

SEARCH: The Web Yellow Pages HOME AJC.COM Illustrated Health Encyclopedia Important notice Ency. home Disease M Malnutrition Overview Symptoms Treatment Prevention Alternative names: Nutrition - inadequate Definition: A condition caused by inadequate intake or inadequate digestion of nutrients. It may result from eating an inadequate or unbalanced diet, digestive problems, absorption problems, or other medical conditions. Causes and Risks Malnutrition is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements. This can occur because of deficiencies in the diet. Single vitamin deficiencies are a form of malnutrition just as starvation is a form of malnutrition. Malnutrition can also occur when nutrients are adequately consumed in the diet, but one or more nutrients are not digested or absorbed properly. Malnutrition may be mild enough to show no symptoms or so severe that the damage it has done is irreversible even though the individual may be kept alive. Worldwide, malnutrition continues to be a significant problem, especially among children who cannot fend adequately for themselves. Poverty, natural disasters, political problems and war in countries such as Biafra, Somalia, Rwanda, Iraq, and many others have demonstrated that hunger and malnutrition are not strangers to this world.

43. MALNUTRITION UNDERSTANDING malnutrition. http://www-hotel.uu.se/nutrition/studentprojects/malnutrition/

UNDERSTANDING MALNUTRITION Sick Nutrients Quality and quantity ... Plate model Created as a groupwork in the course Nutrition in Low-income countries, spring 1996 by Oscar Abassa, Petros, Elaine Lindvall, Lolita Mork and Marian Kjellevold Cartoon illustrator: Bo Johanneson Maintained by Thorkild.Tylleskar@nutrition.uu.se Home page of the department

44. OMNI Partners: Program Against Micronutrient Malnutrition (PAMM) To return to the OMNI Partners page, click here To return to the OMNI homepage, click here The Program Against Micronutrient malnutrition (PAMM). http://www.jsi.com/intl/omni/pamm.htm

To return to the OMNI Partners page, click here To return to the OMNI home page, click here The Program Against Micronutrient Malnutrition (PAMM) The Program Against Micronutrient Malnutrition (PAMM) is a catalyst for collaborating organizations as well as an active participant in the worldwide initiative to achieve and sustain the elimination of Hidden Hunger by the year 2000. The vision of PAMM is that the world will enter the next century free of the disorders that presently are caused by micronutrient deficiencies. The focus of PAMM is to assist countries with developing their own technical capacity and management systems. To accomplish these goals, PAMM works to build public-private sector alliances, strengthen regional and national education and training systems, raise awareness through advocacy at all levels, and to develop standards to establish quality assurance of national micronutrient programs. PAMM is coordinated by the faculty at the Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University, expert staff at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and program officers at the Task Force for Child Survival and Development. PAMM's network also extends to staff experts at the International Agricultural Center in Wageningen, The Netherlands and faculty at the Department of Human Nutrition of Wageningen Agricultural University and program managers in 42 countries. In countries where PAMM intervenes, a wider network of contributors such as international agencies, bilateral donors, and non-governmental organizations, are asked to participate to interact with the national government, agencies, and food producing sector. Specific activities that have been accomplished are: (1) national programs in at least nine countries have mobilized industry and/or agricultural support, (2) national laboratories have been established to support monitoring of progress and quality assurance of programs in twelve countries, (3) legislation and regulations for universal salt iodization were developed in many countries, with PAMM providing technical support in China, Pakistan, and the Philippines, and (4) national and regional trainings, patterned after the PAMM training model, have been held in eight countries and more trainings are planned.

45. THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 1, Ch. 2, Malnutrition The Merck Manual looks at this, the most severe form of malnutrition. Its causes, signs, symptoms and treatment are discussed. http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual/section1/chapter2/2b.htm

This Publication Is Searchable The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy Section 1. Nutritional Disorders Chapter 2. Malnutrition Topics [General] Starvation Protein-Energy Malnutrition Carnitine Deficiency ... Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Starvation Structural and functional changes due to the total lack of intake of energy and essential nutrients. Starvation is the most severe form of malnutrition. It may result from fasting, famine, anorexia nervosa, catastrophic disease of the GI tract, stroke, or coma. The basic metabolic response to starvation is conservation of energy and body tissues. However, the body will mobilize its own tissues as a source of energy, which results in the destruction of visceral organs and muscle and in extreme shrinkage of adipose tissue. Total starvation is fatal in 8 to 12 wk. Symptoms and Signs In adult volunteers who fasted for 30 to 40 days, weight loss was marked (25% of initial weight), metabolic rate decreased, and the rate and amount of tissue protein breakdown decreased by about 30%. In more prolonged starvation, weight loss may reach 50% in adults and possibly more in children. Loss of organ weight is greatest in the liver and intestine, moderate in the heart and kidneys, and least in the nervous system. Emaciation is most obvious in areas where prominent fat depots normally exist. Muscle mass shrinks and bones protrude. The skin becomes thin, dry, inelastic, pale, and cold. The hair is dry and sparse and falls out easily. Most body systems are affected. Achlorhydria and diarrhea are common. Heart size and cardiac output are reduced; the pulse slows and blood pressure falls. Respiratory rate and vital capacity decrease. The main endocrine disturbance is gonadal atrophy with loss of libido in men and women and amenorrhea in women. Intellect remains clear, but apathy and irritability are common. The patient feels weak. Work capacity is diminished because of muscle destruction and, eventually, is worsened by cardiorespiratory failure. The anemia is usually mild, normochromic, and normocytic. Reduction in body temperature frequently contributes to death. In famine edema, serum proteins are usually normal, but loss of fat and muscle results in increased extracellular water, low tissue tension, and inelastic skin. Cell-mediated immunity is compromised, and wound healing is impaired (see

46. Malnutrition malnutrition. Definition Causes, incidence, and risk factors malnutrition isa general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements. http://www.iowaclinic.com/adam/ency/article/000404.shtml

Disease Injury Nutrition Poison ... Prevention Malnutrition Definition: A condition caused by inadequate intake or inadequate digestion of nutrients. It may result from eating an inadequate or unbalanced diet, digestive problems, absorption problems, or other medical conditions. Alternative Names: Nutrition - inadequate Causes, incidence, and risk factors: Malnutrition is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements. This can occur because of deficiencies in the diet. Single vitamin deficiencies are a form of malnutrition just as starvation is a form of malnutrition. Malnutrition can also occur when nutrients are adequately consumed in the diet, but one or more nutrients are not digested or absorbed properly. Malnutrition may be mild enough to show no symptoms or so severe that the damage it has done is irreversible even though the individual may be kept alive. Worldwide, malnutrition continues to be a significant problem, especially among children who cannot fend adequately for themselves. Poverty, natural disasters, political problems and war in countries such as Biafra, Somalia, Rwanda, Iraq, and many others have demonstrated that hunger and malnutrition are not strangers to this world.

47. HungerWeb: Defintions Of Malnutrition Definitions of malnutrition. malnutrition or undernutrition is the physicalstate resulting from inadequate food intake for long periods of time. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/World_Hunger_Program/hungerweb/intro/malnutriti

Definitions of Malnutrition Compiled by: Nancy B. Leidenfrost National Program Leader Extension Service, USDA February 1993 nleidenf@esusda.gov Malnutrition or undernutrition is the physical state resulting from inadequate food intake for long periods of time. Most of the effects of malnutrition , particularly in the Third World and even here, are well known and relatively easy to measure. Such effects include low birth weight, impaired growth, high infant mortality, anemia, and other specific nutrient deficiencies. However, hunger does not always lead to clinical malnutrition . In fact, in the United States it rarely does. When it does, it usually means the person has been suffering from hunger for a long time. Source U.S. House of Representatives, Select Committee on Hunger. (1989, March 28). Food security and methods of assessing hunger in the United States. Testimony by [Statement given by Sheldon Margen, M.D., Department of Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley.] Malnutrition : A broad term indicating an impairment to physical and/or mental health resulting from failure to meet nutrient requirements. The insufficiency of nutrients may result from inadequate nutrient intake or from interference with the body's ability to process and utilize nutrients.

48. Malnutrition And Starvation malnutrition and Starvation. The terms malnutrition and starvation are used interchangeably,when in reality, there are specific definitions for each. http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10370_12150_12220-26946--,00.html

Skip Navigation Michigan.gov Home DNR Home Links ... Research Projects Malnutrition and Starvation Description Historically, in Michigan the number of species diagnosed at the Laboratory as dying from malnutrition and starvation are second only to those dying from traumatic injuries. Numerous bird and mammal species annually (depending on the severity of the winter) die from insufficient nutrition. Currently we have 3 primary species that die from malnutrition or starvation: white-tailed deer, mute swan, and wild turkey. The majority of the animals have come from Regions I and II with mortality occurring almost exclusively during the winter when food availability is at its lowest. Susceptibility Susceptibility to starvation and malnutrition usually occurs in the winter and early spring months for wildlife in Michigan. Animals cope with the severe weather and shortage of food in 1 of 3 ways: hibernate (amphibians, reptiles, and several mammals), migrate (most avian species), or remain active and attempt to survive. Juvenile, yearling, and old animals are the age groups most susceptible to starvation and malnutrition because they enter the winter with the smallest fat reserves, the highest nutritional demands, the greatest heat loss, and the lowest position in the social hierarchy. Of the winter starvation deaths observed, 60 to 70% may consist of animals less than 1 year of age. Adult males and females and juveniles of both sexes of various species may have smaller reserves of fat due to breeding activities, rearing of the previous year's offspring, and their growth requirements

49. Protein-Energy Malnutrition, And The Nonhealing Cutaneous Wound ProteinEnergy malnutrition, and the Nonhealing Cutaneous Wound CME Authors RobertH. Demling, MD, and Leslie DeSanti, RN Disclosures Release Date Updated http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/714

50. Involuntary Weight Loss And Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Diagnosis And Treatment Involuntary Weight Loss and ProteinEnergy malnutrition Diagnosis and TreatmentCME Authors Robert H. Demling, MD and Leslie DeSanti, RN Disclosures Release http://www.medscape.com/viewprogram/713

Focus On... ADHD ALLHAT Alzheimer's Disease Asthma Biologic Therapies Bioterrorism Bipolar Disorder Breast Cancer Depression Erectile Dysfunction Genital Herpes GERD Geriatric Care Heart Failure Heart Failure: CRT Hepatitis C HIPAA Home Defib in SCA Hyperlipidemia IBS InfluenZone Insulin Pump Tx Kidney Disease Menopause Micro Complications Multiple Sclerosis Osteoporosis Ovarian Cancer Pain Management Pancreatic Cancer Patient Safety Rheum Arthritis Schizophrenia Secondary Anemia Sepsis Serious Mental Ill Sports Medicine UTI-Zone Weight Management Related Topics Health Diversity Hospice Care Welcome, April 9, 2003 Involuntary Weight Loss and Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Diagnosis and Treatment CME Authors: Robert H. Demling, MD and Leslie DeSanti, RN Disclosures Release Date: March 22, 2001 Valid for credit through March 22, 2003 This activity has expired. CME in this activity indicates that it was developed according to ACCME guidelines and was certified for credit by one or more accredited CME or CE providers. Medscape cannot attest to the timeliness of expired CME activities. Contents of This CME Activity Involuntary Weight Loss and Protein-Energy Malnutrition: Diagnosis and Treatment Introduction Involuntary Weight Loss and PEM and Its Consequences Correction of Involuntary Weight Loss and PEM Summary References The material presented here does not reflect the views of Medical Education Collaborative, Medscape or the companies providing unrestricted educational grants. These materials may discuss uses and dosages for therapeutic products that have not been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. A qualified health care professional should be consulted before using any therapeutic product discussed. All readers and continuing education participants should verify all information and data before treating patients or employing any therapies described in this continuing medical education activity.

51. Medical Information - Malnutrition MEDICAL INFORMATION malnutrition. malnutrition. The malnutrition thatadoptive children suffer from is usually mild to moderate. http://www.russiaadoption.com/medical/medical-malnutrition.htm

E uropean A doption C onsultants, I nc. A 501(c)(3) Non-Profit Licensed Adoption Agency MEDICAL INFORMATION - Malnutrition Picnics' and Events EAC Storybook Project Sunshine Cultural Center Introduction Scabies Malnutrition Tuberculosis ... Hepatitis C Malnutrition M ost children adopted from orphanages abroad have some degree of nutritional deprivation. The malnutrition that adoptive children suffer from is usually mild to moderate. Those children with severe nutritional deprivation are not usually selected for adoption. T he severity of malnutrition depends upon the child's age at the onset of malnutrition, the length of time it persists and the presence of any other existing medical conditions. Severe malnutrition can present as permanent cognitive, behavioral and social deficiencies. C hildren with mild to moderate malnutrition can grow and gain weight with well-balanced meals, snacks and multivitamins. Generally there is a good outcome if the child's diet is improved before age three. The longer there is nutritional deprivation the lower the chance of the child reaching normal size and intelligence. C atch up growth can continue for years after the child has been placed in his adoptive home. His recovery is complete when his height and weight are in proportion and he is steadily progressing on the growth chart.

52. 1Up Health > Malnutrition > Causes, Incidence, And Risk Factors Of Malnutrition Comprehesive information on malnutrition (Nutrition inadequate). 1Up Health Diseases Conditions malnutrition Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors. http://www.1uphealth.com/health/malnutrition_info.html

1Up Health Malnutrition Alternative Medicine Clinical Trials ... Health Topics A-Z Search 1Up Health Malnutrition Information Malnutrition Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Alternative names : Nutrition - inadequate Definition : A condition caused by inadequate intake or inadequate digestion of nutrients. It may result from eating an inadequate or unbalanced diet, digestive problems, absorption problems, or other medical conditions. Causes, Incidence, and Risk Factors Malnutrition is a general term that indicates a lack of some or all nutritional elements. This can occur because of deficiencies in the diet. Single vitamin deficiencies are a form of malnutrition just as starvation is a form of malnutrition. Malnutrition can also occur when nutrients are adequately consumed in the diet, but one or more nutrients are not digested or absorbed properly. Malnutrition may be mild enough to show no symptoms or so severe that the damage it has done is irreversible even though the individual may be kept alive. Worldwide, malnutrition continues to be a significant problem, especially among children who cannot fend adequately for themselves. Poverty, natural disasters, political problems and war in countries such as Biafra, Somalia, Rwanda, Iraq, and many others have demonstrated that

53. Sierra Leone: Malnutrition malnutrition. Created 21 January 2000. malnutrition child. Many childrenarrive at the TFC with kwashiorkor, the result of severe malnutrition. http://www.rnw.nl/humanrights/html/malnutrition.html

Bahasa Indonesia Nederlands English Español Português Highlights: Current story: Malnutrition Created: 21 January 2000 The therapeutic feeding centre is a busy place. Every month, at least 100 children pass through the TFC in Bo, Sierra Leone's second largest city. Shortly after the rainy season begins in May, the number of frail, emaciated creatures being brought into the therapeutic feeding centre begins to rise. It peaks at the height of the rainy season in July and August. As farmers start to harvest their crops, the numbers begin to drop, only to pick up at the start of the next rainy season. It's a never-ending cycle which has been aggravated by the war and its consequences. In the paediatric ward of Bo Hospital, a boy stares out with a vacant look in his eyes. He was brought into the hospital in a coma. His illiterate mother realised far too late that he was severely ill. "The child cannot even walk any more," says Dr. Bah, the paediatrician who is responsible for the hospital, the rest of Bo District and the entire southern province of Sierra Leone. "He can barely talk. It's clear that he has suffered brain damage because he was in a coma for such a long time. He can't even sit upright anymore. He spends all his time in the cot or in the arms of his mother. It's irreparable", he explains in a weary voice.

54. Malnutrition malnutrition Alternative Names proteinenergy malnutrition (PEM), protein-caloriemalnutrition (PCM) Definition malnutrition is an imbalance or deficiency of http://atoz.iqhealth.com/HealthAnswers/encyclopedia/HTMLfiles/1921.html

malnutrition Alternative Names protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) Definition Malnutrition is an imbalance or deficiency of nutrients. This can come from not eating enough healthy foods or by using up too many nutrients through activities. Malnutrition can be identified by using body weight, body fat, protein stores and laboratory values. Information Poor nutrition leads to poor health. The three leading causes of malnutrition are: poverty and lack of food ignorance or indifference disease or substance abuse, such as alcoholism There are different types of malnutrition. Malnutrition is not only found in poor countries. People in rich countries, like the United States, can have malnutrition, too. The most common type of malnutrition occurs when the body does not get enough protein. This condition is called kwashiorkor. Not getting enough protein affects how children grow and develop. In some countries, just-weaned children are fed watery cereal. This diet provides enough calories but not enough protein. This type of malnutrition can be life threatening because protein helps to build and maintain muscle. Without protein in the diet, muscles such as the heart and respiratory system weaken. Another type of malnutrition is the deprivation of food. This leads to marasmus. This diet does not have enough protein, fat, carbohydrates, calories and other important nutrients. Children on this diet form the classic picture of malnutrition. They are skin and bones. This is a serious condition. The body begins to break down muscle to get protein and it draws on all its stored fat and carbohydrates. Once the body goes through all of its stored energy, death is the result. The body can survive for a month or two, as long as it has water. The ability to fight infection is low. The metabolism slows down to save calories. This type of malnutrition is common among children aged 6 to 18 months in overpopulated city slums worldwide.

55. Malnutrition Citymeals Quick Facts malnutrition Among the Elderly Causes and Consequences. Definitionof malnutrition malnutrition among the elderly is a growing problem. http://www.citymeals.org/get_meals/malnutrition.html

GET MEALS Eligibility requirements ADDITIONAL INFOMATION Facts on Malnutrition Facts on Elderly in the United States Facts on Elderly in New York City MEAL CENTER LISTINGS Bronx Brooklyn Manhattan Queens ... Staten Island Citymeals Quick Facts Malnutrition Among the Elderly: Causes and Consequences Definition of Malnutrition: Malnutrition is defined as any nutritional disorder caused by an insufficient, unbalanced, or excessive diet, or by the impaired absorption or assimilation of nutrients by the body. Millions of American seniors are malnourished. A 1993 study by the Urban Institute estimated that nearly 5 million elderly Americans (age 60 and over) experience "food insecurity," meaning they do not get enough to eat. The Nutrition Screening Initiative estimates that one in four senior citizens living in our communities is malnourished. It has been estimated that up to 55% of seniors admitted to hospitals are suffering from malnutrition. Malnutrition among the elderly is a growing problem. According to the December 1997 U.S. Conference of Mayors' Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness, requests for food assistance by elderly persons increased by an average of nine percent during the past year, with 65% of the 29 cities surveyed reporting an increase. Minority and poor elderly are more likely to be malnourished.

56. Malnutrition Citymeals QUICK FACTS malnutrition Among the Elderly Causes and Consequences. Definitionof malnutrition malnutrition among the elderly is a growing problem. http://www.citymeals.org/html/malnutrition.html

Citymeals QUICK FACTS Malnutrition Among the Elderly: Causes and Consequences Definition of Malnutrition: Malnutrition is defined as any nutritional disorder caused by an insufficient, unbalanced, or excessive diet, or by the impaired absorption or assimilation of nutrients by the body. Millions of American seniors are malnourished. A 1993 study by the Urban Institute estimated that nearly 5 million elderly Americans (age 60 and over) experience "food insecurity," meaning they do not get enough to eat. The Nutrition Screening Initiative estimates that one in four senior citizens living in our communities is malnourished. It has been estimated that up to 55% of seniors admitted to hospitals are suffering from malnutrition. Malnutrition among the elderly is a growing problem. According to the December 1997 U.S. Conference of Mayors' Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness, requests for food assistance by elderly persons increased by an average of nine percent during the past year, with 65% of the 29 cities surveyed reporting an increase. Minority and poor elderly are more likely to be malnourished.

57. Reuters AlertNet - Malnutrition In Gaza 'as Bad As Zimbabwe' Says FROM THE FIELD, 30 Jan 2003 malnutrition in Gaza 'as bad as Zimbabwe'says Clare Short Christian Aid. Christian Aid UK. Regions Israel http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/584566

58. The State Of The World's Children 1998 Panel 2. What is malnutrition? malnutrition is usually the result ofa combination of inadequate dietary intake and infection (Fig. http://www.unicef.org/sowc98/panel2.htm

Home UNICEF in Action Highlights Information Resources ... About UNICEF Panel 2 What is Malnutrition? Photo: Three sisters at a health centre in Haiti. Malnutrition is usually the result of a combination of inadequate dietary intake and infection (Fig. 6). In children, malnutrition is synonymous with growth failure - malnourished children are shorter and lighter than they should be for their age. To get a measure of malnutrition in a population, young children can be weighed and measured and the results compared to those of a 'reference population' known to have grown well. Meas uring weight and height is the most common way of assessing malnutrition in populations. Although many people still refer to growth failure as 'protein-energy malnutrition,' or PEM, it is now recognized that poor growth in children results not only from a deficiency of protein and energy but also from an inadequate intake of vital minerals (such as iron, zinc and iodine) and vitamins (such as vitamin A), and often essential fatty acids as well. These minerals are needed in tiny quantities, on the order of a few thousandths of a gram or less each day. They are con sequently called micronutrients. Mi cro nutrients are needed for the production of enzymes, hormones and other substances that are required to regulate biological pro cesses leading to growth, activity, development and the functioning of the immune and reproductive systems. All of the minerals that the body needs - calcium, phosphorous, iron, zinc, iodine, sodium, potassium and magnesium, for example - have to come either from the food we eat or from supplements. While the body manufactures many of the complex organic molecules it needs from simpler building blocks, the vitamins - A, the B complex, C and so on - are not synthesized. Vitamin D is exceptional in that it can be made in the skin, providing a person has sufficient exposure to direct sunlight.

59. Unmasking Malnutrition Page Previous Page. Unmasking malnutrition. Pakistan - 740,000child deaths a year and half of them linked to malnutrition. Over 8 http://www.unicef.org/pon95/nutr0007.html

Top of Report Top of Section Next Page Previous Page Unmasking malnutrition Pakistan - 740,000 child deaths a year and half of them linked to malnutrition. Over 8 million of the 13 million under-five deaths in the world each year can be put down to diarrhoea, pneumonia, malaria, and vaccine-preventable diseases. But this simple way of classifying hides the fact that death is not usually an event with one cause but a process with many causes. In particular, it is the conspiracy between malnutrition and infection which pulls many children into the downward spiral of poor growth and early death. Nonetheless, the fact that it is possible to put dramatic figures on the disease element in this partnership has helped to focus attention on problems like measles and diarrhoeal disease - and on the availability of low-cost methods of preventing or treating them. Now, a new study has attempted to quantify the role of malnutrition in child deaths. Using data from 53 developing countries, researchers from Cornell University have concluded that over half of those 13 million child deaths each year are associated with malnutrition. Further, they show that more than three quarters of all these malnutrition-assisted deaths are linked not to severe malnutrition but to mild and moderate forms. This contradicts the idea that death rates only rise when children are severely malnourished. By the same token, it suggests that nutrition programmes focusing only on the severely malnourished will have far less impact than programmes to improve nutrition among the much larger number of mildly and moderately malnourished children.

60. Malnutrition And Adoption Health malnutrition. By Jean NelsonErichson and Heino R. Erichson. Most childrenarriving in the United States from institutional care have http://www.comeunity.com/adoption/health/malnutrition.html

Malnutrition By Jean Nelson-Erichson and Heino R. Erichson Many adopted children have phenomenal appetites and will eat whatever is presented to them. Some children will not know when to stop eating. They may gain weight initially, although their weight will level off as catch-up growth ensues and they begin growing taller. Serve them well balanced meals and snacks. A daily multi-vitamin tablet is also helpful. If the child shows no acceleration in growth, an underlying illness such as tuberculosis may be suspected. U.S. pediatricians use the National Center for Health Statistics growth chart, which is also used by the World Health Organization. This chart indicates population standards divided into the fifth, tenth, twenty-fifth, fiftieth, seventy-fifth, ninetieth, and ninety-fifth percentiles. Ninety percent of the population should be covered by these charts. By plotting the child's growth, the doctor knows what percentile is normal for this child and can also see if the child's growth has slowed. In normal growth, the child's measurements follow along one of the percentile lines on the chart. If growth slows, the measurements cross percentile lines. The doctor can see if the child has recovered by plotting his or her return to normal. This system depends on taking repeated measurements in order to establish the normal patterns of growth.

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