41. Exploring Africa -> Current Events -> Diamonds And Warfare: African Connection of the United States; the main indigenous ethnic groups in Sierra Leone are theMende and the of this expansion, many Temne and Mande peoples from the http://ex.matrix.msu.edu/africa/teachers/current/diamondwar.html

Current Events: Diamonds and Warfare, The Africa Connection Associated articles and activities: Featured Story Student Activities Vocabulary List Featured Story Introduction Have you heard the sayings: "Diamonds are our best friend," or that "Diamonds last forever?" Many societies highly value diamonds because they are considered to be beautiful and to symbolize love and friendship. However, few of us know where the diamonds we buy and proudly wear come from, or how they get from their place of origin to our jewelry stores. Where is Sierra Leone? World Map Map of Africa showing Sierra Leone Detailed map of Sierra Leone Given their beauty, their worth, and the joy they often bring as symbols of love, we have trouble understanding that diamonds have caused great human suffering in parts of Africa. The illegal mining and selling of diamonds by rebels (groups opposed to legitimate governments) provides the money needed to buy guns and other weapons, which are being used not only to fight against armies, but to kill and injury innocent

42. INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF THE RAINFOREST to local peoples, as Paul Richards 1992 has shown for mende living on the Notes.1. Most emphasis on the indigenous knowledge of rainforest peoples and its http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/Rainforest/malon.html

INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE OF THE RAINFOREST: PERCEPTION, EXTRACTION AND CONSERVATION Roy Ellen University of Kent at Canterbury Introduction Domesticating the rainforest Canarium and Landolphia [Ichikawa 1992; c.f. Fox 1953]. Clearance for temporary cultivation plots not only transforms forest structure through cultivation itself, and through regrowth, but also through the selective removal of trees. Large trees with hard woods have a selective advantage in being more difficult to remove. On Seram, in the east of the Indonesian archipelago, the presence, for example, of Canarium vulgare, Sterculia and Diospyros ebenaster , pose formidable difficulties for Nuaulu cultivators5. But plants may be preserved deliberately as well as by default, and many techniques are reported which involve degrees of protection of otherwise wild species [Ellen 1994: 205-6, Headland 1987, Rambo 1985: 71]. Collection of forest products specifically for trade (particularly resins, rattans and seeds) has probably been a major selection pressure in the Malaysian peninsula [Dunn 1975, Gianno 1990, Rambo 1979: 60]. Human settlement has led to the deliberate introduction of plant domesticates from other parts of the world and many varieties of cultivated trees [Fox 1953, Rambo 1985: 70]. The magnificent Tectona grandis is now well-established in the lowland forest of Seram, though it was probably introduced during the seventeenth century [Ellen 1985: 563]. In some parts of southeast Asia quick-growing species are planted in plots to ensure rapid and appropriate regrowth, and to supply fuel [Whitmore 1990: 135].

43. People And Plants Online - Handbook 2 - National Organizations   peoples from Asia, the Pacific, africa and the Solagral Montpellier, 3191 route deMende, BP 5056 expertise on the subject of indigenous peoples’ rights, land http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/peopleplants/handbook/handbook2/national.htm

Main About Us Publications and Videos Regions and Themes ... Feedback Cultural Survival Canada -GJM From: a leaflet produced by Cultural Survival Canada. CONTACT Craig Benjamin, Publications Coordinator, or Cindy Duffy, Public Education Coordinator, Cultural Survival Canada, 200 Isabella, Suite 304, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 1V7 Canada; Tel. +1.613.2375361, Fax +1.613.2371547, e-mail csc@web.apc.org Back Solagral Solagral, under the guidance of Marcel Marloie and Laurence Tubiana, has been generating debate on important global issues since 1980. The networking activities of Solagral have brought together individuals from a variety of sectors, such as cooperation and development organizations, the media and research institutes, in an effort to bring about a rethinking of regulations at local, national and international levels for major issues such as food problems, liberalization of the economy and environmental policies

44. Sub-Saharan Africa a land of diverse ethnic composition, including the indigenous Pygmy peoples andthe Bantu speaking peoples moving in from West Central africa about a 1,000 http://edtech.suhsd.k12.ca.us/inprogress/bvm/chenson/africa.htm

45. Non-Wood News No. 3 - Publications Of Interest peoples, plants and patents the impact of intellectual Jaenicke, H. The domesticationof indigenous fruit trees of sacred groves of the Kpaa mende in Sierra http://www.fao.org/docrep/w0259e/w0259e10.htm

RECENT FAO PUBLICATIONS Titles published in the new FAO Non-wood Forest Products Series Role of Acacia species in the rural economy of dry Africa and the Near East . FAO Conservation Guide 27. What about the wild animals? Community Forestry Note 13. Readings in sustainable forest management. FAO Forestry Paper No. 122. Domestication and husbandry of the paca (Agouti paca). FAO Conservation Guide No. 26. Selecting tree species on the basis of community needs. Community Forestry Field Manual No. 5. Valuing forests: context, issues and guidelines. FAO Forestry Paper No. 127. For copies of these publications, contact: Distribution and Sales Section, FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy. Electronic mail: Publications-Sales@fao.org OTHER PUBLICATIONS To propose publications to be included in this section, send a message to: non-wood-News@fao.org 1995. Total economic value of forests in Mexico. Ambio Ahmed, S. 1995. The multiple uses of the pesticide tree. CERES Amazon Cooperation Treaty. Anon.

46. Ewe Slaves & Voodoo: America's Hidden Heritage culturally,and ancestrally distinct and indigenous to their Wolof, Malinke, Mandinka,Bambara, Fula, mende, Vai, Twi Ellis, AB, The Ewe Speaking peoples of the http://www.mamiwata.com/ewe.html

//Jump To Top Link Script // // EWE SLAVES AND "VOODOO" IN AMERICA Uncovering America's Hidden Heritage By Mamaissii Vivian Odelelasi Dansi Hounon, M.Ed. "Paw" Maternal great-great grandfather of Mamaissii Vivian (author) "Paw use to take us across this small bridge that he'd built. For years, we'd track on across that bridge, and never thought nothing of it. It was not until later that we realized that it wasn't no bridge at all; but a great-big-ole-serpent! You see, in those days, before the White man started clubbing and shooting them to death, they [the serpents] use to grow that big!" -[Mamaissii Vivian's] Family-lore about "Paw" passed down from great-grandmother. -Paris,Louisiana EWE [ ev-way ] SLAVES IN AMERICA: An Anecdotal Journey Papaws or Popos [The] "Papaws or Popos were the largest group of Africans exported and enslaved [in America] in the early eighteenth century. They were speakers of Ewe and in this language there is a word dzon'ku ' a sorcerer's name for himself and the world -nu meaning man. Put together the words mean

47. Sources On Environmental Ethics History of the Nunu of Equatorial africa (Studies in and Resource Use Among the Mendeof Gola The Law of the Mother Protecting indigenous peoples in Protected http://ecoethics.net/bib/tl-165-a.htm

Short-Title List of Selected Works on Ecological Anthropology - 1 Compiled by Timothy C. Weiskel in association with Amazon.com EcoEthics.Net Go to the Bottom Directory of Title Lists Go to the Subject Bibliographies in Environmental Ethics EnvironmentalEthics.Net Amazon Journal : Dispatches from a Vanishing Frontier Geoffrey O'Connor / Hardcover / Published 1997 Price: $18.17 The Culture of Habitat Gary Paul Nabhan / Hardcover / Published 1997 Price: $17.50 Early Hominid Behavioural Ecology (Journal of Human Evolution, Vol 27, Nos 1-3, 1994) James S. Oliver, et al / Paperback / Published 1994 Price: $35.00 Eco Homo : How the Human Being Emerged from the Cataclysmic History of the Earth Noel Thomas Boaz / Hardcover / Published 1997 Price: $17.50 Ecocide of Native America : Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples Donald A. Grinde, Bruce E. Johansen / Hardcover / Published 1995 Price: $17.47 Environmental Values in American Culture Willett M. Kempton, et al / Hardcover / Published 1995 Price: $55.50

48. `A Tribute To Black History' By Paul Barton of the most ancient peoples of the Americas and indigenous to the America and Mexico,used an alphabet found among the mende speaking peoples of West http://www.dalitstan.org/journal/dalitism/dal000/tribtobh.html

A Tribute to Black History Susu Economics: The History of Pan-African Trade, Commerce, Money and Wealth (Learning From Our Glorious Past as we Enter Into the New Millenium) January 29, 2000 February is Black History Month in the United States (October in Britain), yet, there are many of us who are unaware of our true and total history particularly in the area of ancient trade and commerce and how it led to the establishment and settlement of Africoids in every part of the globe suitable for human habitation. In fact, the very spread of language began from Africa to other parts of the world, as researched and explained by Dr. Bartor Vamos- Toth (Honolulu, Hawaii (USA) and Franziska Hargenrader, inm the article, The "Tamana Phenomena," (Efodon Synesis, May/June 1996, Munich, Germany). This spread of language from Africa to all parts of the earth was intiated by the need to initiate and practice trade and commerce. The Worldwide Spread of Black Civilization Among the early civilizations that were founded by prehistoric Africans (Blacks) due to the increase in trade and commerce were some of the oldest civilizations of the Americas. For example, one of the most ancient civilizations on earth existed in North America. It was and is the Black Washitaw Moundbuilders Civilization of the United States. This civilization existed thousands of years before Christ in the Mississippi Valley Basin and the Southern United States. The Washitaw still exist today as a separate and distinct Black American nation and are recognized by the United Nations as one of the most ancient peoples of the Americas and indigenous to the region. Blacks were also the first inhabitants of California and neither the Aztecs, Mayas, Hopi Navajo and other "Native Americans" of the Mongoloid racial group were the original inhabitants of California or much of the hot Southwestern United States, or the South and South Eastern U.S. In fact, an article in the Fresno Bee (Fresno , California, Janary 24, 2000) entitled, "A northern light is shed on site of Hispanic Homeland" is correct in pointing out that one part of the Hispanic (the Mestizo speakers of Spanish, not people of pure Spanish European Caucasian racial background......my emphasis) may be north of California.

49. Review: Deconstructing "Matriarchal Myth" It has also been leveled at indigenous accounts of European Such traditions havebeen recorded among Australian peoples, the Dogon and mende in west http://www.suppressedhistories.net/articles/eller3.html

Deconstructing "Matriarchal Myth" The outlines of the book's critique will be familiar to any well-read person. Feminists have invented a "golden age," a utopian narrative fantasizing a time when women were free. Eller calls it "a universalizing story: once things were good, everywhere; now they are bad" an account based on dualistic thinking and "a reductive notion" of who women and men are. (Wait, which is the reductive idea: that women have always been subordinate and men dominant; or that other models have existed in human society, and that even patriarchal societies show a significant range in the degree of domination?) Eller scolds that theories for the cause of patriarchy "tend to find fault with men," who are described as awful and wicked. But elsewhere we are told that "narrators of the myth are generally reluctant to blame men..." It's enough to give you whiplash. The Myth seems to admonish that the issue of identity under oppression should not be engaged directly. To speak of groups with common history comes too close to "essentialism." On those terms, it's hard to see how to stop the dominant groups' ideologies from continuing to define reality. As Chris Brickell comments, "the term 'essentialism' has become something of an epithet," even a term of abuse. ["Radically Speaking! A Reply to Alison Jones,"

50. Index Of /bib/trps/dat/04 peoples, .. 12May-2000 1030 1k indigenous peoples .. 12-May 12-May-2000 10291k Linking indigenous k.. 12 May-2000 1030 1k Rain forest in mende.. 12-May http://forestry.lib.umn.edu/bib/trps/dat/04/

Index of /bib/trps/dat/04 Name Last modified Size Description ... Parent Directory 07-Jan-1998 08:48 - 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k 12-May-2000 10:30 1k 12-May-2000 10:29 1k

51. Adherents.com: By Location src Weeks, R. (ed.), Muslim peoples A World A secret society among the mende ofSierra primalindigenous, Sierra Leone, -, 52.00%, -, -, 1992, Goring, Rosemary (ed http://www.adherents.com/adhloc/Wh_297.html

Adherents.com - Religion by Location Over 42,000 religious geography and religion statistics citations (membership statistics for over 4,000 different religions, denominations, tribes, etc.) for every country in the world. To Index back to Sierra Leone, Christianity Sierra Leone, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Sierra Leone units Deseret News 1997-98 Church Almanac . Deseret News: Salt Lake City, UT (1996), pg. 188-408. "Year-end 1995: Est. population [of country]; Members, [number shown in '# of adherents' column to left] " Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Sierra Leone "LDS in Africa: Growing Membership Sees American Church with Unique Vision, " Salt Lake Tribune , 4 April 1998. Reprinted in Sunstone (June 1998, pg. 71). Map: Membership totals as of December 1997. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Sierra Leone units Deseret News 1999-2000 Church Almanac . Deseret News: Salt Lake City, UT (1998), pg. 267-410.

52. INDIGENOUS AFRICAN RELIGION > THE AFRICAN'S CONCEPT OF GOD pointing to different religious concepts in indigenous African societies. The Akan,the Ibo, the mende and the Ewe and thus made of them peoples of ambivalent http://www.hypertextile.bizland.com/BLAKHUD/ind-reli/ind01.htm

BLAKHUD Research Centre Lumosi Library WRITINGS of D. Massiasta INDIGENOUS AFRICAN RELIGION CHAPTER ONE THE AFRICAN'S CONCEPT OF GOD To the one and only Supreme Being, various African societies have common attributes in different names. The Yoruba of Nigeria call him OLORUN; the Mendes of Sierra Leone, NGEWO; the Bambara of Sudan, FARO; the Ibo of Nigeria, CHUKWU; the Akan of Ghana, NYAME; and the West Camerounians, NIAMBE, to mention only a few. In essence one cannot actually differentiate JOK of the Central African people from SORO of the Nupe. To illustrate the point of differences further, one could use the example of a specific religious practice, which can be found in a number of African societies. This example is IFA, a popular divinatory science in West Africa. The name IFA is Yoruba. It is AFA in Ewe. And when the Yoruba, in the practice of giving spiritual explanations, call some of the secret codes ODI, IRETE, OGUNDA, IWORI and OSA, the Ewe are referring to the same codes when they say DI, LETE, GUDA, WOLI and SA. Even if the latter are copying a practice of the former, such differences will occur. On the other hand, similarities could be striking. For example the Lotuko of Central Africa perform rainmaking rituals. A rite of black goat offering is made to the sacred stones and these stones are washed with water from a sacred stream. Similar rites are performed to the rain-stones (TSINA) of the Ewe. In the same way both the Ewe and Jaba of Nigeria believe a witch could eat the 'egg' in a pregnant woman's womb. Therefore the Ewe and Jaba forbid children and pregnant women to eat eggs. It is even believed that a woman used to eating chicken eggs may be tempted to eat her own 'eggs'

53. West Africa get a broad view of the peoples of West languages formed by the combination of indigenousand Europeen have encountered are Malinke (and Mandinka) and mende. http://home.bip.net/damaho/westafrica.html

about family mercy ships / west africa / newsletters reflections contact West Africa When the Anastasis was first commissioned by YWAM back in the early 80s there was uncertainty about exactly what the ship should do. Don Stephens and those who had the original vision for the Anastasis knew only that God wanted them to use the ship as a tool to help the poor and needy of the world, but exactly what that meant was not clear. The history of the early days of the Anastasis is documented in various books, including Is That Really You God? (Loren Cunningham), Mandate for Mercy (Don Stephens) and Confessions of a Seasick Doctor (Christine Aroney-Sine). It was not until the nineties that the Anastasis ministry settled into what it has now become - a ministry with a focus on medical and development work in West Africa. These have been done within the context of showing the character of God as Christians understand him - a God who cares for the poor and needy regardless of who they are, what they believe, where they live. For a brief outline of the ministry locations of Anastasis since it has made West Africa its focus click here Further down this page you will find some information on: the nations of the West African region our involvement in West Africa the peoples of West Africa the needs of West Africa ... West Africa and missions The West African Region The region of West Africa is usually thought of as consisting of 16 countries: these can be divided into four groups. First, across the top from west to east are Mauritania, Mali and Niger. Second, down the Atlantic coast from north to south are Senegal, The Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia. Third, along the southern coast from west to east are Cote d'Ivoire, Benin, Togo, Ghana and Nigeria. And finally, in the middle is Burkino Faso and off the coast are the Cape Verde Islands.

54. UI School Of Art & Art History-Art History Course Offering Emphasis on the Dogon of Mali, the peoples of Burkina Faso, the mende of Sierra 123Japanese Painting 3 sh Chinese influence, indigenous styles from http://www.uiowa.edu/~arthist/historycourses.html

The following is a list of courses that are offered in the history of art. Not all of these courses are offered every year. A few are offered infrequently. Primarily for Undergraduates For Undergraduate and Graduate Students Primarily for Graduate Students Primarily for Undergraduates return to top 01H:001 Concepts and Context: Art and Culture 3 s.h. Concepts that informed the making of particular works of art; historically specific contexts to which groups of artists responded. GE: fine arts or humanities. 01H:002 Art of Africa, Oceania, and Pre-Columbian America 3 s.h. Traditional arts of Black Africa, the Pacific, the Americas before European conquest. GE: cultural diversity or fine arts or humanities. 01H:004 Masterpieces: Art and CulturalParadigms 3 s.h. Architecture, painting, sculpture in cultural context. GE- fine arts or humanities. 01H:005 Western Art and Culture before 1400 3 s.h. Art, its creators, culture of prehistoric, ancient, medieval periods. GE: fine arts or foreign civilization and culture or historical perspectives. 01H:006 Western Art and Culture after 1400 3 s.h.

55. Volume 6 Number 1, Nov. 1990 of African peoples and of the indigenous peoples of the The peoples of West Africaand Middle America, as well In some languages, such as mende of Sierra leeone http://web.nmsu.edu/~pscott/isgem61.htm

Volume 6 Number 1 November 1990 ISGEm News NCIM Directors Approve ISGEm for Affiliation At its September meeting, the NCTM Board of Directors approved ISGEm's application to be an affiliate of NCTM! 'ISGEm Business and Program Meeting In New Orleans Plan to attend the ISGEm business and program meeting in New Orleans in connection with the 69th Annual Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics of the USA. The meeting is scheduled for Thursday. April 18,1991, from 4:30 to 6:30 p.m. Please check your NCTM program booklet for the room number. The program will include a presentation by Lawrence Shirley of the University of Maryland on "Video Games" in the USA and a report by Beatriz D'Ambrosio of the University of Delaware on her trip to Guidea-Bissau to develop curriculum for UNESCO. The ISGEm Advisory Board will meet in New Orleans on Wednesday, April 17,10 am. to noon, and again on Friday, April 19, from 10 am. to noon. Additional details about these meetings will be mailed. Patrick Scott, editor of the ISGEm Newsletter, has organized a Research Pre-Session in New Orleans. Arthur Powell of Rutgers University and Marilyn Frankenstein of the University of Massachusetts will introduce ideas on how concepts and practices from Critical Fducation Theory, attributable to Paolo Freire and others, connect with and extend our conception of ethnomathematics.

56. Sierra Leone - Politics The other indigenous inhabitants of the territory included the with the Temne andthe mende in the Milton Margai formed the Sierra Leone peoples’ Party (SLPP http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/SieraLeone/Politics.html

Geographic Map General Information Geography Natural resources ... Sources Sierra Leone - History and Politics Constitution - adopted October 1991; revised several times subsequently Legal system - based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes Legislative branch - unicameral House of Representatives (80 seats) Elections - last held February 1996. Presidential and parliamentary elections will next take place in May 2002 History and Politics The name " Sierra Leone" European interest in the place was mostly as a source of slaves, but they were also attracted by other commodities like ivory, and camwood, for which, they were prepared to venture deep into the interior up to Port Loko. However, they (especially the British) built their fortresses mainly on the islands that remained under the control of the local chiefs. Islam arrived the area around the 18 th century following the Fulani (Called Fula today in S.Leone) jihad in the Fouta-Djalon. Although the Creoles were critical of the British government especially through the Sierra Leone Weekly News (paper), their loyalty to the Queen was not shaken. Trade with the British was still beneficial to them, and the government allowed only limited intervention in local traditions like in cases of mediation during conflicts, the signing of treaties and the extension of British customs duties. However, the local people were mostly relegated to the junior posts in the colonial government.

57. World Press Review - Sudan - Shariah - Khartoum peoples in the East and West, like the southerners of the Nubians, the original indigenousethnic group mende Nazer Fighting for Asylum Tekla Szymanski, World http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/704.cfm

Entire Site Press Country Profiles Documents World Headlines Front Page Africa Americas ... World Link TV World Press Review is a program of the Stanley Foundation. E-mail this article Printer-friendly version Subscribe to our e-newsletter Print edition Africa Sudan's Search for Identity Andrew Hammond World Press Review Egypt correspondent Khartoum, Sudan Sept. 9, 2002 Khartoum residents are in an introspective mood following the collapse of peace talks (Photo: AFP). On paper, Sudan possesses all the ingredients for an affluent future—water, oil, and fertile land, as well as a population that hasn’t expanded beyond the country’s resources. Yet Sudan has seen almost nothing but fighting between successive Khartoum governments and the rebels in the South since it won its independence from Britain in 1956. Peace talks between the two sides had offered a way out, whereby Africa’s largest country could eventually split into two semi-autonomous states. Following a government walkout from the talks in early September after the southern rebels of the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA) captured an important southern town amid continuing hostilities, the euphoria many Sudanese felt when the talks seemed to be going well has departed. On the streets of Khartoum, northerners and southerners alike are pondering where it all went wrong. But after 19 years of fighting that has killed 2 million people, displaced 4 million, and kept Sudan’s development standing still, observers reckon there’s little will on either side to push this war much further. In case any party is tempted to think otherwise, international pressure to sue for peace has never been greater, not least from the United States. Many here say this was the key factor in bringing the two sides together to sign a breakthrough interim agreement on July 20 following five weeks of talks in Machakos, Kenya. The deal offered southerners a referendum on their future after six years of autonomy and a waiver on the Islamic Shariah law applied in the North, which has sharply drawn into focus the cultural differences between Sudan’s North and South.

58. - Introduction Richards 1992) has shown for mende living on indigenous peoples have perceived, interactedwith and made use RF 1985 Patterns of indigenous timber extraction http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk:8443/Public/bruneiellen_Intro.html

59. SIERRA LEONE  AND NEW LABOUR MILITARISM off the attacks of the indigenous inhabitants, who The Christian missionaries inthe mende country had made powers presented to primitive peoples in exchange http://www.zmag.org/CrisesCurEvts/sierra_leone.htm

SIERRA LEONE AND NEW LABOUR MILITARISM By Richard Gott In Sierra Leone, as in Zimbabwe, Britain under New Labour has an irresistible urge to relive its colonial past. Maybe Robin Cook will soon be seeking to pay for his military adventure in West Africa by imposing a hut tax on its unfortunate inhabitants, just as the British did in 1898. That particular tax, a form of poll tax imposed on colonial territories, was to cause one of the great African rebellions of the 19th century. Two British military expeditions had to be sent to the colony, with soldiers brought from the West Indies. After a wave of fierce repression was unleashed on the population, nearly a hundred rebel leaders were hanged. The local Africans in West Africa had other ideas. Within a year they had rebelled against this imposed colony of foreign blacks and destroyed it. British reinforcements soon arrived, and former black "Empire Loyalists" were brought out to Freetown, men who had fought for Britain in the American war of independence, and then found an unhappy home in cold and racist Canada. These American blacks were joined a few years later by Jamaican Maroons, expelled from Jamaica after the British had fought them to a standstill with fighting dogs imported from Cuba. This new generation of black settlers, mostly Christian, found themselves endlessly fighting off the attacks of the indigenous inhabitants, who were mostly Moslem. British gunboats were sent upriver throughout the 19th century to crush the native rebellions.

60. Akan Cultural Symbols Bibliogrphy Accra Centre for indigenous Knowledge Systems. Arabic literacy and secrecy amongthe mende of Sierra Leone The Tshispeaking peoples of the Gold Coast of West http://www.marshall.edu/akanart/akanartbiblio.html

AKAN CULTURAL SYMBOLS: A BIBLIOGRAPHY AKAN CULTURAL SYMBOLS PROJECT G. F. Kojo Arthur and Robert Rowe - 1998-2001 BIBLIOGRAPHY Abraham, W. E. (1962). The mind of Africa . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Ackah, C. A. (1988). Akan ethics . Accra: Ghana Universities Press. Adjaye, Joseph K. (1994). Editor. Time in the black experience . Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Diplomacy and diplomats in nineteenth century Asante . Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Agbenaza, E. (n.d.). The Ewe Adanudo. Unpublished B.A. Thesis, Arts Faculty Library, University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. Aggrey, J. E. K. (1992). E b o b o bra d e n 1. Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Asafo . Tema: Ghana Publishing Corporation. Ebisaa na abrome . Accra: Bureau of Ghana Languages. Agyeman-Duah, J. (n.d.). Ashanti stool histories . Accra: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana. Ceremonies of enstoolment of Otumfuo Asantehene . Ashanti Stool Histories, Volume 2, Series No. 33. Accra: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana.

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