1. FACT SHEET: NAGORNO-KARABAGH From the Armenian Research Centre, UMD, giving a number of relevant facts from the Armenian point of view.Category Society Issues Secession Azerbaijan...... began an outright military assault on the Armenians of nagornokarabagh itself, theytook up arms to defend their homes, their land, and their ancient culture. http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/karabagh.html

FACT SHEET: NAGORNO-KARABAGH ARMENIAN RESEARCH CENTER The University of Michigan-Dearborn Dearborn, MI 48128 The Autonomous Region of Mountainous Karabagh (also known in America as Nagorno-Karabagh) recently declared independence from Azerbaijan because of continued persecution, oppression, and human and civil rights violations by the Azeri Turks. It was attached to Azerbaijan as an Autonomous Region by Joseph Stalin in 1921 and has suffered under Azeri rule from that time onward. Mountainous Karabagh had a pre-war population of approximately 200,000 people, 77% of whom were Christian Armenians. The remaining 23% were mainly Muslim Azeri Turks. Nagorno-Karabagh's capital is Stepanakert. It has an area of about 1,700 square miles, slightly smaller than the state of Delaware. On December 10, 1991, Nagorno-Karabagh held an independence referendum in which 82% of all voters participated, and 99% voted for independence. On January 6, 1992, the leaders of Nagorno-Karabagh declared independence as the Republic of Mountainous Karabagh (RMK). On January 8, 1992, Artur Mkrtchian was elected President and Oleg Yessaian as Prime Minister of Karabagh by Karabagh's Parliament. Note that this Presidency is not an independent office such as in the United States.

2. The Armenian Weekly Online: October 2001 in nagorno karabagh and the United States, NK Arts has now placed itself to theforefront of efforts aimed at developing this aspect of Armenian culture, and http://www.hairenik.org/armenianweekly/nov_dec/culture001.html

Festival of Shushi a Runaway Success By Onnik Krikorian SHUSHI, Nagorno KarabaghEvents to launch the Nagorno Karabagh Arts and Music Festival started at 7:00 pm on Saturday, 8 September 2001 against the backdrop of the walls of the old fortress. Hundreds gathered to hear a selection of live music that encompassed musical genres ranging from rock and folk to the traditional. The event started with an hour-long disco for younger members of the audience. The highlight of the five-hour spectacular was Bambir, the internationally renowned folk-rock group from Gyumri, which performed an energetic set that brought young and old alike to their feet. At times blending in Celtic influences with guitar-based Armenian folk-rock and the sound of duduk, kamantcha, and tar, Bambir highlighted the potential for NK Arts to establish Armenian culture in the international arena. "The local is global," and "Art is the Technology of the Soul" were constant themes expressed by NK Arts Founder and Director Neery Melkonian. Armenian dance groups, choirs, singers, and theatrical performers including the Narre Choir, Shushi Traditional Instruments Ensemble, Artsakhi Balikner and the Menk Enk Mer Sarere State Ensemble took the stage alongside Bambir II, the youthful and charismatic offshoot of their namesake that delighted younger members of the audience with technically perfect covers of rock classics by the Yardbirds, the Rolling Stones, and Jimi Hendrix.

3. Belfer Center For Science And International Affairs - Publications - Recent Publ The nagorno karabagh Republic, unrecognized by any nation in the world, does not have formal foreign 1997, SPFA promotes the French culture and language by providing French language http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/BCSIA/Library.nsf/pubs/Shaffer5.01

document.cookie = "CoC_js_id" + "=" + 0; Contact BCSIA Site Map Kennedy School Search Advanced Search BCSIA Home Publications Recent Publications Publications . . . . People Fellowships Events ... Search Order By: Year Program Title Author Subject Type Feigenbaum, Evan A. China's Techno-Warriors: National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear to the Information Age . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 7 April 2003. Allison, Graham. " A War Played to Many Audiences Boston Globe A (31 March 2003): 19. Frankel, Jeffrey. " Advice to a Fledgling Economic Advisor The Financial Times (31 March 2003). Juma, Calestous. " Agricultural Biotechnology in Development: Challenges and Opportunities ." 26 March 2003. Nye, Joseph. " The Right War at the Wrong Time Boston Globe (24 March 2003). Nye, Joseph. " Divided We War Globe and Mail (24 March 2003).

4. PanARMENIAN.Net Stickers Numerous archeological facts of the eneolite, bronze and iron ages prove that theculture of nagorno karabagh is in fact a branch of a single Armenian culture http://www.panarmenian.net/stickers/?artsakh_eng

5. Culture Of Artsakh President. nagorno karabagh is a republic with a presidential governing system. Mandate, Human Rights and Minorities. Education, Science, culture, Health, Sport and Social Issues http://www.nkr.am/eng/facts/cult.htm

Mirror General information Economy Healthcare ... Religion The Cultural and Spiritual Heritage of Nagorno Karabagh Historically Karabagh was the northeastern province of Armenia. The spread of similar forms of economic activity, customs, traditions, religious beliefs, and the same kind of mentality of inhabitants of the entire Armenian plateau brought about the reality that Nagorno Karabagh (Artsakh) along with other regions of Armenia constitutes a single entity in the cultural, economic, and linguistic sense. Numerous archeological facts of the eneolite, bronze and iron ages prove that the culture of Nagorno Karabagh is in fact a branch of a single Armenian culture and a great deal of parallels could be drawn with the monuments of the Armenian Plateau of the same period. Below is the description of cultural monuments, which still exist on the territory of the Artsakh Principality. th century AD, which is the time when Christianity was adopted as Armenian state religion.) There are also monuments of prehistoric age, which are mainly prehistoric campsites, ruins of ancient Armenian settlements, a part of which belong to the Ararat Kingdom (Urartu) and Armenian Kingdom of Ervanids period, sepulchers, cult statuettes of early Armenian epoch, carved stones from Armenian Artashesids dynasty, capitols, various home utensils and coins. Thus, in ancient times (1 st millennium BC) the summer residence of Ararat King Rus I was found on the territory of what is today Istisu village. The largest and the most renowned settlement of pre-Christian period on the territory of Artsakh is the city of Tigranakert, which was founded by the Armenian King Tigran II in the 90-ies BC. Interestingly enough, this was the first out of four cities founded later by Tigran II in the different parts of the Armenian plateau and baring his name. The ruins of that settlement were found on the territory of the present Agdam region near the border of the Nagorno Karabagh Republic.

6. PanARMENIAN.Net Stickers bronze and iron ages prove that the culture of nagorno karabagh is in fact a branch of a single Armenian culture and a http://www.armtv.am/stickers?artsakh_eng

7. Republic Of Nagorno Karabagh, Political Structure Order Mandate, Human Rights and Minorities Education, Science, culture, Health, Sport GovernmentThe Government of the Republic of nagorno karabagh is composed http://www.aaainc.org/armenia-nkr/nkrps.htm

REPUBLIC OF NAGORNO KARABAGH, POLITICAL STRUCTURE President Nagorno Karabagh is a republic with a presidential governing system. The President is the head of state. The same person cannot hold the post of President for more than two consecutive terms. The people directly elect the President for a five-year term. The President's primary responsibility is the formation of policy, the conduct of foreign and defense policies and ensuring the normal functioning of the state institutions. This form of governing was introduced in Karabagh in November 1994. Robert Kocharian was elected the NKR President by the operating Parliament of the Republic. In November 1996 public elections took place, and acting President Robert Kocharian became the first publicly elected President of the Republic of Nagorno Karabagh. As the NKR President was invited to hold the post of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Armenia, special presidential elections took place in NKR on September 1, 1997. Of the three candidates Arkady Ghoukassian won the elections and became the President of the Republic of Nagorno Karabagh. According to the current legislation, the NKR President is the head of the executive power. He appoints the Prime Minister and affirms the Government structure.

8. Armenia This Week and maintain its language and culture.î Furthermore put forward by the karabagh sideduring of ìhorizontalî relations between nagorno karabagh and Azerbaijan http://www.aaainc.org/armenia_week/archive97/6-20-97.htm

June 20, 1997 TOP AZERI OFFICIAL DISCLOSES DETAILS OF NEW MINSK GROUP PROPOSALS Vafa Guluzade, Senior Adviser to President Heidar Aliyev provided the press with a summary of the O.S.C.E. Minsk Groupís latest proposals to Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Nagorno Karabagh. Guluzade said the proposals ìare based on the principles (proposed) at the O.S.C.E. Lisbon Summit and meet the national interests of Azerbaijan.î The principal terms recommended for the settlement of the Karabagh conflict were reported as follows: Karabagh would be given the status of ìautonomyî within Azerbaijan with the right to its own constitution, flag, anthem, and other ìsymbolsî but would be established as a multi-ethnic entity. Karabagh could retain military force as a ìnational guard and military policeî but that force would be reduced in size ìto the level of minimal sufficiencyî after a peace agreement is signed. Guluzade characterized this element of the proposal as a ìgreat concessionî by Azerbaijan. In exchange for this concession, Karabagh would withdraw its forces from the five regions it currently occupies outside of Karabagh. In addition, Karabagh forces would be removed from Shushi and the Lachin Corridor. The O.S.C.E. would then create a buffer zone between the withdrawn forces of Karabagh and the Azerbaijani army. The zone, the parameters of which are undefined, would be patrolled by an international peace-keeping force.

9. The Armenian Youth Federation Of Greece Website Metropolitan bishop Morgenthau Henry Mountainous karabagh, history of Mountainouskarabagh, republic of Music, Armenian culture nagorno karabagh, history of http://virtuals.compulink.gr/armen-yth/pages/saf.htm

Use your browser "Find..." action on this page, to search our website, then follow the links. Make sure you also use the "Find next" command. (The text following the comma, gives additional information on where the word before the comma refers.) 24 April 1915 A.R.F. (ARF) Akhalkalak Akhaltsha ... Sign Our Guestbook Last Modified: Wednesday, August 20, 1997 at 09:00 AM

10. Books On Nagorno-Karabagh The History and GeoPolitics of nagorno-karabagh (Atlantic Highlands, NJ E. Stone,eds.,Medieval Armenian culture (Chico, CA of the Khanate of karabagh (from 1747 http://www.umd.umich.edu/dept/armenian/facts/k_books.html

Books on Nagorno-Karabagh, alphabetized by author Note to readers: just because a title is in English does not mean that the book is in English. We might have added the work to our database based on a citation in a book or article and thus would have no further information on it. Popular Armenian Tales, Volume 5 (Artsakh) (Yerevan, 1966). Armenian-Russian Relations during the First Third of the 18th Century, Volume II (Yerevan, 1967). Grakan Gharabagh: Gharabaghi inknaver marzi eritasard groghneri almanakh (Yerevan: Sovetakan Grogh, 1988) 261 pages. Amnesty International Report 1993 (Washington, D.C.: Amnesty International, 1993) 354 pages. The Truth About Nagorno-Karabakh: Collection of Documents (Yerevan: Yerevan State University, 1989). Popular Armenian Tales, Volume 7 (Artsakh-Zangezur) (Yerevan, 1979). Armenian-Russian Relations during the First Third of the 18th Century, Volume I (Yerevan, 1964). Popular Armenian Tales, Volume 6 (Artsakh-Utik) (Yerevan, 1973). Abrahamian, A. Deciphering Caucasian Albanian Inscriptions (Yerevan, 1964).

11. REPUBLIC OF NAGORNO KARABAGH FOREIGN RELATIONS the $15 million, $8.3 million has been directed to implementing projects in NagornoKarabagh. in NKR since 1997, SPFA promotes the French culture and language http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/htms/karabagh_fr.html

REPUBLIC OF NAGORNO KARABAGH FOREIGN RELATIONS The Nagorno Karabagh Republic, unrecognized by any nation in the world, does not have formal foreign relations in the traditional sense. However, multi-lateral and international organizations do operate in the Republic. The Republic also has Permanent Representation Missions and Public Information Offices in four countries Armenia and the 3 nations represented in the Minsk Groupthe United States, France and Russia. The goals of the offices are to present the Republic's positions on various issues, provide information and to facilitate the peace process. International Organizations Operating in Nagorno Karabagh American Red Cross (ARC) George Ionita, Project Manager 50a Sassountsi Davit Street, Stepanakert phone:4-37-70, 28-07-26 fax: 28-07-26 e-mail: icrcstenk@icrc.nk.am Operating in NKR since 1999, the American Red Cross is implementing a Primary Health Care (PHC) project to improve the knowledge and skills of regional, district and local physicians, nurses and community health workers in implementing PHC services and improving these services in first line health facilities. As part of this effort, health information systems are being developed, first-line facilities being rehabilitated and improved management protocols being developed. The American Red Cross is focusing on the 10 most widespread diseases affecting adults and children. This project is funded by USAID through Save the Children.

12. Blueprint For Resolution Of Nagorno Karabakh Creating Special Mechanisms to Protect Minority Rights and Free Expression of culture. Thecurrent struggle over nagorno karabagh began in February of 1988 when http://www.armeniaforeignministry.com/htms/blueprint.html

The Nagorno Karabagh Crisis: A Blueprint for Resolution A Memorandum Prepared by the Public International Law and Policy Group May 2000 Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Background A. Brief History of the Conflict Before Sovietization Nagorno Karabagh Under Soviet Azerbaijani Rule: 1920-1988 1988 to the Present B. The Peace Process Mediation by the Russian Federation and the Commonwealth of Independent States Actions Taken by the United Nations Security Council OSCE Mediation Efforts C. Identification of Strategic Interests Russia United States Turkey Iran Western oil companies D. US Congressional Actions III. The Right of Self-Determination A. The Meaning of Self-Determination International Recognition of the Principle of Self-Determination Who is Entitled to Self-Determination? Self-Determination and the Right to Independence The Process for Exercising the Right of Self-Determination B. Nagorno Karabagh's Legal Entitlement to Self-Determination The Armenians of Nagorno Karabagh are a Group Entitled to Self- Determination Nagorno Karabagh's Right to Self-Determination includes the right to independence IV.

13. ACS - Armenian History During the Soviet period the Armenian culture and economy flourished. Because ofthe nagornokarabagh conflict, Armenia has been the subject of an economic http://www.student.virginia.edu/~armenia/ACS/arm-history.htm

A brief glimpse of Armenian History The Armenians trace their history to sixth century B.C. Throughout history Armenia has been a battlefield for many invaders, contending empires, and a bridge for many cultures and civilizations. During the past 2,700 years, Armenia was conquered by the Persian Empire, Alexander the Great, the Roman Empire, Byzantium, the Arabs, Seljuqs, Mongols, Tatars, the Ottoman Empire, Safavid Persia, and the Russian Empire. Armenian kingdoms, principalities and even a short-lived empire (95-55 B.C.) managed to survive and thrive for some 1,700 years. Under various kings and princes, the Armenians developed a sophisticated culture, an original architecture and their own national alphabet. In the year 2001, the Armenians will celebrate the 1700th anniversary of the adoption of Christianity as their religion. The Seljuq conquest of the last Armenian kingdom in the 11th century marked the beginning of an exodus of the Armenians from historical Armenia resulting in the advent of an Armenian Diaspora. As a result of this migration, an Armenian kingdom was established on the shores of the Mediterranean, in Cilicia. This kingdom, often an ally to the West during the period of the Crusades, absorbed Frankish culture. The kingdom fell in 1375, ending the independence of the Armenian Statehood.

14. Belfer Center For Science And International Affairs - Publications - Recent Publ is especially endeared to Azerbaijanis as a center of Azerbaijani culture. the rightsand security of the Azerbaijani population of nagornokarabagh should not http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/BCSIA/Library.nsf/pubs/Amirbayov

document.cookie = "CoC_js_id" + "=" + 0; Contact BCSIA Site Map Kennedy School Search Advanced Search BCSIA Home Publications Recent Publications Publications . . . . People Fellowships Events ... Search Order By: Year Program Title Author Subject Type Feigenbaum, Evan A. China's Techno-Warriors: National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear to the Information Age . Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 7 April 2003. Allison, Graham. " A War Played to Many Audiences Boston Globe A (31 March 2003): 19. Frankel, Jeffrey. " Advice to a Fledgling Economic Advisor The Financial Times (31 March 2003). Juma, Calestous. " Agricultural Biotechnology in Development: Challenges and Opportunities ." 26 March 2003. Nye, Joseph. " The Right War at the Wrong Time Boston Globe (24 March 2003). Nye, Joseph. " Divided We War Globe and Mail (24 March 2003).

15. Caspian Studies Events education and culture in Azerbaijan. Professor Ronald Suny, from the Universityof Chicago, has written extensively on the nagornokarabagh conflict and the http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/BCSIA/SDI.nsf/web/CSPevents?OpenDocument&ExpandSect

16. Sunvil Discovery - Armenia & Nagorno Karabagh The country is located at the intersection of important trade routes and has alwayspossessed rich natural resources and an advanced culture, which has made it http://www.sunvil.co.uk/sites/sunvil-europe/armenia_and_nagorno_karabagh.asp

Hungary Lebanon Syria The Transcaucasian republic of Armenia is a former Soviet country and has rightly been called an Open Air geological and archaeological museum. This mountainous country, at an average 1,800m above sea level, is one of sighing peaks and sweeping plateaux covering a total area of 29,740 square kilometres, about the size of Belgium (half the size of Ireland). It has no access to the sea, being enclosed by Turkey to the west, Iran to the south, Georgia to the north and Azerbaijan to the east. The population numbers approximately 3.7 million, of which 1.25 million live in and around Yerevan, the capital. Armenia is one of the ancient centres of world civilisation and has been inhabited since the early Stone Age. Ancient Armenia was one of the largest states in the near east and was often pitted against Rome and Persia. Architecture, theatre, art and literature were already at their peak before 301AD when Armenia formally adopted Christianity, the first country in the world to do so.

17. A Guide To Armenian Links The Republic of Armenia Politics and Diplomacy ; Rieff Article on NK; Samaritan'sPurse - Guided Tour - nagorno karabagh; The Spirit of Armenia. its culture. http://www.spongobongo.com/armlink.htm

A Guide to Armenian Links Notes on Armenia ABC Country Book of Armenia 1700th Anniversary of Christianity American University of Armenia ... Armenia - general information, travel and tourism, Armenian news and views, visa regulations, business and economy, websites in Armenia. Armenia: A Year In Images Armenian Action Center Armenia and Armenian! - All about Armenia. Your complete guide to Armenia and Armenians! news from Armenia, painters, churches, pictures, culture, Armenian Assembly of America, Inc. Armenia-Azerbaijan Initiative: Main Page Armenian Church - directory, liturgy, links. The Armenian Church Gregory the Illuminator. The Robber Synod or Latrocinium Ephesinum Council of Chalcedon, ... Armenian Cookbook On-line 200 Recipes. Armenia (country) (Encarta® Concise Encyclopedia Article) Armenia, Country Commercial Guide 1998

18. Stability And Peace In The Caucasus The Case Of Nagorno- task of our conference, and for any of you who are involved in the negotiations,is to remember that nagornokarabagh is a This is not a conflict of culture. http://www.ciaonet.org/conf/shb01/

19. THE 80-th ANNIVERSARY OF THE ARMENIAN POGROMS IN SHUSHI was opened on March 23 in the nagorno karabagh Museum of Regional Studies. NKR Ministerof Foreign Affairs Naira Melkoumian and Minister of culture, Youth and http://www.geocities.com/master8885/DPolicy/shushi.htm

BACK THE 80-th ANNIVERSARY OF THE ARMENIAN POGROMS IN SHUSHI In 1918, in the course of the Turkish-German territorial expansion in the Transcaucasus, the occupants created a puppet pro-Turkish unit of "Azerbaijan" which immediately claimed some historically Armenian territories, including Nagorno-Karabagh. Over the latest 80 years of its history Shushi endured many other tragic periods. Soviet Azerbaijan continued the anti-Armenian policy by conducting planned ethnic cleansing. In 1988, the last Armenian population of the historic citadel of Nagorno-Karabagh (about 2000 people) was deported from the town. Since the autumn 1991, with the intensification of the military activities unleashed by Azerbaijan, the NKR capital Stepanakert was systematically shelled by artillery from Shushi which is situated much higher than Stepanakert. Complete destruction threatened Stepanakert. On May 9, 1992, the NKR self-defense forces liberated the town by storm. Today the deported population, including refugees from Baku, Sumgait and other towns and regions of the former AzSSR, is moving back to Shushi. The town is being gradually restored, the economic sphere is being regulated, and the social conditions are being improved. In connection with the 80-th anniversary - on March 23 - of the Armenian pogroms in the town of Shushi, committed by the Tatar-Azeris in 1920, a number of events has taken place in the NKR, in accordance with the Resolution of the NKR Government. In particular, on March 20, 2000, a memorial stone was erected in Shushi, in the place of the future monument to the victims of the massacre. The NKR Government submitted a proposal to the Republic's National Assembly to set up March 23 as the Memory Day of the victims of the Armenian massacre committed in Shushi in 1920.

20. Nagorno-Karabagh War And Response The Minister for Education and culture affirmed that all children in nagorno Karabakhnow attend school, even though the school buildings have been devastated http://www.geocities.com/master8885/Maps/Nagorno-Karabagh.html

BACK The Land The contested territory of Nagorno Karabakh is a patch of fertile, mountainous land on the eastern rim of the Armenian plateau overlooking the broad Azerbaijani plain to the east. To the west lies the Republic of Armenia, less than 5 miles away at the nearest point. The Islamic Republic of Iran is less than 15 miles to the south. The two major towns of the enclave, Stepanakert and Shusha, are but a few miles from each other, with the mountain fortress of Shusha towering over the more modern Stepanakert below. Before the current war the towns were centres of light industry. In the countryside the economy was based on subsistence farming. In times of peace the land provided the people of Nagorno Karabakh with a good supply of the basic necessities of life. The name Nagorno Karabakh, meaning mountainous black garden, came into currency in this form in the 19th century and reflects linguistically the major imperial political powers that ruled the region during the past 1,000 years. Nagorno means mountainous in Russian, while Karabakh is a compound of the Turkish word for black (kara) and a Persian word for garden (bakh). The use of the adjective 'Nagorno' distinguishes the mountainous part of the former Turkic and Persian ruled province of Karabakh, largely populated by Armenians, from the lowland part, inhabited mainly by Azeri-Turks. Artsakh, an ancient Armenian name for the region, which predates the name Karabakh, is the official name of the Republic of Nagorno Karabakh and is used within the Armenian community and in some western publications.

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