41. SouthAsia.Net: Nepal : History history of nepal nepalese People history of nepal nepalese nepali country originstory historia pages of india pakistan nepal srilanka afghanistan bhutan http://southasia.net/Nepal/History/

SouthAsia Complete Search Engine India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Sri Lanka Afghanistan Tibet Bhutan Maldives SouthAsia.Net: Nepal : History Top Nepal : History South Asia Add Site URL New Subscribe Horoscope ... Culture People Common Communities : Bengali, Sindhi, Punjabi, Tamil Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Get Horoscope in email daily FREE Your Views SouthAsia.Net TALK ... Future of - SouthAsia Issues Problems? Where do we go? Pakistan - Discuss the national issues of Pakistan Bangladesh - Interesting things happening..! Nepal - Current Issues Rajniti Social Welfare Opportunities Sri Lanka - National Issues Peace Opportunities Economic Potential India - India Issues Discussions South Asia Present: Important Issues Cooperation People Communities Discussions on Marriage, divorce and family life Afghanistan - Future Afghan Communty Advertise at SouthAsia Related SouthAsia Categories: Nepal Nepal : Cities Nepal : History Nepal : National Issues Keyword Search IndiaPakistanBangladeshNepalSriLankaAfghanistanBhutanTibetMaldives Webmasters Add Search to your Pages Search only in Nepal : History - Reach Target Audience SouthAsia.Net

42. SouthAsia.Net: Nepal nepal Himalayan Highlands Cities history National Issues nepal nepalese Schools andUniversities southasia south asia india pakistan bangladesh nepal sri lanka http://southasia.net/Nepal/

SouthAsia Complete Search Engine India Pakistan Bangladesh Nepal Sri Lanka Afghanistan Tibet Bhutan Maldives SouthAsia.Net: Nepal Top : Nepal South Asia Add Site URL New Subscribe Horoscope ... Culture People Common Communities : Bengali, Sindhi, Punjabi, Tamil Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Get Horoscope in email daily FREE Your Views SouthAsia.Net TALK ... Future of - SouthAsia Issues Problems? Where do we go? Pakistan - Discuss the national issues of Pakistan Bangladesh - Interesting things happening..! Nepal - Current Issues Rajniti Social Welfare Opportunities Sri Lanka - National Issues Peace Opportunities Economic Potential India - India Issues Discussions South Asia Present: Important Issues Cooperation People Communities Discussions on Marriage, divorce and family life Afghanistan - Future Afghan Communty Advertise at SouthAsia Nepal Categories: Cities Kathmandu Pokhra Birgunj Lumbini Nepalgun Mahendra Nagar Biratnagar Janakpur Bhojpur Development Develoment Growth Projects Nepal History History of Nepal Nepalese People National Issues National Issues of Nepal SouthAsia.Net Sites Related to Nepal:

43. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination Nepal | Introduction Off the Beaten Track. Activities. history. Culture. Environment the greatest heights of the Himalaya, the kingdom of nepal is a land of sublime scenery, timeworn temples, and some http://www.lonelyplanet.com/dest/ind/nep.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks Nepal Draped along the greatest heights of the Himalaya, the kingdom of Nepal is a land of sublime scenery, time-worn temples, and some of the best walking trails on earth. It's a poor country, but it is rich in scenic splendour and cultural treasures. The kingdom has long exerted a pull on the Western imagination and it's a difficult place to dislodge from your memory once you return. This is why so many travellers are drawn back to Nepal, armed the second time round with a greater appreciation of its natural and cultural complexity, a stout pair of walking boots and a desire for improved leg-definition. Warning The Maoist uprising in Nepal has intensified, making a trekking trip a dicey proposition. Clashes continue between the military and the rebels in the six-year-old conflict that has claimed at least 4,000 lives. The battles have taken place mainly in the countryside, but there have also been bombings in the capital, Kathmandu. The rebels made international headlines in mid-2001 following violent attacks on foreign tourists. A ceasefire negotiated in August 2001 collapsed, leading to a rise in armed robbery and violence by Maoist guerrillas, including several deadly attacks on government forces. Businesses and NGOs affiliated with the USA have also been targeted. Nepal has been plagued by tragedy since June 2001, when Crown Prince Dipendra shot and killed King Birendra and eight other members of the royal family. While the country was in shock and mourning, the rebels took advantage of the chaos to expand their campaign. In November 2001, King Gyanendra declared a state of emergency and issued a 'Terrorist and Destructive Activities' ordinance, designating the Maoist Nepal Communist Party a terrorist organization.

44. MapZones.com History Although nepal emerged in history in the first millennia bc, it was only inthe 18th century that nepal developed as a country of the present size. http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/nepal/historyindex.php

Country Info Nepal Introduction Nepal General Data Nepal Maps Nepal Culture ... Nepal Time and Date Nepal History Back to Top Although Nepal emerged in history in the first millennia bc, it was only in the 18th century that Nepal developed as a country of the present size. Archaeological remains suggest that areas of Nepal have been inhabited for more than 10,000 years. The Kirant hill tribe people are thought to be the first rulers of the Kathmandu area. The earliest undisputed Nepali dynasty is the Licchavi dynasty, which was established in about ad 400. The Licchavi dynasty, which probably migrated from present-day Vaishali, India, was centered in the Kathmandu Valley. The Licchavi dynasty expanded its influence to the Kali Gandaki River in the west and Sun Kosi River in the east. The Licchavi period, as well as the Malla period that followed, was deeply influenced by Indian culture. The Licchavi dynasty came to an end in the late 9th century and was followed by the medieval period. The early medieval era was unstable and poorly documented. It culminated in the Malla period (1200 to 1769) when three separate dynasties, divided into three kingdoms in the late 15th century, were conquered by the Shah dynasty in 1769, led by King Prithvi Narayan Shah. Nepal’s southward expansion under the Shah dynasty resulted in a clash with the English East India Company. The Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816) reduced the country to its current size, although Nepal retained its independence. Countries Map or Maps

45. Asiaco Nepal - Nepal Largest Local Search Engine Features a directory, search engine and references to map, travel, history and news. http://nepal.asiaco.com/

Nepal Home Add Site Change URL NewSites ... Search A S I A C O , T H E A S I A S E A R C H E N G I N E Asiaco Mail free email for life! Free Homepage Create your own homepage today. Nepal Options Help New Nepal News Forum - Discuss about news, politics, sports, business and entertainment. Inside Nepal Jobs News Business E-Commerce ... Message Board Categories add your site here! Arts and Humanities Business and Economy Computers and Internet ... Travel Latest News more news... Asia Top 50 Web Sites Asia Web Guide . More on Asiaco.com Asiaco Asiawide: China Hong Kong (China) India Indonesia ... Notices . This site powered by Asiaco servers

46. Nepal,history Of Tibetan Rugs, Area Rugs,oriental Carpets,steve Laska,boudhanath between Laska and his sole manufacturer in nepal that began Lhasa Contemporary Classic Company history Tibetan Rug history Contact Email Copyright http://www.endlessknotrugs.com/company_history.html

Lhasa Contemporary Classic Company History ... Email Buddhist Stupa - Lhasa Tibet Boudanath Stupa - Kathmandu, Nepal Potala Palace - Lhasa, Tibet Steve Laska founded the Endless Knot Rug Company in 1980, after living and studying in Nepal from 1977 through 1979. He lived in the small village of Boudhanath, which is a Buddhists pilgrimage destination and where Tibetans settled in the early sixties. It is also where Tibetans established small weaving facilities. While living in this Tibetan enclave, Laska realized the potential of producing this very old artform, which had not as yet been introduced to the American market. In 1980, Mr. Laska started importing traditional Tibetan designed carpets on a small scale. In the mid eighties he began working with artists who submitted designs specifically for Endless Knot. The business has since grown to become one of the nations leading direct importers and distributors of hand-woven Tibetan carpets. Much of the success of the business can be attributed to the close relationship between Laska and his sole manufacturer in Nepal that began in 1977. Today, top domestic and international artists work closely with the company in maintaining its industry leading presence. Offering a fresh approach, the designs and colors represent the finest examples of floor coverings in the United States. Now, with over 130 different designs and colorways in the Classic, Contemporary and Lhasa Collections, Endless Knot rugs are available at design center showrooms, oriental rug galleries and furniture showrooms throughout the United States and have been featured in Elle Décor, Interior Design, Metropolitan Home and Architectural Digest Magazines.

47. Www.nepalpolice.gov.np Includes a profile, history, crime statistics, details on the organizational structure, and briefs on personnel. http://www.nepalpolice.gov.np/

window.location="http://www.nepalpolice.gov.np/index.php";

48. World Travel Guide - Nepal - History And Government World Travel Guide nepal - history Government - includes informationon the constitution and politics. WORLDTRAVELGUIDE.NET, http://www.travel-guide.com/data/npl/npl580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/IndianSubcontinent/Nepal/HistoryandGovernment'; WORLD TRAVEL GUIDE .NET GUIDES World Travel Guide World City Guide World Airport Guide World Cruise Guide ... World Weather TOOLS Holiday Brochures Mini Guide Online Bookstore World Clock ... Reservations APPENDICES How to Use This Guide Health Disabled Travellers Buddhism ... Travel Warnings LANGUAGES Deutsch Dutch Español Français ... Nepal History and Government History: Four years later he was succeeded by his son, King Mahendra. In 1959 Mahendra established a parliamentary constitution, and the ensuing elections were won by the Nepali Congress (led by B P Koirala) which had played a key role in the re-establishment of the monarchy. A year later, however, a royal coup led to the banning of all political parties and the establishment of a constitution based on the traditional village councils (the Panchayat system). Mahendra ruled until his death in 1972 when he was succeeded by his son Birendra. Birendra persevered with the Panchayat system, bolstered initially by the result of a referendum which gave a narrow majority in favour of its continued use. In the face of substantial and growing opposition, which increased steadily throughout the 1980s, Birendra resorted to a mix of repression, censorship and cosmetic administrative reforms to defuse the situation. In 1986, a member of the minority Newari community, Marich Man Singh Shrestha, became Prime Minister for the first time. Then, in 1990, growing public unrest forced the King to accept political parties and introduce a draft constitution allowing for direct elections to a bicameral parliament.

49. CBC News - Indepth Backgrounder: Nepal Contains reports on the massacre of nepal's royal family in 2001.Category Regional Asia nepal News and Media News Links...... shootings were accidental. nepal's political history is a story ofinstability. King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya. Modern nepal was http://cbc.ca/news/indepth/background/nepal.html

Viewpoint Science Live home ... search Nepal History of change John Bowman and Andrea Sellinger CBC News Online, June 2001 T he massacre of Nepal's royal family has thrown the country into chaos. Nepal has had three different kings in the space of four days. The government has imposed a strict curfew to deal with violent riots. And while most reports say that the crown prince killed his family, the government is saying that the shootings were accidental. Nepal's political history is a story of instability. King Birendra and Queen Aishwarya Modern Nepal was established in the mid-18th century, when Prithvi Narayan Shah, the leader of one of the smaller principalities, conquered Kathmandu and unified many of the surrounding states. Further attempts at Nepalese expansion were halted in conflicts with Tibet, China, and British India in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Prince Dipendra, son of King Birendra The Shahs ruled in Nepal for much of the first half of the 19th century. That ended in 1846 in a bloody coup. Jung Bahadur, an army commander, ordered his troops to kill hundreds of Nepal's most powerful men, who had been assembled in the palace armoury. Bahadur gave himself the title "Rana" and declared himself prime minister for life. He later declared that the title would be passed down his own family line. King Gyanendra, brother of King Birendra

50. Nepal's History Records of nepali history begin with the Kiratis (Mongoloid people), who had the Licchavis(IndoAryan People from northern India), invaded nepal and overthrew http://www.ganeshas-project.org/en/history.html

The rule of the KIRATI, LICHAVI and MALLA KINGS The SHAH Kings and RANAS Isolated Nepal Eventhough the Shah Dynasty continued in 1846 a Chhetri named Jung Bahadur Rana engineered the Kot Massacre, in which hundreds of the most important men in the Kingdom were brutally killed, and led to Jung Bahadur Rana gaining the title of prime minister. The Ranas now were the second royal family but had virtually all the power on the country, leaving the Shah Kings as puppets. The Ranas stayed in power for over 100 years, stagnating development in the country but at least holding back colonial powers. Nepal was never ruled by colonial powers. Nepal after WWII The people's movement A series of non violent protests and meetings called "the people's movement" were held to which the government responded with bullets, tear gas, thousands of arrests and torcher. After several months of curfews and rioting, on 9th April 1990 King Birendra lifted the ban on political parties and a week later he asked the opposition to lead the government and accepted his new role. Over 300 people died in this "People's movement." Democracy In February 1996 the Nepal Comunist Party-Maoist (NCP-M) were formed and started fighting against the constitutional monarchical democratic system. In the following three years over 600 people were killed through this insurgency. Since then their popularity and power has been increasing and their activities spread from the north-west of Nepal throughout the whole country.

51. Nepal Home Page A Brief history of nepal. Newars are thought to have lived in the nepalValley since the 4th century AD, developing a HinduBuddhist culture. http://www.nepalhomepage.com/general/history.html

- Search - (Advanced Options) General Info Travel News and Views ... Web Directories A Brief History of Nepal Newars are thought to have lived in the Nepal Valley since the 4th century AD, developing a Hindu-Buddhist culture. The Gurkha principality was later established by RAJPUT warriors from India, and in 1769 they conquered lands beyond the present-day borders of Nepal. After incursions into northern India in which the Gurkhas were defeated, Nepal lost part of its territory to British India but retained its independence and enjoyed close ties with the British.It has maintained its close association with India since the latter gained independence in 1947. Source: Grolier's Encyclopedia Nepal: Chronology of Important Events Period Description ca. 563 B.C. Buddha born in Lumbini; ca. A.D.400-750 Licchavi kingdom in power in Kathmandu "Transitional" kingdom in power in Kathmandu Valley Khasa Mall kings rule in western Nepal Arimalla, first monarch of the Malla Dynasty, rules in Kathmandu Valley. Khasa king Ripumalla leads raid in Kathmandu Valley Sultan Shams ud-din Ilyas of Bengal leads raid in Kathmandu Valley.

52. Nepal Home Page nepal A Brief history A brief history of the kingdom of nepal. nepalhistory - A comprehensive site on history of nepal. People and Society http://www.nepalhomepage.com/dir/general/

- Search - (Advanced Options) General Info Travel News and Views ... Web Directories Nepal Home Page General Information General Info Government and Politics Economy Nepali Calendars ... Nepali Flag General Info Maoism in Nepal - Snapshots of Interview video on maoism in Nepal with Kanak Mani Dixit, Barbara Adams and Pratyoush Onta. Nepal Home Page Travel Directory - Links to travel-related information Nepal at a Glance - The basic fact sheet on Nepal. Nepal Today - A Bi-monthly magazine of Travel, Tourism, Aviation etc. World Bank Data Sheet on Nepal - For the years 1990,98 and 99 Atlapedia Online - Nepal - About Nepal's people, geography, history, economy, climate and transportation sector. Bibliography of Asian Studies(BAS) Country Browse:Nepal - Various records on Nepal Deevio - Info On Nepal - General information about Nepal. Information on thee Himalayas And Nepal Nepal - A Country Study - Published by the Library of Congress in September 1991 Nepal Pride - A comprehensive site on Nepal with pictures, factfiles, news updates, chat and nepalese songs. NepalNet over Japan - Japanese language based website containing information on publication organisations.

53. EnjoyNepal :: About Nepal, History, People, Languages, Economy Search in EnjoyNepal.com. Choose Below -, http://www.enjoynepal.com/travel_guide/about_nepal/tg_aboutnepal.asp

Your Direct Contact in Nepal Members homepage weather update nepal maps ... contact us help Activities Destinations Travel Guide Maps Package Tours Object d' Art Weather Update - Choose Below - History of Nepal Gods, Myths, Religion Invest in Nepal Trekking/ Hiking Mountain Biking Jungle Safari Casinos About Nepal Home Travel Guide There are few places on the planet like Nepal, a country of such delightful contrasts and diversity, that most visitors are tempted to return to it again and again. The fact that it was remotely located and closed to the world until the 1950s lends it an added sense of mystery. About Nepal Economy Geography Geology History ... Languages A Bonpo (shaman) on top of a hill, Gosaikund Lake Send as an e-greeting home plan your trip package tours ... site map Post Box 1224, Kathmandu, Nepal. Fax: 00977 1 230749

54. Tea In Nepal/History Of Tea Cultivation A Short history of Tea Cultivation In nepal. Then Some time around1843, Colonel Gajraj Singh Thapa, sonin-law of the famous Rana http://www.guransetea.com/news/03.html

A Short History of Tea Cultivation In Nepal Then: Some time around 1843, Colonel Gajraj Singh Thapa, son-in-law of the famous Rana Prime Minister, Jung Bahadur, was on a tour of Darjeeling. He was impressed by the sight of the young tea plants and the tasty drink he was offered everywhere he went. He was determined to grow the beverage in his own country at district Ilam Colonel Garja Singha Thapa was the governor general of eastern region of Nepal. His father-in-law had awarded him the whole district in the form of a birta (rent-free land). The colonel soon set up two plantations - the Ilam and Soktim tea estates, 103 acres each - and so began Nepal's tea industry. The first production of Nepalese tea was Hill orthodox tea. Now: In recent years, large private tea estates have sprung up especially in the plains of Jhapa. The third important source of tea today are the small farmers of Jhapa, Ilam, Panchthar, Terhathum, and Dhankuta. In 1985, the government declared these five eastern districts a "tea-zone". Except Jhapa, all are in the hills. Over the years, Nepal's tea industry has grown steadily. In 1920 there were only two estates occupying 233 acres. Today tea gardens cover more than two thousand acres. Production, too, has gone up from a little over two tons in the 1920s to many folds today. Nepal's aromatic tea has become more and more popular around the world, and each year teas are exported to the United Sates, Japan, Canada, Germany and other European countries.

55. Nepal-history history of nepal. The kingdom of nepal, is the biggest kingdom of the Himalayas. Thehistory of the old nepal, before the Xth century is very badly known. http://perso.club-internet.fr/itessier/NEPAL/history/hist01us.htm

HISTORY of NEPAL The kingdom of Nepal, is the biggest kingdom of the Himalayas. Stuck between the two giants that are in south India and in the north China and Tibet, it has sudden all along its history influences of these two cultures. According to regions, ethnic groups have Tibetans or Indians origins, are Buddhists or Hindus. the era of the NEWARS the era of the GURKHALIS With this political takeover , the Newar lose influences they had on the Nepalese society, the Nepali (or parbatiya) becomes the official language. The kingdom spreads and in the beginning of the XIXth century it goes from Bhutan at the East, to slopes of the Himalaya at the Northwest (there been of incursions until Tibet). In 1814 the war explodes against the English company of the Indies until the treaty of Segauli, to this time Nepal has its modern borders, and is under influence British. The power falls then in hands of the Rana family. This strong government, with the help of a powerful army, will keep the power during more than hundred years, the country is very inward-looking and remain closed to outside influences . The country becomes independent in 1923. The contemporary NEPAL Nevertheless this autocracy is reversed in 1950, the dynasty Shah takes the power with the king Tribhuvan, reforms are hired. In 1959, a new constitution gives to Nepal a parliamentary system, the period is not less agitated of them and in 1960, this brief democratic interlude ends by the political takeover of the king Mahendra, son of Tribhuvan, political parties are forbidden then, objectors are put in jail.

56. Nepal | About Nepal | History history of nepal. Little is know about nepali history until the Britishcame in contact with them in the early 1500's. The nepali http://beta.ago.org/missions/nepal/about/history/

About Nepal Summer of '01 Summer of '00 Missionaries ... Fast Facts History of Nepal Little is know about Nepali history until the British came in contact with them in the early 1500's. The Nepali people resisted the advance of the English, and thereby earned the respect of the British. Nepali warriors known as Gorkhas where known to fight with extraordinary skill and valor. In fact, the Gorkhas so impressed the British that they hired them on as mercenaries (and still do to this day.) During the late 1700's, the king of Nepal made it illegal for any missionaries or foreigners to come into Nepal. He once said, "Where the Bible goes, the Union Jack (flag of England) follows." For the next two hundred years, Nepal remained a medieval kingdom with no contact with the rest of the world. In 1950 a revolution in the government threw out the old ruling class and put in a group of royal families. At last, Nepal was open to the outside world. Ironically, airplanes were invented in Nepal before roads were. It was not until the middle of the 1960's that any road was built into Nepal. Nepal has progressed slowly over the last fifty years, but it now has a road system, an airport, Internet shops, tourism attractions, and a new constitutional monarchy. The cities are much more advanced than the countryside, where people live much as they have for the last five hundred years. Certain villages in the mountains must hike seventeen days without roads to reach a town where they can buy supplies.

57. History Of Nepal EncylopediaLearn what the Encyclopedia says about nepal's history; KathmanduImagesof a CenturyOffers essays and photographs depicting the changing http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/Cove/5965/nhistory.html

History of Nepal About Us Add url Help Home Indian Links Business Chat Education Environment ... Miscellaneous Nepali Links Business Chat Culture Education ... Miscellaneous On this site Types of People in Nepal Landscapes in Nepal Houses in Nepal Webmaster's Corner ... An Introduction to Nepal Offers an overview of Nepal's geographic regions, its history, dynasties, agriculture, and art Articles-by Nepal.com Learn about Nepal Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Learn about Nepal's king, by MSN Encylopedia Learn what the Encyclopedia says about Nepal's History Kathmandu-Images of a Century Offers essays and photographs depicting the changing landscape of the Nepalese capital "Kirant-Rai" of Himalaya Learn about them, a little hard to read, highlight everything, then it is okay! Lonely Planet-Destination Nepal Offers the history of Nepal including the Kiratis of the 7th or 8th century BC. Also details the Ghorkhas, Shahs, Ranas, and communist party Neoclassical Nepal - The Rana Palaces Offers images and an essay detailing the Rana clan's palace buildings and its apotheosis at Singha Durbar Nepal Another good site, from infoplease.com

58. General Information On Nepal, History,Geography,Climate,Language,Altitude Sickne http://www.asukagroup.com/travel/geninfo.html

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59. Nepal, History Of nepal, history of. history of the area from prehistoric times to thepresent. Prehistory and early history. nepal's rich prehistory http://www.public.iastate.edu/~dev/Nepal/Prehistory.htm

Nepal, history of History of the area from prehistoric times to the present. Prehistory and early history Nepal 's rich prehistory consists mainly of the legendary traditions of the Newar, the indigenous community of Nepal Valley (now usually called Kathmandu Valley). There are usually both Buddhist and Brahmanic Hindu versions of these various legends. Both versions are accepted indiscriminately in the festivals associated with legendary events, a tribute to the remarkable synthesis that has been achieved in Nepal between the two related but divergent value systems. References to Nepal Valley and Nepal 's lower hill areas are found in the ancient Indian classics, suggesting that the Central Himalayan hills were closely related culturally and politically to the Gangetic Plain at least 2,500 years ago. Lumbini, Gautama Buddha's birthplace in southern Nepal , and Nepal Valley also figure prominently in Buddhist accounts. There is substantial archaeological evidence of an early Buddhist influence in Nepal , including a famous column inscribed by Ashoka (emperor of India, 3rd century BC) at Lumbini and several shrines in the valley.

60. Nepal, History Of nepal, history of. Middle period. The middle period in nepalese historyis usually considered coterminous with the rule of the Malla http://www.public.iastate.edu/~dev/Nepal/midhistory.htm

Nepal, history of Middle period The middle period in Nepalese history is usually considered coterminous with the rule of the Malla dynasty (10th-18th century) in Nepal Valley and surrounding areas. Although most of the Licchavi kings were devout Hindus, they did not impose Brahmanic social codes or values on their non-Hindu subjects; the Mallas perceived their responsibilities differently, however, and the great Malla ruler Jaya Sthiti (reigned c. 1382-95) introduced the first legal and social code strongly influenced by contemporary Hindu principles Jaya Sthiti's successor, Yak s a Malla (reigned c. c. 1482), divided his kingdom among his three sons, thus creating the independent principalities of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktp u r (Bhadgaon) in the valley. Each of these states controlled territory in the surrounding hill areas, with particular importance attached to the trade routes northward to Tibet and southward to India that were vital to the valley's economy. There were also numerous small principalities in the western and eastern hill areas, whose independence was sustained through a delicate balance of power based upon traditional interrelationships and, in some cases, common ancestral origins (or claims thereto) among the ruling families. By the 16th century virtually all these principalities were ruled by dynasties claiming high-caste Indian origin whose members had fled to the hills in the wake of Muslim invasions of northern India. In the early 18th century one of the principalitiesGorkha (also spelled Gurkha), ruled by the Shah familybegan to assert a predominant role in the hills and even to pose a challenge to

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