41. Lapps An analysis of an ethnolinguistic group inhabiting an area that extends from the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia over the northernmost part of Finland to the Arctic coast of norway, and through Scandinavia. http://lucy.ukc.ac.uk/EthnoAtlas/Hmar/Cult_dir/Culture.7856

Society-LAPPS The Lapps are an ethnolinguistic group inhabiting an area that extends from the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia over the northernmost part of Finland to the Arctic coast of Norway, and through Scandinavia southward to the district of Roros in Norway and the northwestern corner of the province of Dalarna in Sweden. Altogether, this area is 120 to 180 miles wide and 930 miles long. The term Lapp is derived from the Finnish word, lappi, and was adopted by the Swedes in the thirteenth century. Although this term has been used internationally for 700 years, the people to whom it refers have never accepted this appellation, regarding it to be degrading. They call themselves samek (sg. sambe), and they are officially recognized in Norway as samer (sg. same). This latter term is gradually becoming more common in the literature. The Lappish language belongs to the Finno-Ugric subgroup of the Uralic language family, but there is no agreement as to its position in this family. It seems, however, to be closely related to Finnish. Because the Lapps are spread out over a wide geographical area, they have developed several dialects, which differ from each other to such an extent that communication between Lapps of different districts is often precluded. The three major dialect groups are the Eastern, the Northern, and the Southern, the largest of which is the Northern. It is difficult to give exact population figures because of the continuous assimilation of the Lapps. Language is the criterion used to determine Lapp population figures: if a person speaks Lappish, then that person is considered to be a Lapp. The total Lapp population in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Russia was estimated to be about 34,000 in 1945 (Indiana 1955: 13). Of these, 20,000 lived in Norway, 10,000 in Sweden, 2,500 in Finland, and 1,800 on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. More recent population figures are not available. Except in Russia, where the Lapp population has been decreasing, the number of Lapps has been increasing during the last 200 years. The Lapps may be divided into five regional and cultural types. These are: Coast Lapps, Forest Lapps, Mountain Lapps, River Lapps, and Skolt and Kola Lapps. These types are differentiated primarily on the basis of their subsistence economies, as described below. The economy of the Coast Lapps is based mainly on coastal marine fishing. They follow a seasonal migratory pattern, spending the winter near fjords and migrating in the spring and fall to rivers, where fish are plentiful. Coast Lapps are found mainly in the Norwegian provinces of Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark. Forest Lapps have an economy based on hunting and trapping with some fishing in rivers and lakes. They are partly nomadic, migrating according to the seasons. They are found in heavily forested areas, especially in Norbotten Province of Sweden and in other low-lying forest lands of northern Sweden and Finland. Mountain Lapps are the classic nomadic reindeer herders. Their area centers around the middle of the Scandinavian peninsula, in the central and northern parts of Norway and Sweden. Finland has very few Mountain Lapps. The River Lapps (also known as the Fisher Lapps) are settled Lapps in the inland districts of Finnmark (Norway) and northern Finland. Farming and cattle breeding are the main bases of the economy, supplemented by forestry, fishing, and reindeer breeding. Skolt and Kola Lapps live in the most easterly part of Lappland, in Norway, Finland, and the Kola Peninsula. They have been affected by Russian and Samoyed culture, especially Russian Orthodox Church missionaries. The economy is based on a mixture of forest and sea products. They are partly nomadic, living near various fishing places during the summer, but clustering together in large winter villages (cf. O'Leary and Steffens 1975: ix-x). It can be seen, contrary to the popular stereotyped idea of Lapps as nomadic reindeer herders, that the Lapp population is actually composed of several economically diverse subcultures. Families of the same occupation who live near each other join together to form a a community, called a siida. Each siida has its own pastureland and fishing waters, and the center of the community in some Lapp groups is the winter village or marketplace where the church is built. Prior to the eighteenth century, the community resources were divided among the individual families; now, a member is free to choose pastureland within the community for his reindeer. The siida assumes mutual responsibility in some matters (e.g., the payment for damages done by the rindeer of a siida to the fields of the settled Lapps). The Skolt Lapps have best preserved the siida in its original form. In a Skolt siida, each family is allotted a certain section of the community area. Once each year, common problems are discussed in a meeting, and community officials are chosen. In the past, they also chose at this meeting the spokesman for the important Kola meeting in which all the families of the district were represented. In every community meeting, each family has a spokesman. An elder in the community deals with all matters concerning the siida as a whole (e.g., the migrations and trials for various crimes). The siida of the rindeer nomads is composed of from two to six families. The leader of the siida is the man who has the biggest herd of reindeer and the most experience. The siida may be intact only during the winter, and it is possible to change from one siida to a another. The Lapps also form fishing and hunting companies. In hunting big game, such as bear, the Lapps cooperate extensively. Poorer members of fishing companies are able to provide a living for themselves by using the fishing equipment of the more wealthy members in exchange for part of their catch. There is no clear-cut social class system among the Lapps, but the differentiations that do exist have an economic base. The wealthier reindeer herders place themselves socially above those Lapps who earn their living by fishing; the latter believe themselves to be above the Skolts, who are considered to be primitive. In the four countries they inhabit, the Lapps are an insignificant minority and the subject of prejudice especially in Norway, which has the largest and poorest Lapp population. An extensive analytical bibliography of the Lapps may be found in O'Leary and Steffens (1975). The literature on the Lapps is very difficult to control, because of its sheer quantity and the diversity of languages involved. Nevertheless, summaries on Lapp culture may be found in Indiana (1955), Collinder (1949), Scheffer (1704), Paine (1957), and Vorreen (1962). Culture summary by Heather Fellows Collinder, Bjorn. The Lapps. Princeton, Princeton University Press for the American Scandinavian Foundation, 1949. 12, 252 p. illus., maps. Indiana. University. Graduate Program in Uralic and Asian Studies. The Lapps. By Eeva K. Minn. New Haven, Printed by Human Relations Area Files, 1955. 8, 137 p. maps. O'Leary, Timothy J. Lapps ethnographic bibliography. 2 vols. Compiled by Timothy J. O'Leary and Joan Steffens. New Haven, Human Relations Area Files, 1975. Paine, Robert. Coast Lapp society, I: a study of neighbourhood in Revsbotn Fjord. Tromso, Norway, 1957. 18, 341 p. maps, tables. Scheffer, John. The history of Lapland: containing a geographical description, and a natural history of that country; with an account of the inhabitants, their original, religion, customs, habits, marriages, conjurations, employments, etc. London, Printed for Tho. Newborough, at the Golden-Ball in St. Paul's-Church-Yard: and R. Parker under the Royal-Exchange, 1704. 5, 416, 20 p. Vorren, Ornulv. Lapp life and customs: a survey. By Ormulv Vorren and Ernst Manker. Translated from the Norwegian by Kathleen McFarlane. London, Oxford University Press, 1962. 11, 183 p. illus., map. 7856

42. Welcome To Central-Norway - Culture http://www.midt-norskreiseliv.no/engelsk/kultur/

43. Scandinavian Club Organization for student swith an interest in the languages and culture of norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Iceland. Information about their film series, related CU courses, study abroad, and web resources on Scandinavia. http://www.colorado.edu/germslav/SCAN/scanprog/club.html

44. Welcome To Central-Norway - Culture http://www.midt-norskreiseliv.no/engelsk/kultur/index.stm

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45. Norway.org Serves most of Washington and Idaho. Information on consular duties, links and contact information for Norwegian culture in the Northwest, visa and passport services, news, economy, and education. http://www.norway.org/embassy/embassy.cfm?location=Seattle

46. History, Culture, Geography, Recreation Welcome, norway History, culture, geography, recreation, norway for youngpeople, The Monarchy, government, political system, Foreign policy, http://www.norway.org.hk/eNorhistory.htm

Welcome Consular Affairs Trade-Economy Tourism ... Norway and the European Union History, culture, geography, recreation The history of Norway The Vikings 1814 - a year of challenge Norway and World War II ... Official flag days and public holidays in Norway

47. Uffda Link Site To Norway And Anything Norwegian Links to Norwegian sites in English about politics, art, culture, history, media, recipes, sports, hobbies and travel. http://fromnorway.net/uffda/index.htm

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48. ThinkQuest Gives an overview of the country of norway, including its culture, geography, government and economy, and history. http://tqjunior.thinkquest.org/6252/

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49. HallEuropeanHistory.com :: Culture Shock!: Norway (Culture Shock Series) You are here European History Sweden culture Shock! norway (culture ShockSeries). Search (books). culture Shock! norway (culture Shock Series). http://halleuropeanhistory.com/index.php/Mode/product/AsinSearch/1558681663/name

HallEuropeanHistory.com the most comprehensive European History portal. Find European History databases from our European History metasearch Browse our European History directory about the topic you want Read Reviews, Compare and Buy the item you want from the most trusted shop in the world European History Sweden Culture Shock!: Norway (Culture Shock Series) Search Apparel Baby Books Computers DVD Electronics Magazines Music Music - Classical Outdoor Living Softwares Video Video Games Culture Shock!: Norway (Culture Shock Series) 60% Recommended by our customers. Catalog: Book Manufacturer: Graphic Arts Center Publishing Co. Authors: Elizabeth Su-Dale Release Date: October, 1994 Availability: Out of PrintLimited Availability List Price: Our Price: Used Price: More Details from Amazon.com Amazon international Product Reviews: Culture Snooze The book had alot to do with bringing kids to Norway, which is a book in itself. That being the case, it should have been another title and not so saturated a subject in this book. The text really did not have alot of meat to it. Pleasant, but not substantive.

50. Norwegian Scenery Short introductions to norway's culture, science, economy, geography, government, history, nature, and outdoors. http://www.norwegian-scenery.com/

51. Culture And History - Culture Norway norway. norway culture and History culture. You results norway -The Sami homeland - Languages and culture - T he S ami H omeland. http://www.kasbah.com/vitalstats/culture_and_history/culture/norway_norway_1.htm

var c = "c2"; Home Travel Guide Flights Cars ... Adventure Tours USA users click here for the best deals Norway Norway : Culture and History - Culture You are here: Norway Your search for Culture and History - Culture returned results NORWAY - The Sami homeland - Languages and Culture T he S ami H omeland. Image from Kroktjärnvallen, close to the western border of Glen Sami community. S ami L anguages A nd C ulture. A brief summary. I n the texts on these pages you'll find refer... link status good Global Travel Toolbox Books Currency Converter Finance and Insurance Food and Drink Fun and Trivia Language Converter Look Up / Reference luggage Maps Miscellaneous Outdoor Travelling Gear Telecoms and Communications Tickets for Events Travel Magazines Travel Tips Weather Global Travel Toolbox flights Car Rental Hotels Hostels ... Search Amazon.com

52. Sons Of Norway Dedicated to preserving and promoting Norwegian heritage throughout North America and norway. Sons of norway programs include insurance, travel, sports, culture, and heritage. http://www.sofn.com/

Fish Boil Stoughton, WI USA Searching for Your Norwegian Ancestors Sioux Falls, SD USA Nidaros Cathedral Boys' Choir Concert Minneapolis, Minnesota USA New Online Member Sign Up Available! Sons of Norway Foundation Scholarships Camp Norway Scholarship and Attendance Application Deadline Nancy Lorraine Jensen Memorial Scholarship recipients announced!

53. Valdres Samband Organization of emigrant descendants from the Valdres Valley of norway and those interested in its history and culture. Find historical and genealogical information. http://www.geocities.com/~valdressamband/

Valdres Samband The Oldest Bygdelag in America - 1899 Home Members Guest Book Archive ... Stevne HOME Velkommen to the home page for the Valdres Samband Lag Take a look at What's New at our web site. The Valdres Samband is an organization of emigrant descendants from the Valdres Valley of Norway and those interested in its history and culture. Valdres is approximately 100 miles northwest of Oslo. It is the oldest 'bygdelag' in America having been organized in 1899. This web site serves to provide resources for those who are interested in their Valdres heritage. Special Features Fra Formannen - From the President Meet Our Genealogist - Be Gunelson Membership Form Guest Book The Past In 1904 Andrew Veblen (founding father), wrote: "One of the chief aims is to gather, preserve and impart knowledge of Valdris and people of Valdris origin; to serve as a bond between them and to keep alive their common traditions, to foster knowledge of their ancestry and cherish a filial interest in the beautiful ancestral home of the race. By the operation of natural causes the language of our fathers will be forgotten among our descendants a very few generations hence. But the sentiment and interest that called the Samband into being need not die with the language. They should endure as long as there is Valdris blood to transmit; and to keep them alive and perpetuate them is a special function of the Valdris Samband ."

54. Travel In Kristiansand, Norway - Culture - WorldTravelGate.net® home. Kristiansand enjoys the sunniest climate in norway, it is the country’sfifth largest city, with a It has always been the centre of sport and culture. http://www.eurotravelling.net/norway/kristiansand/kristiansand_culture.htm

Kristiansand Culture fifth largest city, with a relaxed and friendly atmosphere of a small town, its attractive geometrical layout dates back to Renaissance. In addition to the white timbered buildings of Posebyen, the medieval quarter, it offers a wide range of attractions including numerous restaurants and bars, a pleasant marina and some of the cleanest bathing water anywhere. It has always been the centre of sport and culture. Kristiansand is surrounded by a number of rocky islands attractive for tourists. Visit the Christiansholm Fortress, overlooking the colourful marina at the east harbour, which hosts arts and crafts displays or take a peek at an exhibit at Winthers Hus, the artists' centre. Music is an important part of the culture in Kristiansand where you can enjoy symphonic orchestra, opera society, festival of sacred music and rock concerts. In respect of dimension the cathedral is the third church in Norway, with 1.800 seats. Nearby is the ancient Oddernes Church (dating possibly to the 11 th century) and the 18th-century Gimle Manor; Kongsgaard to the northeast houses the regional folklore museum.

55. Travel In Narvik, Norway - Culture - WorldTravelGate.net® Narvik culture. Home. Narvik harbour, despite being so far north,is free of ice all year round thanks to the Gulf Stream. That http://www.eurotravelling.net/norway/narvik/narvik_culture.htm

Narvik - Culture Narvik harbour, despite being so far north, is free of ice all year round thanks to the Gulf Stream. That is how the town was chosen in its day as the export harbour for iron ore from mines in Northern Sweden. Queen Victoria Narvik's high mountains and fjord make it the perfect skiing destination, with plenty of downhill excitement. The cross-country runs are also excellent, even during the summer. The town is in the region of Nordland, and sits on the Narvik peninsula, at the head of the Ofotfjord, surrounded by Swedish mountains and high plains. Sports lovers from all corners of the world come to Narvik to go skiing, snowboarding, mountain climbing or potholing. The actual town of Narvik is circled by the towering peaks of Sovende Dronning, Tottatoppen and Fagernesfjellet. The most characteristic of these is Sovende Dronning, or the Sleeping Queen. This peak is topped with snow all year round, and after the dark winter months, the sun always reappears on 6 February over Sovende Dronning. It is rumoured that the mountain is named after Queen Victoria of England. The actual mountain looks like a woman's head in profile. Queen Victoria is said to have enjoyed the great privilege of anaesthetics when she gave birth to her children. An Englishman from the British railway company which started the construction of the Ofotbanen railway thought that the mountain looked like the anaesthetised queen, and the name stuck. Its real name is Kongsbakktind.

56. Royal Norwegian Embassy, Bangkok - Culture As in other countries that have fought similar battles, art and culture in Norwaybecame important weapons int he struggle for national freedom and independence http://www.emb-norway.or.th/cgi-bin/wbch3.exe?p=3403

57. Sons Of Norway - Norwegian Culture Large number of recipes from appetizers to vegetable and grain dishes.Category Home Cooking World Cuisines European Norwegian...... By Name of Expert. Add an Expert. Home About Us Events Join Us NorwegianCulture Financial Products Contact Us Shopping © 2002 Sons of norway. http://www.sofn.com/norwegianculture/recipes/

You haven't had a good open-faced sandwich in a long time, and you thought this might be the place? Curious to see what the term "Norwegian cuisine" covers today? Try your hand at some of the following recipes. If you don't see what you're looking for, please let us know we'll continue to add recipes in the future. Enjoy, but first, here is the Norwegian table prayer. Amen. In Jesus' name to the table we go To eat and drink according to His word. To God the honor, us the gain, So we have food in Jesus' name. Amen. Recipe Box: Appetizers Baked Goods Breads Desserts ... Vegetables and Grain Dishes Appetizers Hors D'oeuvre from Dusgard Jarlsberg Filled Peppers Jarlsbergfylt paprika) Marinated Edam Cheese Marinert edamerost Meatball Snacks Stuffed Eggs Walnuts and Cheese Warm Lobster Salad Baked Goods Almond or Nut Cake Apple Cake with Sabayonne Berlinerkranser Birthday Kringle ... Cardamom Cone-Shaped Wafers (Krumkaker) Cherry Cream Cake The Dairymaid's Wafers Deer Antlers Fattigman ... Fyrstekake (Prince Cake) Lemon Waffles Vafler med sitronsmak Mother Monson Mor Monsen Norwegian Oatmeal Lace Cookies Ring-Cake (Twist) from Avlangrud Farm Rosettes Sandkaker ... (Waffles) Breads

58. Sons Of Norway - Norwegian Culture In depth topical tutorials for learning to speak Norwegian.Category Kids and Teens School Time Foreign Languages......Norwegian in 5 Minutes a Month. Our monthly language lesson has been out fora while now, and many of you have let us know that it is working well. http://www.sofn.com/norwegianculture/languagelessons/

Norwegian in 5 Minutes a Month Our monthly language lesson has been out for a while now, and many of you have let us know that it is working well. Thank you for taking the time to communicate with us. Visitors to "Norwegian in 5 Minutes a Month" have asked for information on the Norwegian alphabet and genealogical terms, so we have added pages on both topics. We look forward to your feedback. In the meantime, good luck! Notice to Members: You can access language lessons with sound in the Members Login area. The Norwegian Alphabet Lesson 1 When meeting people, small talk, and counting 1 to 10 Lesson 2 When leaving people, small talk, and counting 11 to 20 Lesson 3 Useful phrases and more numbers Lesson 4 Days, months, and seasons and greetings Lesson 5 Weather Lesson 6 Activities Lesson 7 Let's Go Shopping, Part 1

59. Art And Culture Of Norway Modern art has also made a crucial contribution to norway's culture. This isone of the many statues that decorates Vigeland Sculpture Park in Oslo. http://www.franklincoll.edu/jouweb/pub/Fleck/Winter_Root_Folder/art_culture.htm

Much of Norway's art and culture can be traced back to the Vikings, who traveled the world from 800 to 1050. The cart at the left was used for ceremonial purposes, such as funerals. The wheels only turned in one direction, which represented the irreversible nature of death. In addition to being functional, Viking vessels were decorated with beautiful, elaborate carvings. Modern art has also made a crucial contribution to Norway's culture. This is one of the many statues that decorates Vigeland Sculpture Park in Oslo. The park and museum, along with a studio and dwelling place, were built by the city for Gustav Vigeland (1869-1943), who was an important Norwegian artist. The Sculpture Park is filled with his many works. Norway is home to museums dedicated to such notables as the composer Edvard Grieg and the artist Edvard Munch. The National Gallery in downtown Oslo also houses many world- renowned pieces of art by such masters as Gauguin, Renoir, Manet, Matisse, Munch, van Gogh, and Monet. Norwegians place a great emphasis on preserving traditional arts and crafts. Rauland Academy is a very small school situated in the mountains of central Norway, where three feet of snow is not uncommon in winter. Their curriculum teaches students how to create traditional arts and crafts such as weaving, silversmithing, folk music, and woodworking. At the left, a professor demonstrates how to make wooden joints that make nails unnecessary.

60. Travel To Norway! A collection of papers about literature, culture, art and architecture.Category Regional Europe norway Society and culture...... http://www.norwegian-scenery.com/facts/culture_science.html

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