21. (S-8) Nuclear Energy Elementary review of the generation of energy by nuclear fission; a sideexcursionin an educational web site on astronomy, mechanics, and space. http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/stargaze/Snuclear.htm

(S-8) Nuclear Power Note: This is a side-excursion into the basics of nuclear energy Bear in mind that even without math, this can be a fairly difficult subject and that the discussion is rather lengthy. The ideas from section S-7 are reviewed in what follows next. The rest of the section is a qualitative discussion of all key processes involved in the practical use nuclear energy. A Review of Nuclear Structure The way the Sun generates its energy helps understand the way a nuclear power station does so. The two processes are however quite different. Here some facts about the way protons and neutrons combine to form nuclei, as covered in section S-7 about the Sun: helium Unlike gravity or electrical forces, the nuclear force is effective only at very short distances. At greater distances, the protons repel each other because they are positively charged, and charges of the same kind repel. For that reason, the protons forming the nuclei of ordinary hydrogenfor instance, in a balloon filled with hydrogendo not combine to form helium (a process which also would require some to combine with electrons and become neutrons). They cannot get close enough for the nuclear force, which attracts them to each other, to become important! Only in the core of the Sun, under extreme pressure and temperature, can such a process take place. Other small nuclei can similarly combine into bigger ones and release energy, but in combining such nuclei, the amount of energy released is much smaller. The reason is that while the process

22. CORDIS: Nuclear Energy: Calls For Proposals under the Specific Programme for Research and Training (Euratom) in the Field ofnuclear energy (1998 to 2002) (Key Action 2 nuclear fission) Call Identifier http://www.cordis.lu/fp5-euratom/calls/calls.htm

[ Highlights ] Calls for Proposals Calls published on 3 April 2002 Open call for proposals for RT actions under the specific programme for research and training (Euratom) in the field of nuclear energy (1998 to 2002) This calls replaces the Open Call of 16.10.2001 (NE Open 2) Call Identifier: NE Open 3 Opening Date: 03.04.2002 Closing Date: 03.07.2002 Calls published on 16 October 2001 Fourth Call for Proposals for RT Actions under the Specific Programme for Research and Training (Euratom) in the Field of Nuclear Energy (1998 to 2002) (Key Action 2: Nuclear Fission) Call Identifier: NE-Fission Fourth Call Opening Date: 16.10.2001 Closing Date: 21.01.2002 Open Call for Proposals for RT Actions under the Specific Programme for Research and Training (Euratom) in the Field of Nuclear Energy (1998 to 2002) Call Identifier: NE Open 2 Opening Date: 16.10.2001 Closing Date: See evaluation cut-off dates in call text Call for Proposals to extend Existing Contracts under the Specific Programme for Research and Training (Euratom) in the Field of Nuclear Energy (1998 to 2002) to include Partners from the "Newly Associated States" (NAS) associated to the Euratom Programme Call Identifier: NE-Fission NAS Opening Date: 16.10.2001

23. CORDIS: Nuclear Energy: Overview 3.2. Key Action nuclear fission. Rationale. nuclear fission energycontributes about 33% of the electricity supply in the Union. http://www.cordis.lu/fp5-euratom/src/overview.htm

[ Highlights ] Programme Overview This overview is taken from Part 1, Section II of the Guide for Proposers for the Research and Training in the field of Nuclear Energy . It has been made available in browsable format for information purposes only. The official Guide for Proposers (Part 1) can be downloaded from the Library domain on this web service. Table of Contents Programme objectives Programme strategy Programme structure and contents Synergies with other programmes ... Implementation of the programme 1. Programme objectives The goal of the Nuclear Energy Programme is to help exploit the full potential of nuclear energy, both fusion and fission, in a sustainable manner, by making current technologies even safer and more economical and by exploring promising new concepts. The availability of secure, sustainable and competitive sources of energy is essential to economic growth, prosperity and quality of life in Europe. In view of the expected growth in demand for energy, continued use will need to be made of all potential sources. Nuclear energy has the potential to provide Europe with a secure and sustainable electricity supply at a competitive price. It also makes a significant contribution to the policy of diversifying energy supply and reducing overall emissions of CO2. Efforts to develop the safety and security of nuclear energy systems can strengthen the Community's industrial competitiveness, through exploiting the European technological advance and enhance the acceptability of nuclear energy.

24. The Secret Lives Of Energy - The Energy Story - Energy Types The Ten Types nuclear energy, There are two types of nuclear energy, fissionand fusion. energy Story, Chapter 7 nuclear energy fission and Fusion. http://www.fi.edu/guide/hughes/10types/typesnuclear.html

Introduction The Energy Story Energy Is Born Energy Types Energy Changes Energy Generation The Energy Problem Conservation of Energy Aging of Energy Finite Resources The Oil "Crisis" ... Discussion Topics The Energy Solution Conserving Electricity Appliance Efficiency Heating Conservation Renewable Energy ... About the Author The Ten Types Nuclear Energy There are two types of nuclear energy, fission and fusion. Both forms of energy are stored as mass in the atoms of certain elements. This mass can be changed into energy under the proper conditions according to Albert Einstein's famous equation: where E = energy, m=mass, and c=speed of light As you will see below, both types of nuclear energy can be stored, either in the atoms of hydrogen or the atoms of radioactive elements like uranium. Therefore, nuclear is a potential form of energy. Fusion (c) 2002 Nuclear reactions occur because the new elements are more stable than the original elements. Nuclear reactions can continue changing lighter elements into heavier elements up to the element oxygen. Elements heavier than oxygen are more stable and cannot be changed into heavier elements via nuclear reactions. This is one reason that elements heavier than helium are present in the universe today, these elements being manufactured in the middle of stars like our sun. So all of the carbon atoms that we are made of and all of the oxygen atoms we breathe were made in the nuclear reactions of stars a long time ago.

25. An Energy Resource For The Community Science Action Guide Page. This page was created as a source of information concerningmany aspects of nuclear fission and nuclear energy. With today's http://www.fi.edu/guide/wester/

How It Works History Benefits Other Applications ... About the Author Welcome to the Franklin Nuclear Energy Resource Page

26. ThinkQuest Library Of Entries One of the greatest problems with nuclear energy is the waste produced. to the amountof waste, it is considered high level nuclear waste. fission BiProducts http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/nuclear_waste_types/nuclear_waste_type

Welcome to the ThinkQuest Internet Challenge of Entries The web site you have requested, Atomic Alchemy: Nuclear Processes , is one of over 4000 student created entries in our Library. Before using our Library, please be sure that you have read and agreed to our To learn more about ThinkQuest. You can browse other ThinkQuest Library Entries To proceed to Atomic Alchemy: Nuclear Processes click here Back to the Previous Page The Site you have Requested ... Atomic Alchemy: Nuclear Processes click here to view this site A ThinkQuest Internet Challenge 1998 Entry Click image for the Site Languages : Site Desciption With the help of chemistry and physics, modern scientists can produce more energy with a tiny radioactive pellet than they can with several tons of coal, gas, or oil. Come visit this well-documented and researched tutorial on atomic science. There is a nice Periodic Table of the Elements. An excellent site and well worth the visit. Students Steven D. Illinois Mathematics and Science Acdemy IL, United States Linus D.

27. Fission And Fusion fission is a nuclear reaction in or fissions, into fragments, usually two fragmentsof comparable mass, with the release of large amounts of energy in the http://reactor.engr.wisc.edu/fission.htm

College of Engineering University of Wisconsin - Madison University of Wisconsin Nuclear Reactor Tour Nuclear Energy Atoms are the building blocks from which matter is formed. Everything around us is made up of atoms. Nuclear energy is contained within the center of the atom in a place known as the nucleus . Particles within the nucleus are held together by a strong force. If a large nucleus is split apart (fission) , generous amounts of energy can be liberated. Small nuclei can also be combined (fusion) with an accompanying release of energy. Using this strong force that holds the nucleus together to produce energy is essentially what the field of nuclear power generation is about. In the fission process certain heavy elements, such as some forms of Uranium , are split when a neutron strikes them. When they split, they release energy in the form of kinetic energy (heat) and radiation . The process not only produces energy but also additional neutrons that can be used to fission other Uranium nuclei and start a chain reaction.

28. Fission, Fusion, Helium 3, Nuclear, Energy, Free Energy, Alternate Energy, Elect This short Treatise explores lithium fission as a possible source of cleannuclear energy. Clean nuclear energy via Isotopic Transformation. http://www.nuenergy.org/IsoLithium.htm

Clean Nuclear Energy via Isotopic Transformation The First Artificial Accelerated Decay Transformation On April 28, 1932, at a meeting of the Royal Society, Lord Rutherford announced that two of the workers in Cavendish Laboratory, J. D. Cockcroft and E. T. S. Walton, had successfully demonstrated the release of excess radioactive energy from lithium elements and other light elements by protons entirely artificially generated by high electric potentials. The most surprising feature at the time was the relatively low voltage necessary. The generator installed had a peak voltage of about 750,000 volts, but artificial decay started at only one-sixth of this, 125,000 volts. Indeed, later Rutherford, using deuterons (atoms of the hydrogen isotope of mass 2) instead of protons, pushed back the starting point to some 20,000 to 40,000 volts, which is well within the range of quite a small x-ray induction coil. The protons were generated in a long vertical hydrogen vacuum-tube, specially designed to withstand the high voltage, and with a window of the thinnest possible mica leaf at the end, through which they emerged to impinge on the target element being bombarded. The protons were estimated to have a velocity of one-thirtieth of that of light, and their range in air was only 1 cm. The bombarded substance was examined by the scintillations produced in

29. Fact Sheet - Nuclear Energy This phenomenon is called fission. fission releases energy and isthe underlying source of energy for commercial nuclear power. http://www.pu.org/main/facts/energy.html

Amarillo National Research Center Nuclear Energy Get this file in Adobe Acrobat format The word "nuclear" comes from the Latin word "nucleus," meaning "kernel." Nuclear energy is the energy that is released when the nuclei of certain atoms split in a process called "fission" or are put together in a process called "fusion." Atoms are the basic ingredients of all matter. Everything in nature is made of atoms: all living organisms, soil, air, water, stars and planets. All atoms have a similar structure: a cluster of protons and neutrons in the nucleus with electrons orbiting around these protons and neutrons. Fission There are 92 elements found in nature. The chemical characteristics and physical properties of these elements are determined by the number of protons in the nucleus of their atoms. For example, a helium atom (He ) has a nucleus with two protons and two neutrons, and it has two orbital electrons. Isotopes of various atoms contain different numbers of neutrons. One isotope of uranium (U ) has 92 protons, 146 neutrons and 92 electrons. Another isotope of uranium (U

30. (S-8) Nuclear Energy Elementary review of the generation of energy by nuclear fission; a sideexcursionin an educational web site on astronomy, mechanics, and space. Site Map http://www.phy6.org/stargaze/Snuclear.htm

Site Map (S-8) Nuclear Power Note: This is a side-excursion into the basics of nuclear energy Bear in mind that even without math, this can be a fairly difficult subject and that the discussion is rather lengthy. The ideas from section S-7 are reviewed in what follows next. The rest of the section is a qualitative discussion of all key processes involved in the practical use nuclear energy. A Review of Nuclear Structure The way the Sun generates its energy helps understand the way a nuclear power station does so. The two processes are however quite different. Here some facts about the way protons and neutrons combine to form nuclei, as covered in section S-7 about the Sun: helium Unlike gravity or electrical forces, the nuclear force is effective only at very short distances. At greater distances, the protons repel each other because they are positively charged, and charges of the same kind repel. For that reason, the protons forming the nuclei of ordinary hydrogenfor instance, in a balloon filled with hydrogendo not combine to form helium (a process which also would require some to combine with electrons and become neutrons). They cannot get close enough for the nuclear force, which attracts them to each other, to become important! Only in the core of the Sun, under extreme pressure and temperature, can such a process take place. Other small nuclei can similarly combine into bigger ones and release energy, but in combining such nuclei, the amount of energy released is much smaller. The reason is that while the process

31. Nuclear Energy. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 5. The development of nuclear energy from fission reactions beganwith the program to produce atomic weapons in the United States. http://www.bartleby.com/65/nu/nuclener.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. nuclear energy the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom and released through fission, fusion, or

32. PrePRINT Network Fission And Nuclear Technologies - Energy, Science, And Technol fission and nuclear Technologies. Collections Illinois Department of nuclear Safety.Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, High energy Physics. http://www.osti.gov/preprints/fissionandnuclear.html

Fission and Nuclear Technologies Collections: California at Berkeley, University of, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Computational Neutronics Group California at Berkeley, University of - Department of Nuclear Engineering, Nuclear Waste Research Laboratory California at Berkeley, University of - Department of Physics, Budker Group California at Berkeley, University of - Department of Physics, Chiao Group ... Utah, University of - Center for Applied Dosimetry Preprints Provided by Individual Scientists: Ahn, Joonhong - Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of California, Berkeley Bielajew, Alex F (BLIF) - Department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences, University of Michigan Cai, Wei - Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cory, David G.- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) ... Xu, Xie George - Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute * This site is not searchable via our search engine, but it is included here for your information. We welcome suggestions for additional preprint sites. If you are aware of a site we have not included, please submit via the

33. Nuclear Energy nuclear energy from fission and fusion. nuclear power is generated eitherthrough fusion or through fission. fission is the splitting http://www.pa.msu.edu/courses/1997spring/PHY232/lectures/nuclear/bombs.html

Nuclear energy from fission and fusion Nuclear power is generated either through fusion or through fission. Fission is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into light nuclei which are more energetically favorable. Since Iron-56 is the most energetically favorable nucleus, both the fission of heavy nuclei and the fusion of light nuclei can release energy. Fission is the process used in the first nuclear weapons and in power plants. Fusion is the source of the sun's energy and is the source of energy in hydrogen bombs. Fusion is an inherently cleaner source of energy, but igniting it in a controlled way has proved problematic. (hydrogen bombs are set off by fission devices). Fission is set off by bringing together a critical mass of an element such as Uranium-235. If a sufficient amount of Uranium is brought together an emitted neutron will most likely be captured, changing the Uranium to U-236, rather than escaping from the surface. Since U-236 decays and produces 2 neutrons, the number of neutrons grows exponentially, and practically all the U-235 nuclei decay in short order. This is called a chain reaction . In a power plant the chain reaction is modified with neutron absorbing rods. Examples Nuclear physics' index

34. NRC: Glossary Year Fissile material fission (fissioning) fission gases fission products fissionable vitalplant systems Nonpower reactor Nozzle nuclear energy nuclear force http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary.html

Index Site Map FAQ Help ... Advanced Search U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Home Who We Are What We Do Nuclear Reactors ... Basic References Glossary See also the Full-Text Glossary A B C D E ... A B C D E F ... B C D E F G ... C D E F G H ... D E F G H I ... E F G H I J ... F G H I J K ... G H I J K L ... H I J K L M ... I J K L M N ... Z [no terms for this letter] A B C D ... J K L M N O ... K L M N O P ... L M N O P Q ... M N O P Q R ... N O P Q R S ... O P Q R S T ... P Q R S T U ... Q R S T U V ... R S T U V W ... S T U V W X ... T U V W X Y ... U V W X Y Z ... V W X Y Z Waste, radioactive ... W X Y Z X-rays A ... X Y Z Yellowcake A B ... Y Z [no terms for this letter] Last revised Wednesday, February 26, 2003

35. World Nuclear Association | Information | Accelerator-driven Nuclear Energy thorium232, they have a high probability of absorbing a neutron and subsequentlyundergoing nuclear fission, thereby producing some energy and contributing to http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf35.htm

Search Feedback Glossary Calculator ... WNA Home WNA Publications are updated regularly to serve as a comprehensive and reliable resource. The WNA can vouch for and support anything it publishes, and unreservedly offers to correct promptly anything that is shown as wrong or misleading. News Nuclear Intro Info Briefs Articles/Opinion ... Conferences INFORMATION AND ISSUE BRIEFS Contents Nuclear Power for Electricity Radioactive Wastes Other Aspects of Fuel Cycle Plant Safety ... WNA home Accelerator-driven Nuclear Energy November 2002 Powerful accelerators can produce neutrons by spallation. This process may be linked to conventional nuclear reactor technology in Accelerator-Driven Systems (ADS) to transmute heavy isotopes in spent nuclear fuel into shorter-lived fission products. There is also increasing interest in the application of ADS to running subcritical nuclear reactors, powered by thorium.

36. Nuclear Fission Links THE energy STORY nuclear energy fission and Fusion. nuclear fissionWhere did the energy come from? What mass got converted? http://fueltrac.nacintl.com/Links/Nuclear-Fission.htm

NAC Worldwide Consulting Offices Washington Atlanta New York London Moscow Tokyo a division of Nuclear Fission Links DOE Preprint Network, Fission and Nuclear Technologies Searchable gateway to preprint servers at U.S. Department of Energy. Meitner, Lise - Fission Dedication to Meitner's life and work offers a biography, a career overview, and an explanation of nuclear fission. Nuclear Energy Guide Learn the beginning concepts of nuclear energy including nuclear fission, accidents, power and both sides of the nuclear argument. (quicktime plug-in) How Stuff Works - How Nuclear Power Works Gives a non-technical explanation of nuclear reactors and nuclear fission. Offers diagrams and photos of nuclear power plants. Lise Meitner Lise Meitner(1878-1968) was an Austrian-Swedish physicist, who first identified nuclear fission. Despite of her great contribution to the science she was not awarded a Nobel Prize. The Atomkeller-Museum at Haigerloch Haigerloch was the location of the German Atomkeller, lab for the study of nuclear fission during World War II. This page has photos, plans, sound recordings of interviews and outlines the history of the lab and the experiments done there.

37. Nuclear Chemistry/Fission fission as an energy Source. Link to Researching nuclear Chemistry Onlinenuclear The nuclear energy Institute's web site. The nuclear http://www.kent.k12.wa.us/KSD/KR/ScienceDept/RESOURCES/NUKECHEM/fission.html

Fission as an Energy Source Link to: Researching Nuclear Chemistry Online Nuclear The Nuclear Energy Institute's web site. The Nuclear Energy Institute focuses the collective strength of the nuclear energy industry to shape policy that ensures the beneficial uses of nuclear energy and related technologies in the United States and around the world. A Quick Virtual Nuclear Power Plant Tour A web site created and maintained by Joseph Gonyeau, currently Senior Nuclear Consultant (Engineering) with Northern States Power (NSP) at the Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant. The International Nuclear Fuel Cycle How safe is nuclear power and the infrastructure that supports it? What are the environmental impacts? How dangerous is plutonium? What are the dangers of nuclear weapons proliferation? And what are the benefits industrial societies derive from nuclear technology? This free informational Web site, maintained by Washington Nuclear Corporation (WNC), attempts to provide background for those questions and issues. Why do Americans fear nuclear power?

38. The Energy Story The energy Story. Chapter 7 nuclear energy fission and Fusion. Another majorform of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. http://lbs.hh.schule.de/klima/energie/energy/energy-118.html

The Energy Story Chapter 7: Nuclear Energy - Fission and Fusion Another major form of energy is nuclear energy, the energy that is trapped inside each atom. One of the laws of the universe is that matter and energy can't be created nor destroyed. But they can be changed in form. Matter can be changed into energy. The famous scientist Albert Einstein created the mathematical formula that explains this. It is: E = mc This equation says: E [energy] equals m [mass] times c [c stands for the speed of light. c means c times c, or the speed of light raised to the second power or c-squared.] Please note that some web browser software may not show an exponent (raising something to a power, a mathematical expression) on the Internet. Normally c-squared is shown with a smaller "2" placed above and to the right of the c. Scientists used Einstein's famous equation as the key to unlock atomic energy and also create atomic bombs. The ancient Greeks said the smallest part of nature is an atom. But they did not know 2,000 years ago about nature's even smaller parts. As we learned in chapter 2 , atoms are made up of smaller particles a nucleus of protons and neutrons, surrounded by electrons which swirl around the nucleus much like the earth revolves around the sun.

39. NUCLEAR ENERGY nuclear energy. There are two paths to deriving energy from nuclear reactionsnuclear fission and nuclear Fusion. First, what is a nuclear Reaction ? http://www.ucolick.org/~bolte/AY4/notes7/node2.html

NUCLEAR ENERGY There are two paths to deriving energy from nuclear reactions Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion First, what is a Nuclear Reaction ? Remember that the nucleus of every atom is composed of protons ( ) and neutrons ( ). If you add or subtract a nucleon to a nucleus this is a nuclear reaction. The Forces of Nature Gravity is the force the prevents the Sun from expanding despite the fact that it is a hot gas and keeps the Earth forever falling towards the Sun in it's orbit and keeps all the people in this room in their seats. One way to look at gravity is that it is an attractive force between objects with mass Electric Force is a force felt between charged particles like electrons (e-) and protons (p+). There are both attractive and repulsive electrical forces. Like charges repel, opposites attract . The Electrical Force holds atoms and molecules together and is useful for all kinds of nifty gadgets that have been built in the last 150 years. Fun note: The electric force is what keeps you from falling through the chair and floor and earth and being cooked in the center of the Earth. You are suspended above your chair by the repulsive force of the protons in your body against the protons in the chair. Nuclear Force . If you think about it for a minute, nuclei of atoms which contain protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge) should not be stable. All those ``like'' charged protons should be repelling one another and fly right out of the nucleus. Since nuclei ARE stable, it can be inferred that there is another force that is stronger than the electrical force which glues those nuclei together. This is the Nuclear Force or the Strong force. The Nuclear force would right now be binding EVERYTHING together except for the fact that it acts over only

40. EPA - Clean Energy - Electricity From Nuclear Electricity from nuclear energy. nuclear energy originates from thesplitting of uranium atoms in a process called fission. fission http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/impacts/nuc.htm

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