1. Atoms Atoms Name nuclear energy fusion Fission. 6.5 To investigate and understandthat all matter is made up of atoms, including parts, elements, etc. http://cms.nn.k12.va.us/public/AtomsAK.html

Atoms Name: 6.5 To investigate and understand that all matter is made up of atoms, including parts, elements, etc. Electric Forces between the negative electrons attracting to the positive nucleus help to hold the electrons in place. A great deal of force is needed to keep the repeling protons in the nucleus together. This force is called strong nuclear force. When the nucleus of an atom splits, the released energy is called nuclear energy. The splitting of an atom is known as fission.

2. UCEI: Energy Organizations By Subject Geophysics Fossil fuels Conversion (including hydrogen from all sources) NuclearEnergy Nuclear Energy Fission nuclear energy fusion Renewable Energy http://www.ucei.berkeley.edu/ucei/nrgorgs.html

University of California Energy Institute Energy Research Organizations and Information Sources (by subject) NOTE: This page is being updated. Many of the links are obsolete. See the list ordered by orgainzition, which has been updated. Energy Research Organizations and Information Sources (by organization) Links to lists of organizations and sources are shown in larger type . Information referenced is in English unless otherwise noted. Contents Comprehensive Energy Research Institutions and Information Sources Fossil fuels Fossil fuels: Petroleum Fossil fuels: Natural Gas Fossil fuels: Coal Fossil fuels: Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics Fossil fuels: Conversion (including hydrogen from all sources) Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy: Fission Nuclear Energy: Fusion Renewable Energy Sources (including Geothermal) Renewable Energy Sources: Photovoltaics Renewable Energy Sources: Solar Thermal Renewable Energy Sources: Hydropower Renewable Energy Sources: Biomass Renewable Energy Sources: Wind Geothermal Energy Combustion Electricity Energy Use Energy Use: Buildings (including passive solar) Energy Use: Industry Energy Use: Transportation Energy and the Environment Energy Policy Comprehensive Energy Research Institutions and Information Sources Ames Laboratory AOL NetFind: Energy WWW Index Argonne National Laboratory Energy Systems Division Energy Technology Division Technology Development Division Arizona State U.

3. The Virtual Bomb And to sweeten its appeal, they are emphasizing its potential for exploringa practically infinite source of nuclear energy fusion. http://www.motherjones.com/mother_jones/MA95/davidson.html

The Virtual Bomb The Nuclear Ignition Facility will allow the U.S. to keep testing nuclear weaponsand perhaps undermine treaties on global arms proliferation. it's promoted as a path to clean, boundless fusion energy. but a prominent science writer explains why this claim is dubious. by Keay Davidson A major new nuclear weapons project is being sold to the public as a potential source of boundless, clean, affordable commercial energy. In fact, its relevance to world energy needs is debatable, while its main goalto help U.S. scientists maintain a huge nuclear arsenal after the Cold Waris all too clear. The proposed National Ignition Facility would house a laser as big as a football field, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory east of San Francisco. The laser would blast tiny pellets of nuclear fuel to trigger miniature thermonuclear explosions inside a sealed chamber. In this way, weapons researchers could simulate bomb blasts"virtual" nuclear explosions, one might call themin order to continue honing their nuclear skills after tests using real bombs are banned by international treaty. The superlaser would cost $1.1 billion ($1.8 billion if you include long-term operational costs) and is planned for construction starting in 1997, pending final approval from the Department of Energy. If built, the National Ignition Facility would be the crown jewel of a post-Cold War nuclear weapons complex that is slated to include several other costly nuclear-simulation devices at the nation's main nuclear weapons labs: Lawrence Livermore in California and the Los Alamos and Sandia laboratories in New Mexico. The nuclear-simulation program (technically known as Science Based Stockpile Stewardship) "should enable the United States to. . .remain an acknowledged nuclear power without underground testing," according to an official summary of a 1994 Sandia conference on the project.

4. Fusion Energy Education Site Leads to several excellent resources which teach about fusion.Category Science Physics Education nuclear and Particle Physics...... Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), operated by the Universityof California for the US Dept. of energy. Princeton of energy. This http://fusedweb.pppl.gov/

Home Page FusEdWeb Features: 9 Ways to Learn About Fusion Energy (This site will look better if you obtain a frames-capable Web browser.) Search FusEdWeb This Page Last Revised 22-Aug-00. Contact: Robert Heeter, heeter1@llnl.gov Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) operated by the University of California for the U.S. Dept. of Energy Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) operated by Princeton University for the U.S. Dept. of Energy This work was performed in part under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.

5. Fusion Home Page Web page of the Office of fusion energy Sciences, US Department of energy.Category Science Physics nuclear fusion Organizations......Welcome to the US fusion energy Science Program. Maryland 208741290,Email the Office of fusion energy Sciences, Visitor Information for http://wwwofe.er.doe.gov/

Welcome to the U.S. Fusion Energy Science Program Fusion Facility Directory About Fusion Fusion Documents Education ... ITER "The mission of the U.S. Fusion Energy Sciences Program is to advance plasma science, fusion science, and fusion technology the knowledge base needed for an economically and environmentally attractive fusion energy source." Mailing Address: Office of Fusion Energy Sciences SC-50/Germantown Building U.S. Department of Energy 1000 Independence Avenue, SW Washington, D.C. 20585-1290 Delivery Address: Office of Fusion Energy Sciences U.S. Department of Energy SC-50 19901 Germantown Road Germantown, Maryland 20874-1290 Email the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences Visitor Information for the Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, Germantown As a final link, we provide a brief message from our children.. Click here for information about this Server.

6. Fusion Power - UKAEA Fusion At Culham An explanation of the fusion process. Detailed information about For additional fusion Education Material, go to the question about high temperature fusion, just ask the wizard http://www.fusion.org.uk/

7. Nuclear Energy An Overview This page is an over view of nuclear power. There are two fundamental ways to release energy from nuclear reactions fission and fusion of atomic nuclei. http://www.energy.ca.gov/nuclear/overview.html

Nuclear Energy (An Overview) Also See Our Nuclear Issues Web Page Nuclear energy in California produced 40,417 million kilowatt/hours (GWh) of electricity in 1999, or 14.66 percent of electricity from all sources. The total dependable capacity of California's nuclear-supplied power is more than 5,300 megawatts, including the two operating nuclear power facilities in California and portions of nuclear facilities in other states owned by California electricity companies. There are two fundamental ways to release energy from nuclear reactions: fission and fusion of atomic nuclei. Electricity generating technologies based on fission are commercially available, whereas fusion is still in the early stages of research and development and is at present only a theoretical possibility for controlled power generation. Nuclear fission is the process of splitting the nuclei of atoms, which releases energy from within those atoms. Nuclear fusion is the process of joining, rather than splitting, such atomic particles with similar releases of energy. FISSION Of the several types of fission reactors, the most common type in the United States is light water reactors (so called because normal (light) water is used to cool the reactor core; some reactors use heavy water, which contains hydrogen atoms with an additional neutron in the nucleus), based on pressurized water reactor (PWR) and boiling water reactor (BWR) technology. PWRs and BWRs use uranium-235, a naturally-occurring radioactive isotope of uranium, as the fuel. As the nucleus of a uranium-235 atom is hit by a neutron, it splits into two smaller atoms of other elements, and releases energy and extra neutrons. Those neutrons hit more atoms of the original uranium-235, creating a fission chain reaction that releases more energy and neutrons.

8. Nuclear Fusion Basics nuclear fusion energy basics and advantages, presented by EFDA. http://www.jet.efda.org/pages/content/fusion1.html

Nuclear Fusion Basics Section 1 - The Nuclear Fusion Reaction Nuclear Fusion is the energy-producing process which takes place continuously in the sun and stars. In the core of the sun at temperatures of 10-15 million degrees Celsius, Hydrogen is converted to Helium providing enough energy to sustain life on earth. For energy production on earth different fusion reactions are involved. The most suitable reaction occurs between the nuclei of the two heavy forms (isotopes) of Hydrogen - Deuterium (D) and Tritium (T); eventually reactions involving just Deuterium or Deuterium and Helium ( He) may be used. Most suitable fusion reaction. At the temperatures required for the D-T fusion reaction - over 100 Million deg. C - the fuel has changed its state from gas to PLASMA. In a plasma, the electrons have been separated from the atomic nuclei (usually called the "ions"). Understanding plasma required major developments in physics. Plasmas are now used widely in industry, especially for semi-conductor manufacture. Advantages of Fusion A vast, new source of energy.

9. CNN - Nuclear Fusion Still No Dependable Energy Source - April 5, 1997 CNN.com http://www.cnn.com/US/9704/05/fusion.confusion/

Nuclear fusion still no dependable energy source Scientists frustrated as reactor shuts down April 5, 1997 Web posted at: 8:59 p.m. EST (0159 GMT) From Correspondent Cynthia Tornquist NEW YORK (CNN) Americans are losing patience with nuclear fusion, once considered a promising energy source of the future. The Tokamak Fusion Reactor at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory one of the world's most powerful experimental fusion reactors illustrates the point. No fusion reactor has ever achieved a self-sustaining burn of nuclear fuel, although the Princeton reactor set a record in 1994 by producing nearly 11 million watts of fusion power for about one second. The reactor has been shut down for financial reasons. Some scientists believe its demise is a shortsighted decision that jeopardizes future hopes of generating inexhaustible energy from fusion. "My belief is the RFRT [Princeton reactor] is being shut down prematurely," physicist Robert Budny said. "It has a lot more potential." Fusion is the process that powers the sun. It occurs when atoms, usually hydrogen ions in a gas plasma, collide at high temperatures and fuse. The heat energy released can be converted to electricity.

10. Nuclear Engineering @ MIT Information about the undergraduate and graduate degrees offered by MIT in nuclear engineering and energy systems, plasma physics and fusion technology and radiation science and technology. http://web.mit.edu/ned/www/

Current News: [Graduate student, Twiggy Chan (smiling-middle) helping undergraduates at last year's Open House] View upcoming Summer Courses offered through the Department and CANES View upcoming ANS Seminars sponsored the Department's ANS Chapter Department is ranked #1 by US News in 2003 for undergraduate and graduate programs. The MIT Department of Nuclear Engineering invites applications for an Assistant Professor tenure track position and for a Research Scientist position. The Next Nuclear Plant [ read story Search NED Search MIT Directories 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 24-102, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307, (617) 253-3801 ned-www@mit.edu.

11. Office Of Science Funds basic research to advance the fundamental science knowledge base and train future scientists. Topics include materials and chemical sciences, engineering and geosciences, and energy biosciences; magnetic fusion energy; health and environmental research; high energy and nuclear physics; computational and technology research in mathematical, informational, and computational sciences. http://www.er.doe.gov/

Contact Site Map Privacy Policy Updates on SciDAC Projects March 2003 Updates on SciDAC Projects FY 2004 Office of Science Budget Testimony by: Raymond L. Orbach, Director, Office of Science, March 12, 2003 Secretary of Energy Spencer Abraham, February 25, 2003 Under Secretary of Energy Robert Card, February 13, 2003 ITER 01/30/03 - Energy Secretary Abraham Announces U.S. to Join Negotiations on Major International Fusion Project Nanoscale Science Nanoscale Science, Engineering, and Technology in DOE's Office of Basic Energy Sciences: Research Directions and Nanoscale Science Research Centers

12. Metals And Ceramics Division Diversified materials research organization, supporting all of the major energy technologies, including nuclear, fossil, fusion, and conservation. http://www.ms.ornl.gov/

The Metals and Ceramics Division is a large, diversified materials research division with programs that support all of the major energy technologies, including nuclear (civilian, defense, and space), fossil, fusion, and conservation. Basic and applied research programs are focused on the thrust areas of high-temperature design, structural ceramics, and radiation effects. efficient, cost-competitive, and environmentally acceptable material's technologies; and to enhance science education and improve scientific awareness of students from precollege through postgraduate levels. The division is a matrix organization made up of sixteen research groups seven program offices , and three major user facilities here (for internal use only) Research Groups Research Programs User Facilities Organization Chart (PDF) ... Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) is operated by UT-Battelle, LLC

13. Welcome To The International Atomic Energy Agency WorldAtom is the public information and news service of the International Atomic energy Agency on the Internet. Links to IAEA deparmental web pages and online services can be found here. USA, CHINA BACKING INTERNATIONAL fusion PROJECT. The United States is rejoining an international fusion nuclear Applications. nuclear energy. nuclear Safety Security http://www.iaea.or.at/

The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) serves as the world's central intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical co-operation in the nuclear field, and as the international inspectorate for the application of nuclear safeguards and verification measures covering civilian nuclear programmes (Read the IAEA's Statute The IAEA is a member of the United Nations System of Organizations

14. Focus On Fusion Guide to controlled fusion and history of fusion research, presented by UKAEA.Category Science Physics nuclear fusion...... the major proportion of the outstanding 80% is nuclear fission but it is also clearthat fusion could have an important role to play in the energy balance. http://www.fusion.org.uk/focus/

A layman's guide to fusion The history of fusion The place of fusion in Europe's power source mix The UK contribution ... Fusion power: Safe and clean A layman's guide to fusion FUSION power offers the potential of an almost limitless source of energy for future generations but it also presents some formidable scientific and engineering challenges. It is called 'fusion' because it is based on fusing light nuclei such as hydrogen isotopes to release energy. The process is similar to that which powers the sun and other stars. Effective energy-producing fusions require that gas from a combination of isotopes of hydrogen - deuterium and tritium - is heated to very high temperatures (100 million degrees centigrade) and confined for at least one second. One way to achieve these conditions is to use magnetic confinement. The most promising configuration at present is the tokamak, a Russian word for a torus-shaped magnetic chamber. See an animated schematic of the fusion reaction The history of fusion Much of the early work on fusion was undertaken by universities, before being centered at Harwell and Aldermaston. The original large-scale experimental fusion device on which British physicists worked during the 1940s and 50s was housed in a hangar at Harwell. The device called

15. Infinite Energy Magazine Infinite energy Magazine Online an online cold fusion information resource, and home of Infinite energy Magazine, focusing on new developments in the field of chemically assisted nuclear reactions. http://www.infinite-energy.com/

The bi-monthly magazine of the non-profit New Energy Foundation. ISSUE 48, March/April 2003 • Tesla's "The Problem of Increasing Human Energy..." BUY CURRENT ISSUE SUBSCRIBE NOW Download our FREE selection of IE articles (.pdf) NEW ENERGY FOUNDATION, INC. P.O. Box 2816 Concord, NH 03302-2816 Phone: 603.485.4700 Fax: 603.485.4710 E-mail: staff@infinite-energy.com This site last modified on Visits:

16. International Atomic Energy Agency - The Nuclear Authority Public information and news service of the International Atomic energy Agency on the Internet.Category Business Business Services Security National Security...... Copyright, © International Atomic energy Agency. verification of the country's expandingnuclear programme Story USA, CHINA BACKING INTERNATIONAL fusion PROJECT http://www.iaea.or.at/worldatom/

10 Apr 2003 Advanced Search Sign up to receive updated IAEA news and information by email. Signup International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA DIRECTOR GENERAL ON INSPECTIONS IN IRAQ. During a meeting this week with UN General Assembly President Jan Kavan, IAEA Director General Mohamed ElBaradei addressed the matter of inspections related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq. "Subject to the guidance of the Security Council, the UN weapons inspectors should return to Iraq as soon as the conflict ends to resume their mandate," he said. "Any WMD findings should be verified by the UN weapons inspectors to generate the required credibility." The Iraq situation remains high on the agenda of the UN Security Council. UN Story SC Briefing IAEA Work Programme SECURITY COUNCIL TO KEEP TRACKING NORTH KOREA DEVELOPMENTS. Following consultations 9 April, the UN Security Council expressed its "concern" over the situation in North Korea and said it will keep following developments there. The issue of North Korea's non-compliance with international nuclear safeguards was referred to the Council by IAEA Director General ElBaradei in mid-February. UN Secretary-General Annan's Special Advisor on North Korea recently outlined his views. UN Story UN Special Advisor DPRK Fact Sheet Full Coverage WATER FOR PEOPLE, WATER FOR LIFE

17. Nuclear Energy Is The Most Certain Future Source. This page discusses nuclear energy as a part of a more general discussion of why human material progress of uranium, plutonium or thorium or the fusion of hydrogen into helium. http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/progress/nuclear-faq.html

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS ABOUT NUCLEAR ENERGY by John McCarthy This page discusses nuclear energy as a part of a more general discussion of why human material progress is sustainable and should be sustained. Energy is just one of the questions considered. Up to: Main page on why progress is sustainable Incidentally, I'm Professor of Computer Science at Stanford University, emeritus as of 2001 January 1. Here's my main page . I write about sustainability as a volunteer public service. I am not professionally involved with nuclear energy. Here's a new page on Nuclear Energy Now . It is motivated by the Bush Administration in the U.S. having tentatively re-opened the question of building new nuclear plants in the U.S. I hope they persist and are successful. One of the major requirements for sustaining human progress is an adequate source of energy. The current largest sources of energy are the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas. These are discussed in the main page on energy . They will last quite a while but will probably run out or become harmful in tens to hundreds of years. Solar energy will also work but is not much developed yet except for special applications because of its high cost. This high cost as a main source, e.g. for central station electricity, is likely to continue, and nuclear energy is likely to remain cheaper. Q. What are the details on nuclear energy?

18. Nuclear Binding Energy of heavier elements in the nuclear fusion processes in stars is limited to elementsbelow iron, since the fusion of iron would subtract energy rather than http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/nucbin.html

Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclei are made up of protons and neutron , but the mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons which constitute it. The difference is a measure of the nuclear binding energy which holds the nucleus together. This binding energy can be calculated from the Einstein relationship Nuclear binding energy = D mc For the alpha particle D m= 0.0304 u which gives a binding energy of 28.3 MeV. Binding energy curve. Nuclear units. Index Nuclear Structure Concepts ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back Fission and fusion can yield energy Nuclear binding energy Fusion example Fission example Further discussion ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back Nuclear Binding Energy Curve The binding energy curve is obtained by dividing the total nuclear binding energy by the number of nucleons. The fact that there is a peak in the binding energy curve in the region of stability near iron means that either the breakup of heavier nuclei (fission) or the combining of lighter nuclei (fusion) will yield nuclei which are more tightly bound (less mass per nucleon). The binding energies of nucleons are in the range of millions of electron volts compared to tens of eV for atomic electrons. Whereas an atomic transition might emit a photon in the range of a few electron volts, perhaps in the visible light region, nuclear transitions can emit

19. Nuclear Fusion For potential nuclear energy sources for the Earth, the deuteriumtritium fusionreaction contained by some kind of magnetic confinement seems the most likely http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fusion.html

Nuclear Fusion If light nuclei are forced together, they will fuse with a yield of energy because the mass of the combination will be less than the sum of the masses of the individual nuclei. If the combined nuclear mass is less than that of iron at the peak of the binding energy curve, then the nuclear particles will be more tightly bound than they were in the lighter nuclei, and that decrease in mass comes off in the form of energy according to the Einstein relationship . For elements heavier than iron, fission will yield energy. For potential nuclear energy sources for the Earth, the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction contained by some kind of magnetic confinement seems the most likely path. However, for the fueling of the stars , other fusion reactions will dominate. Fusion reactors Conditions for fusion Index Fusion concepts ... Nuclear R Nave Go Back Deuterium-Tritium Fusion The most promising of the hydrogen fusion reactions which make up the deuterium cycle is the fusion of deuterium and tritium. The reaction yields 17.6 MeV of energy but requires a temperature of approximately 40 million Kelvins to overcome the coulomb barrier and ignite it. The

20. Environmental Organization WebDirectory - ScienceEnergy WebDirectory Write us Add URL Search Info. ScienceEnergyAlternativeEnergynuclear EnergyFusionLaboratories. Centro de Fusao nuclear http://www.webdirectory.com/Science/Energy/Alternative_Energy/Nuclear_Energy/Fus

Science Energy Alternative Energy Nuclear Energy ... Fusion :Laboratories Centro de Fusao Nuclear/IST - Nuclear fusion energy research LLNL - Inertial Confinement Fusion Research MIT - Plasma Fusion Center WWW Server University of California, Berkeley - Nuclear Fusion Sponsored by Santa Barbara Hotels

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