81. TNI Drugs & Democracy: War And Opium In Afghanistan The Transnational Institute offers online resources, links for latest news and more background information. Includes the report Merging wars Afghanistan, Drugs and Terrorism in English and Spanish. http://www.tni.org/drugs/research/afghani.htm

WAR AND OPIUM IN AFGHANISTAN LATEST NEWS A drug on the market The Economist, March 1st 2002 Afghan Officials Vow To Cut Opium Despite Protests Reuters, March 2, 2002 Afghanistan's Deadly Crop Flourishes Again The Guardian Weekly, February 28, 2002 Special report: Drugs trade after the Taliban Financial Times January 10, 2002 MORE PRESS REPORTS MORE INFORMATION ON DRUGS IN AFGHANISTAN Drugs and the Taliban Geopolitical Drugs Newsletter N° 1 - October 2001 Poppy Fields, Killing Fields and Druglords John K. Cooley Unholy Wars Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism Pluto Books - 2000 The Political Economy of War and Peace in Afghanistan Barnett R. Rubin June 1999 Illegal Drug Trade in Russia Letizia Paoli Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International Criminal Law October 2000 UNDCP Global Illicit Drug Trends 2001 Afghanistan Afghanistan Opium Poppy Survey 2002 Pre-Assessment UNDCP (PDF file) Afghanistan Annual Opium Poppy Survey 2001 UNDCP (PDF file) Afghanistan Annual Opium Poppy Survey 2000 UNDCP (PDF file) UNDCP Strategic Studies on Afghanistan: An Analysis of the Process of Expansion of Opium Poppy Cultivation to New Districts in Afghanistan Strategic Study Nr. 1

82. Opium War: Britain Stole Hong Kong From China Britain's East India Company would wage three wars on the people of China in order to secure the right to sell opium there . Marxist analysis of the opium wars. http://www.magnet.ch/serendipity/wod/hongkong.html

Opium War: Britain Stole Hong Kong From China By Kristianna Tho'Mas Reprinted from the July 10, 1997 issue of Workers World newspaper The British stole Hong Kong from China over 155 years ago. How did they get it in the first place? And how is the trade in opium tied to the issue of Hong Kong? Opium for medicinal purposes was first manufactured in China toward the end of the 15th century. It was used to treat dysentery, cholera and other diseases. Not until the 18th century were there any accounts of opium smoking in China. In 1729, the Chinese imperial government, alarmed at its debilitating effect, prohibited the sale of opium mixed with tobacco and banned opium-smoking houses. Selling opium for smoking "was classed with robbery and instigation to murder, and punished with banishment or death," wrote Joshua Rowntree in "The Imperial Drug Trade," published in London in 1905. But this didn't stop Britain, which had gradually been taking over the opium trade from its European capitalist rivals, Portugal and Holland. Much of the opium at this time was grown and manufactured in British India. Capt. Hamilton, a private British adventurer who spent 40 years in India in the first part of the 18th century, described the city of Patna there as "frequented by Europeans, where the English and Dutch have factories. It produces so much opium that it serves all the countries in India with that commodity." BRITAIN GETS MONOPOLY ON OPIUM TRADE

83. Electronic Passport To The Opium Wars The opium wars From 1839 to 1842, China fought what we now call the opiumwars with Britain. There are many ways to look at a problem. http://www.mrdowling.com/613-opiumwars.html

HOME TIME AND SPACE PREHISTORY MESOPOTAMIA ... The Boxer Rebellion The Opium Wars From 1839 to 1842, China fought what we now call the "Opium Wars" with Britain. There are many ways to look at a problem. Here are two views of the situation from the perspective of the Chinese and the British: China is a very old country with ideals that have lasted more than two thousand years. The Chinese people were satisfied with their way of life and had little interest in the nations of the Western Hemisphere. Tea, grown in China, had become a very popular drink in Great Britain. China would have rather not traded with the British at all, but they were willing to sell the British tea only if they used the port in Canton. They were willing not allow western ideas in their society. The British decided they needed to "balance their trade." That means that they must buy and sell to China, not just buy. They decided to sell Opium.

84. Books On Chinese Wars - WWII, Korea, The Opium Wars, Ancient Warfare... A photographer in old Peking by Hedda Morrison Out of Print Try Used Books SearchChinese wars. Search Military Books for http://www.dropbears.com/b/broughsbooks/military/chinese_wars.htm

Books on Chinese Wars Related Books Chinese History Boxer Rebellion Korean War Burma WWII ... UK Bookstore Departments Military Models Military Magazines Military Posters Military Calendars ... War Movies Best Sellers Posters Military Posters The Chinese Steam Navy 1862-1945 by Richard N. J. Wright Hardcover: 208 pages United States Naval Inst.; ISBN: 1861761449; (March 2001) Documents on the Rape of Nanking by Timothy Brook (Editor) Listed under Japanese War Crimes Lest We Forget : Nanjing Massacre, 1937 by Xu Zhigeng Listed under Japanese War Crimes The Boxer Rebellion : The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900 by Diana Preston Listed under Boxer Rebellion The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China (History and Warfare) by Ralph D. Sawyer (Translator), Mei-Chun Sawyer (Editor) (Hardcover - May 1993) One Hundred Unorthodox Strategies by Ralph D. Sawyer (Introduction), Mai-Ch Sawyer (Paperback - June 1998) The Wiles Of War: 36 Military Strategies from Ancient China by Sun Haichen (Translator) (Paperback) The Essentials of War: The Masterpiece of a Strategist in Ancient China by Sun Wu, et al

85. Opium_wars The opium wars. A good example of how economics can fuel drug policy follows. 18391842opium Chinese got tough opium wars with Britain China lost. http://www.mrs.umn.edu/~ratliffj/Drugs_Course/Opium_wars.htm

Return to Drugs Course Index page Return to Part 3A: Sociological Aspects notes History of Drugs History of drug laws and restrictions The Opium Wars A good example of how economics can fuel drug policy follows. As you read about the Opium Wars, think about other more recent drug issues (e.g., U.S. practices regarding exportation of tobacco; our response to Central American exportation of cocaine). 1600's OPIUM The Dutch, while exploring/exploiting China, discovered that smoking opium with tobacco relieved symptoms of malaria. Smoking of opium (for pleasure) caught on in China. OPIUM 1st Chinese decree against opium smoking had little effect. At this time, major source of opium was through importation, which was controlled by the Portuguese, who brought in over 200,000 pounds in this first year of prohibition. OPIUM New Chinese decree banning cultivation and importation of opium in or to China. However, the British East India Co. considered this to lead to too much of a cost currently shipping in 1,000 TONS of opium to China per year 54% of profits for whole company. OPIUM Chinese got tough Opium Wars with Britain China lost. Influx of opium followed (5,000 TONS). Opium brought to U.S. primarily by Chinese laborers. By 1906, it was estimated that up to 50% of the adult Chinese population was addicted to opium. Finally world conference in 1912 to regulate imports but only because of growing concerns in this country about opium use HERE in the U.S.

86. China China 19001976. Chinese Propaganda Posters. Condensed China Chinese historyfor beginners. The opium wars and the opening of China. The First opium War. http://www.jacobus.nl/geschiedenis/ict/aklink22.htm

China De Gele Draak Informatieve Nederlandstalige site Geschiedenis van China Links Geschiedenis van China 2 Links Geschiedenis van China vanaf 1839 Een ThinkQuest site Staatssite van China The Chinese Empire History of China History of China 2 ... World of History Archives: History of China A collections of documents for teaching and understanding world history from a working class perspective. Imperial China Site met links China's disaster: 1840-1949 Site met links China 1900-1976 Chinese Propaganda Posters Condensed China Chinese history for beginners. The Opium Wars and the opening of China The First Opium War The Opium Wars Kort artikel The Opium Wars 2 Artikel uit Encarta The Opium Wars 3 The Boxer Rebellion The Boxer Rebellion 2 The Boxer Rebellion 3 ... Rulers of the world This site contains lists of heads of state and heads of government (and, in certain cases, de facto leaders not occupying either of those formal positions) of all countries and territories, going back to about 1700 in most cases. Also included are the subdivisions of various countries (the links are at the bottom of the respective country entries), as well as a selection of international organizations. Recent foreign ministers of all countries are listed separately Chinese thema's O.a. over de grote muur. Nederlandstalige site.

87. History 13B: China It assumes no prior knowledge of Chinese history. Those contacts culminate in theOpium wars of the 19th century, and a series of disastrous rebellions of http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Wakeman/H13B/

Spring 2003 Formerly History 9A Lecture Notes: Lectures 1-17 Paper Assignment Midterm Review There will be three lectures a week and one two hour discussion section. The course grade will be determined according to the results of a mid term examination, which is scheduled for March 14, a 7 10 page paper, and the final exam. The grade will also be influenced by the individual student's performance in the discussion section. The final exam is scheduled for Friday, May 23, at 5:00 p.m. An early make-up exam will be offered for students who are attending conflicting graduation ceremonies. No other make up exams will be given except in cases of documented illness or dire family emergency. Stress, fatigue, job interviews, and so on are not valid excuses. There will be no exceptions to this rule, so please note carefully the date of the final and do not make any appointments that conflict with it. READINGS Cao Xueqin

88. The Difference Dictionary:O military ways to control their own destiny. A Short history of theOpium wars. Sir Richard Owen (18041892) - English biologist, a http://www.sff.net/people/gunn/dd/o.htm

Laurence Oliphant - British journalist, novelist, explorer, diplomat, utopian, and spiritualist. A narrative of his life history indicates the ideal career for a spy travel to areas of diplomatic and military interest, followed by "a pleasant book of travel," and he is rumored to have plotted with Garibaldi in Italy. Prior to the Crimean War , he was a London Times correspondent in Crimea. As private secretary to Lord Elgin, he visited North America in 1855 and India, China, and Japan in 1857-61. As first secretary of the British legation to Edo (now Tokyo) in 1861, he was wounded during an attack on the embassy in Edo by a group of xenophobic samurai, one of many such incidents . In 1865, he was elected to Parliament, but in 1867, he and his mother abandoned their lives in England and joined Thomas Lake Harris at his utopian community in New York state. There is some speculation that Harris had promised him a cure for inherited syphilis, from which Oliphant suffered. He took with him to Harris's Brotherhood six Japanese students from the Satsuma domain, whom he had befriended in London. He later induced a number of other Japanese to join the brotherhood. One biographer (Taylor, 1982) suggests that his attachment to Harris was a result of the dementia of inherited syphilis. His connection with the utopian group lasted until 1881, when he broke with Harris and formed, with his second wife, the daughter of Utopian Robert Owen, his own community in Palestine. His first novel

89. OpiateHistory1 WSW HOME WSW HELP WSW ACADEMIC TOOLS WSW REGISTRATION WSW NEWSLINKS EMAIL RSWopium history 3400 BC TO 1799 AD. The opium Kings opium Throughout history. http://www.adjunctcollege.com/OpiateHistory1.html

NEXT PAGE About.com Military History Frontline: Opium Throughout History The History of the Poppy and of Opium and Their Expansion in Antiquity In the Eastern Mediterranean Area ... The Opium War: 1839 - 1842 ADJUNCT COLLEGE WAGUESPACK SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS WSW HOME WSW HELP WSW ACADEMIC TOOLS WSW REGISTRATION ... E-MAIL RSW OPIUM HISTORY: 3400 BC TO 1799 AD ADJUNCT COLLEGE WAGUESPACK SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS WSW HOME WSW HELP WSW ACADEMIC TOOLS WSW REGISTRATION ... E-MAIL RSW OPIUM HISTORY: 3400 BC TO 1799 AD Frontline: Opium Throughout History The History of the Poppy and of Opium and Their Expansion in Antiquity In the Eastern Mediterranean Area The Opium Monopoloy Opium and the Hmong ... NEXT PAGE 3400 B.C. The opium poppy is cultivated in lower Mesopotamia. 300 B.C. Egyptians begin cultivation of opium thebaicum,grown in their famous poppy fields.The opium trade flourishes during the reign of Thutmose IV, Akhenaton and King Tutankhamen. 1100 B.C.

90. Directory Vaionline: Siti_Mondiali/Society/History/War/Nineteenth_Century/Opium_ directory.vaionline.it vi permette di accedere al directory di siti italiani. E' organizzato per aree geografiche e aree temeatiche. Fa parte del portale Vaionline che ti offre molti altri servizi. http://directory.vaionline.it/Siti_Mondiali/Society/History/War/Nineteenth_Centu

in questa categoria in tutti siti mondiali Home Society History War ... Britain Stole Hong Kong From China - "Britain's East India Company would wage three wars on the people of China in order to secure the right to sell opium there". Marxist analysis of the Opium Wars. Ch'ing China: The Opium Wars - "By the 1830's, the English had become the major drug-trafficking criminal organization in the world". Discussion of the causes and effects of these wars. Emperor of China Declares War on Drugs - How Commissioner Lin Tse-hsü's attempts to stamp out the opium trade led to war and personal disgrace. Imperial Pushers: Britain, China and the Opium War - Causes and results of the war. Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria - "The wealth of China is used to profit the barbarians ... by what right do they then in return use the poisonous drug to injure the Chinese people?". Full text of a letter written by Commisioner Lin in the lead up to the war. The Anglo-Chinese Treaty of Nanking (1842) - Full text of the treaty which ended the war. Amongst its one-sided conditions was the ceding of Hong Kong to the British. The Emergence Of Modern China - How increasing contact with western powers led to war and enfored change.

91. TeacherSource . Recommended Books . Social Studies | PBS Four Sisters of Hofei A history By Annping Chin Published October 2002 Grade OpiumWars The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another, The By http://www.pbs.org/teachersource/recommended/rec_books_social.shtm

April 10, 2003 Recommended Books Explore this month's posting of book reviews! Also, don't miss our extensive archive of recommendations . You and your students may enjoy reading these noteworthy releases: New This Month! Fields of Fury: The American Civil War By James M. McPherson Published October 2002 Grade Level: This generously illustrated introduction to the greatest conflict fought on U.S. territory is brought to life with many full-page archival photos and contemporary paintings. Inserts feature artifacts and cartoons. The book includes a timeline of major events, maps locating major battles, glossary, and a list of Civil War Web sites. Kids Law: A Practical Guide to Juvenile Justice By John W. Biggers Published January 2003 Grade Level: The author, an attorney specializing in juvenile law and youth advocate, has prepared a guide to the juvenile justice system. The book’s three sections examine what is done by kids, what is done for and to kids, and the future of juvenile justice. An appendix covers Federal involvement in juvenile law. A glossary is included. This book would make a good resource for civics classrooms. Life and Death of Adolf Hitler, The

92. Modern European History [Beyond Books] Program Contents Page. http://www.beyondbooks.com/eur12/index.asp

Hello, GUEST Log in Conservatism and Liberalism After Napoleon Nationalism and Unification Industrialization and Industrial Society The New Imperialism The Cultural Revolution: The Birth of the Modern The War to End All Wars The Depression and the Rise of Totalitarianism World War II Europe Divided The Reconstruction of Western Europe European Society During the Cold War Europe Reunited Search BB Program Contents Page Modern European History [Introduction] 1. Conservatism and Liberalism After Napoleon 1a. The Congress of Vienna 1b. Metternich's Vision: The Concert of Europe 1c. The Liberal Reaction 1d. The Revolutions of 1848 2. Nationalism and Unification 2a. Italian Reunification 2b. German Unification: The Age of Bismarck 2c. French Nationalism: Making Peasants into Citizens 2d. The Austro-Hungarian Empire 2e. The Russian Empire under Alexander II 3. Industrialization and Industrial Society 3a. The Industrial Revolution: 18th century Britain 3b. Advances in Science and Industry 3c. The Social Costs of Industrialization

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