1. VADA - Volkeren En Stammen Peoples Tribes O - Q OVIMBUNDU (Angola). OWAMBO (Nami Senegal and other africabased companies until moving to European, african and. indigenous peoples intersect. The troupe has Carlos Aldama in owo Ache, including appearing in http://www.vada.nl/volkenoq.htm

VADA - Volkeren en Stammen Peoples Tribes Last update: 17-07-2002 O OCCANEECHI OCANEECHI (Native American, USA) OCONEE (Native American, USA) O DU TAY HAT (Vietnam) OGONI (Nigeria) ... OZI (Kenia - Kenya) P PACIFIC ASIA INDIGENOUS PEOPLES PA CO TA-OY (Vietnam) PA DI TAY (Vietnam) PAEONIANS (the Balkan Peninsula) ... PUYUMA (Taiwan) Q QUADI QUADEN (Europa - Europe) QUAMICHAN (Native American, Canada) QUAPAW (Native American, USA) QUILEUTE (Native American, USA) ... Ob-Urgians and Samoyeds See also: Russian Peoples See also: Rusland - Russia OCCANEECHI OCANEECHI (Native American, USA) Map of Early Indian Tribes (East): Ocaneechi The Occaneechi Occaneechi Indian History The Occaneechi - Storytelling See also: Saponi See also: Native American OCONEE (Native American, USA) The Indian Tribes of North America: Oconee See also: Native American O DU (Vietnam) The Ethnic Tribes of Vietnam and their Roots: O Du (Tay-Hat) OGONI (Nigeria) Ogoni Fact Sheet G.I. Jones Photographic Archive Photographs of Nigerian art and masquerade taken in the 1930s. Includes examples from Igbo, Ibibio, Ijo, and Ogoni speaking peoples Ogoni background Video clip Play the clip using the stand-alone Player! To see the above video clip you'll need the Real Player plug-in (free)

2. Musées Afrique indigenous Knowledge in South africa . Aquarelles deJoy Adamson peoples of Kenya . du Nigeria Jebba, Tada, Benin, owo, Ife, Igbo http://www.unil.ch/gybn/Arts_Peuples/Ex_Africa/ex_Af_musaf.html

MUSEES Afrique Afrique du Sud Angola Botswana Burkina Faso ... Zimbabwe ou plusieurs oeuvres majeures. Afrique du Sud Cape Town South African National Gallery Government Avenue ma-di 10-17 Arts de la perle / Expositions temporaires Cape Town - Gardens South African Museum 25 Queen Victoria Street lu-di 10-17 terres cuites de Lydenburg San (peintures rupestres), Zimb abwe Tsonga , Khoikhoi, Sotho, Nguni, Shona, Lovedu... Exposition " Ulwazi Lwemvelo - Indigenous Knowledge in South Africa Cape Town - Rosebank University of Cape Town Irma Stern Museum Cecil Road ma-sa 10-17 Arts de Zanzibar et du Congo: Lega, Luba Durban Art Gallery City Hall lu-sa 8.30-16; di 11-16 Durban Local History Museum Aliwal Street East London East London Museum lu-ve 9.30-17; sa 9.30-12 Grahamstown Albany Museum. Natural Sciences and History Museums Somerset Street lu-ve 9-13 / 14-17; sa-di 14-17 Johannesburg MuseuMAfricA Newtown Cultural Precinct Bree Street ma-di 9-17 Histoire culturelle de l'Afrique australe. Peintures rupestres (Museum of South African Rock Art)

3. [enviro-vlc] NWFP-Digest-L No. 6/02 Part 1 Or 2 the traditional knowledge and resources of indigenous peoples, said Gladis for centuriesthe people of owo in Ondo ecosystems in the Americas, africa and Asia http://www.undp.org.vn/mlist/envirovlc/072002/post75.htm

UN UNDP Forum ENVIRO-VLC ... Recent messages [enviro-vlc] NWFP-Digest-L No. 6/02 part 1 or 2 From: Vern Weitzel weitzel@undp.org.vn Date: Thu, 25 Jul 2002 11:03:24 +0700 Subject: [enviro-vlc] NWFP-Digest-L No. 6/02 part 1 or 2 Mailing List: ENVIRO-VLC sent to enviro-vlc by "Vern Weitzel" Subject: NWFP-Digest-L No. 6/02 Date: Mon, 22 Jul 2002 15:13:24 +0200 From: "Etherington, Tina (FOPW)" To: "'nwfp-digest-L@mailserv.fao.org'" rg> NWFP-Digest-L No. 6/02 Welcome to FAO's NWFP-Digest-L. a free e-mail journal that covers all aspects of non-wood forest products. A special thank you to all those wh= o have shared information with us. Back issues of the Digest may be found on FAO's NWFP home page: www.fao.org/forestry/FOP/FOPW/NWFP/Digest/digest-e.stm IN THIS ISSUE: 1. Rattan glossary 2. Bamboo Juice, Beer and Medicine 3. Rosewood, a sweet aroma that could fade away 4. Klabin Introduces World's First FSC-Certified Cosmetics and Medicines 5. Research on medicinal plants used by the Krao Indians, Brazil

4. Africans Art must consider both perspectives the indigenous as well predominantly nonwriting,pre-colonial peoples of africa. Ologan from Uselu quarters in owo); and Baba http://www.webzinemaker.net/africans-art/index.php3?action=page&id_art=360

5. Joseph Kenny OP: THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN TROPICAL AFRICA, Chapter 3B Datings for owo and Benin artifacts begin slightly later thought of, and the presenceof indigenous priests in The Yoruba and Edospeaking peoples and their http://www.op.org/nigeriaop/kenny/CCTA/CCTA3b.htm

THE EARLY EVANGELIZATION OF BENIN FURTHER REFLECTIONS Bodija Journal , n. 2 (1990), 71-75 The Middle Period of African Church history—between early North and East African, and the 19th-20th century missionary movement—is one of the least known but most fascinating episodes in the history of the Church.  I have presented the main events of this period in my book, A history of the Catholic Church in Tropical Africa, 1445-1850   Particularly intriguing is the discovery, when the Portuguese first came to Benin in the latter part of the 15th century, of evidence of previous Christian influence. Christian influence from the African hinterland João de Barros described a cross which the Benin king wore around his neck.  It was sent from the “Ogané”.  The Benin ambassador to the Ogané wore a similar cross.   That this cross is a Christian symbol fits well with its shape, as seen on carvings and bronzes, which is the Nubian cross, and with the presence of a chain of Christian influence and/or such crosses from Nubia right to Benin. The identity of the Ogané is more problematic.  De Barros thought he was the “Prester John” or emperor of Ethiopia.  Hodgkin

6. Orilonise: The Hermeneutics Of The Head And Hairstyles Among The Yoruba which now exist sideby-side with the indigenous ones-all of the Function of Ako,Second Burial Effigy in owo, in africa The peoples of Southern Nigeria, vol. http://www.tribalarts.com/feature/lawal/

TRIBAL ARTS HOME FORUM LETTERS CLASSIFIEDS ... Previous Features VII:2/Winter 2001/Spring 2002 by Babatunde Lawal The Head should be accorded His due This is the oracle's charge to the one thousand seven hundred divinities Who must render annual tributes to Olodumare (Idowu 1995:53). fig. 1 fig. 2 In order to fully understand the significance of this metaphor, it must be noted that the Yoruba creation myth traces the origin of the human body to an archetypal sculpture (ere) modeled by the artist-deity Obatala and then activated by the divine breath (emi) of Olodumare, located in the sculpture's head. This creative process occurs inside a pregnant woman's body and takes about nine months to mature. According to the myth, every individual, before being born into the physical world, must proceed to the workshop of Ajalamopin, the heavenly potter, to choose one of several undifferentiated, ready-made Ori Inu, or "inner heads" on display in Ajalamopin's workshop. Each inner head contains Olodumare's àse (enabling power), and the one chosen by an individual predetermines his/her lot (ipin) in the physical world.

7. MOTHERLAND NIGERIA: PEOPLES (by Boomie O.) People and Culture, in Nigeria peoples. SITE AWARDS. JOBS IN NIGERIA BEYOND NATIONAL PLEDGE. MOTTO. peoples. POPULATION. RELIGION. CHRISTIANITY IFA The indigenous Faith of africa. Yoruba Nigerian Galleria http://www.motherlandnigeria.com/people.html

PEOPLES SITE AWARDS NIGERIAN ORGANIZATIONS SEND FREE WEBCARD IMMIGRATION ... SCAM INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRO THE GEOGRAPHY LOCATION MAP RIVERS PATRIOTIC STUFF FLAG COAT OF ARMS NATIONAL ANTHEM NATIONAL PLEDGE MOTTO PEOPLES POPULATION RELIGION -CHRISTIANITY -ISLAM -TRADITIONAL -INFLUENCE ETHNIC GROUPS -YORUBA -IBO (or IGBO) -OTHERS LANGUAGES -YORUBA ALPHABET -HAUSA ALPHABET -LINKS TO OTHERS LANGUAGE RESOURCES -GENERAL RESOURCES -YORUBA RESOURCES -IBO RESOURCES -HAUSA RESOURCES -OTHERS MORE ON LANGUAGES -NUMBERS -PEOPLE -BODY PARTS -HOUSE PARTS -PLACES -OTHER WORDS ADDITIONAL LANGUAGES YORUBA NAMES -THE NAMING CEREMONY -COMMON PARTS -CIRCUMSTANTIAL NAMES IGBO NAMES HAUSA NAMES LINKS ON NAMES THE WEDDING MARRIAGE TIDBITS FAMILY TIDBITS OTHER SOURCES FOODS AND DRINKS INTRO SOME MEALS SOME DRINKS RECIPES RECIPES LINKS BUYING (ingredients and food) DINING (restaurants) HEALTHCARE TRADITIONAL HEALTH CURRENT HEALTH POLICY INFO FOR TRAVELERS OTHER LINKS HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS EDUCATION SCHOOL LANGUAGES SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOL LEVELS SCHOOL ATTIRE SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL LINKS HOLIDAYS FESTIVALS ATTIRE TRANSPORTATION AIR LAND WATER SPORTS SPORTS PLAYED SPORTS HISTORY RECORDS SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS SITES ON SPORTS THE ARTS ART LITERATURE MEDIA -RADIO -TELEVISION -INTERNET JUJU MUSIC FUJI MUSIC AFRO-BEAT MUSIC OTHER MUSIC TYPES OTHER SITES WITH SAMPLES

8. MOTHERLAND NIGERIA: TOURIST ATTRACTIONS (by Boomie O.) ANTHEM; NATIONAL PLEDGE; MOTTO peoples; POPULATION; RELIGION Aba foremost electronicsand indigenous technology; Akwette list ONDO, National Museum at owo has many http://www.motherlandnigeria.com/tourist.html

TOURIST ATTRACTIONS SITE AWARDS NIGERIAN ORGANIZATIONS SEND FREE WEBCARD IMMIGRATION ... SCAM INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRO THE GEOGRAPHY LOCATION MAP RIVERS PATRIOTIC STUFF FLAG COAT OF ARMS NATIONAL ANTHEM NATIONAL PLEDGE MOTTO PEOPLES POPULATION RELIGION -CHRISTIANITY -ISLAM -TRADITIONAL -INFLUENCE ETHNIC GROUPS -YORUBA -IBO (or IGBO) -OTHERS LANGUAGES -YORUBA ALPHABET -HAUSA ALPHABET -LINKS TO OTHERS LANGUAGE RESOURCES -GENERAL RESOURCES -YORUBA RESOURCES -IBO RESOURCES -HAUSA RESOURCES -OTHERS MORE ON LANGUAGES -NUMBERS -PEOPLE -BODY PARTS -HOUSE PARTS -PLACES -OTHER WORDS ADDITIONAL LANGUAGES YORUBA NAMES -THE NAMING CEREMONY -COMMON PARTS -CIRCUMSTANTIAL NAMES IGBO NAMES HAUSA NAMES LINKS ON NAMES THE WEDDING MARRIAGE TIDBITS FAMILY TIDBITS OTHER SOURCES FOODS AND DRINKS INTRO SOME MEALS SOME DRINKS RECIPES RECIPES LINKS BUYING (ingredients and food) DINING (restaurants) HEALTHCARE TRADITIONAL HEALTH CURRENT HEALTH POLICY INFO FOR TRAVELERS OTHER LINKS HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS EDUCATION SCHOOL LANGUAGES SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOL LEVELS SCHOOL ATTIRE SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL LINKS HOLIDAYS FESTIVALS ATTIRE TRANSPORTATION AIR LAND WATER SPORTS SPORTS PLAYED SPORTS HISTORY RECORDS SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS SITES ON SPORTS THE ARTS ART LITERATURE MEDIA -RADIO -TELEVISION -INTERNET JUJU MUSIC FUJI MUSIC AFRO-BEAT MUSIC OTHER MUSIC TYPES OTHER SITES WITH SAMPLES

9. African Timelines Part III Timeline of african history, 15th through early 19th centuries, from Central Oregon Community College.Category Society History By Region africa Slavery...... of a Yoruban king of owo, Nigeria, traditionally Nevertheless africa’s indigenouspersonality has managed to . West africa, in 1839 its peoples and states http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline3.htm

Humanities 211 Prof. Cora Agatucci 6 October 1998 Part III: African Slave Trade AD / CE 15th - early 19th centuries With Brief Discussions: Height of Atlantic Slave Trade Black Holocaust "Middle Passage" Resistance Diaspora Olaudah Equiano Dynamics of Changing Cultures ... Amistad Revolt Contribute to African Timelines! New Submission Form Add a Link or Comment: Under Construction See also Chronology on the History of Slavery and Racism [in the U.S.A.] , Eddie Becker, 1999: http://innercity.org/holt/slavechron.html http://innercity.org/holt/chron_1790_1829.html 1830-the end: http://innercity.org/holt/chron_1830_end.html late 15 th c. Kingdom of Kongo flourished on the Congo River (modern Zaire, now Republic of Congo), a confederation of provinces under the manikongo (the king; "mani" means blacksmith, denoting the early importance and spiritual power of iron working) From Symbols of Royal Power: Stool (Detroit Institute of Arts' African, Oceanic, and New World Cultures: African Art) http://www.dia.org/collections/aonwc/aonwcindex.html

10. OneWorld.net - trade WTO protests break out in India Protests by farmers, indigenous peoples, slumdwellers 21September 1999 More about africa, Asia and the Pacific, China http://www.oneworld.net/campaigns/wto/front.shtml

OneWorld.net OneWorld Africa OneWorld Austria OneWorld Canada OneWorld Finland OneWorld Italy OneWorld Latin America OneWorld Netherlands OneWorld South Asia OneWorld Spain OneWorld SouthEast Europe OneWorld United States AIDSChannel CanalSIDA Digital Opportunity Kids Channel LearningChannel 10 April 2003 Search for in OneWorld sites OneWorld partners CURRENT IN DEPTH PARTNERS GET INVOLVED ... Current News International news Special Reports Iraq Conflict Southern African Crisis Archives Campaigns Climate change Corporate accountability Trade Peace ... Archives Editorial Editor's letter What's new? About OneWorld Today's news Fighting cuts off Liberia aid Widespread fighting in Liberia is cutting off humanitarian aid from those most in need, the United Nations said yesterday, and donors have provided only 2 per cent of the $43 million requested in a UN emergency appeal. Read more From: ReliefWeb UN OCHA Related topics/regions: [West Africa] [Liberia] [Conflict] [Refugees] ... Violence threat to Nigeria elections An upsurge of politically motivated violence is threatening the legitimacy of impending elections in Nigeria, an international rights group said in a report released today. Read more From: Human Rights Watch Related topics/regions: [Nigeria] [Democracy] [Politics] More international news Special Report: Iraq UN urged to help end Iraqi impunity The establishment of a United Nations commission to consult Iraqi society and make proposals to end impunity is one of several recommendations made to the Security Council by an international rights group.

11. Dance In Sub-Saharan Africa their stereotypes of blacks as sexualized, warlike peoples. At burial ceremonies theOwo Yoruba perform the of the dance's connection to indigenous religions. http://www.africana.com/Articles/tt_134.htm

12. New Page 1 The ImpluviumCourtyard (Oto-Eghodo) in indigenous Benin Architecture Life A Casestudyof the Bini peoples of Bendel Ashara, MB, 1951, History of owo, owo. http://www.cgore.dircon.co.uk/a.htm

Website: cgore.dircon.co.uk EDO/BENIN KINGDOM BIBLIOGRAPHY by Dr. Charles Gore Bibliography updates 30 March 2003 If you use it, please cite Gore, C., Edo Bibliography, http://www.cgore.dircon.co.uk , date of access (or whichever publishing convention is appropriate) Thank you! For Benin/Edo materials see options 4 and 5 in Index halfway down home page This leads to INDEX

13. AllAfrica.com -- Nigeria [opinion]: Ekimogun Day: A Mangled Tradition Even traditional festivals like Igogo in owo Ondo State Barrister Jimoh Ibrahim,All Nigeria peoples' Party (ANPP to the promoting of our indigenous music (Juju http://allafrica.com/stories/200212130571.html

Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Congo-Brazzaville Congo-Kinshasa Côte d'Ivoire Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda Sao Tomé and Principé Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Western Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Ekimogun Day: a Mangled Tradition Email This Page Print This Page Visit The Publisher's Site This Day (Lagos) OPINION December 13, 2002 Posted to the web December 13, 2002 Lagos Ondo Kingdom celebrated its 15th Ekimogun Day last Saturday. Tunde Okoli who witnessed the festival where Juju music maestro, Otunba Sunday Adeniyi Adegeye (KSA) was Chief Launcher, reports that Ekimogun has shelved its traditional festival garbs of yesteryears Things are fast changing in the globalising world. African culture, tradition, religion, language and ways of life have been the worst for it right from when Western civilisation and religion berthed on the coasts of Africa in the garbs of colonialism and imperialism. Even in contemporary times, these twin agents of Western aggression against traditional Africa have continue their pull-it-down agenda against African culture and religion with the rise of globalisation and Pentecostalism. Today, the relics of what survived the Western onslaught are nothing but mangled remains of what used to be originally African.

14. Sculture Info The city of owo, to the southeast of Yorubaland ndako gboya appears to be indigenous;a spirit diversity of sculptural tradition among peoples inhabiting the http://users.pandora.be/african-shop/sculpture-info.htm

Home african art statues african art masks African Art objects ... Outside Africa Art antiques [ sculpture info ] african-art-buying-tips.htm bookmarks Stolen-art News African Art Auctions Fairs Exhibitions ... About You Sculptures and associated arts This page was made with the help from Britannica , follow the link for more related articles but they aren't free as in the past anymore. Although wood is the best-known medium of African sculpture, many others are employed: copper alloys, iron, ivory, pottery, unfired clay, and, infrequently, stone. Unfired clay is and probably always was the most widely used medium in the whole continent, but, partly because it is so fragile and therefore difficult to collect, it has been largely ignored in the literature. Join our interesting discussion list (300 members now): Click to subscribe to AfricanAntiques Join our newsletter: What is your name? Where are you from? What do you collect? E-mail address? Small Daima clay figures. Neolitic period.

15. GEOG332 which limits navigation examples include Yewa, owo, Osun, Ogun the shaking up ofthe peoples in southern OF THE HISTORY OF THE indigenous HERITAGE revealed http://www.siue.edu/~fodemer/geog332.htm

Home Teaching Research Service ... Contact Us GEOG332: GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA SYLLABUS FOR GEOG332: GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA SPRING Semester Instructor: Francis O. ODEMERHO , Ph.D. Office: Bldg III, Room 1402. Phone: DESCRIPTION: The course describes the land and peoples of Africa and attempts to explain the varied socio-economic, cultural and political landscapes of the continent in light of its triple heritage, resource endowments, resource utilization and global relations. COURSE OBJECTIVE: In this course, students should be able to: identify all African countries and recognize its major geographic regions; locate on African maps its major relief features; understand the rich history of Africa and its peoples; understand why most African countries are relatively less developed; relate to African problems like: drought, health, refugee and food shortages and develop appropriate database for a better interpretation of African situations and issues. COURSE OUTLINE TOPICS READINGS* 1. General Introduction: A World View of Africa 2. Africa: Location, Geology and Landforms Chap. 1

16. Nigeria Nexus owo is a rather quiet town of great historical Officers Jailed This Day, 10July00The peoples Democratic Party (PDP newly farmed out to an indigenous crude oil http://www.internews.org/nigeria/politics_inbrief.htm

News In Brief Fourth Republic Petropolitics International Relations Economy ... Search Fourth Republic Clinton Lays It On The Line For Nigeria AllAfrica.com, 28August00 President Clinton has spelled out the major economic challenges facing Nigeria and warned that debt relief will only come once the country has demonstrated that it is will not continue to fritter away oil revenues and will invest the savings from deft relief wisely. Clinton Ends Visit to Nigeria AllAfrica.com, 28August00 President Bill Clinton left Nigeria early Monday for Arusha, Tanzania, after a three- day visit aimed at showing American support for Nigeria's fledgling democracy, which he described as the most important political transition in Africa since the end of apartheid. Clinton Backs War Against AIDS With N1bn The Vanguard President Bill Clinton of the United States of America (USA) urged Nigerians, yesterday, not to allow the scourge of HIV/AIDS wipe out the country's democratic gains. Democracy Worth Sacrificing for -Obasanjo Speech The Vanguard President Clinton; your Excellencies, distinguished ladies and gentlemen. It is, indeed, a matter of joy and pride for any country and for any leader to play host to the President of the United States of America, especially if that President is as exceptional as Mr. William Jefferson Clinton.

17. Riikka Korpela's Categorized And Commented Nigeria Links of Katsina, Oba of Benin, Olowo of owo, Oni of indigenous African Resource Managementof a Tropical Rain Forest traditional religion of the Yoruba peoples there http://media.urova.fi/~rkorpela/niglink.html

18. Consulate General Of Nigeria Ibadan was until recently the largest indigenous African city Iloro Water Falls, EbomiLake and the Museum at owo. of Kano and of the Hausa and Fulani peoples. http://www.nigeria-consulate-ny.org/This is Nigeria_files/m_history_people.htm

Home Contact Staff HISTORY AND PEOPLE NIGERIA Much has been said and written about Nigeria, her people and culture, economy and politics, that sheds light on the tremendous potential of this African Giant. However, little is known to the outside world about the many exciting tourist attractions available in Nigeria: Historic sites nestled amid rivers and rain forests, breathtaking mountain vistas, remote creek villages, miles of pristine beaches and exotic national wildlife reserves. There are also museums, festivals, music and dance, a rich cultural melange right down to everyday traditional markets. These are just some of the spectacular sights and sensual delights awaiting the traveler to Nigeria. Nigeria has the largest population of any country in Africa (about 120 million), and the greatest diversity of cultures, ways of life, cities and terrain. With a total land area of 923,768 sq. km. (356,668 sq. mi.) Nigeria is the 14th largest country in Africa. Its coastline, on the Gulf of Guinea, stretches 774 km (480 mi.). Nigeria shares its international border of 4,470 km (2513 mi.) with four neighbors: Chad, Cameroon, Benin, and Niger. Until 1989 the capital was Lagos, with a population of about 2,500,000, but the government recently moved the capital to Abuja.

19. LANGUAGE, CULTURE, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY and dispossession regarding the indigenous language that adoption by all the peoplesof africa fitina”, “kudi”, “eego”, “owo”, “aboki”, “ore http://www.africanphilosophy.com/afphil/vol1.1/bewaji.html

Journal on African Philosophy (2002) ISSN: 1533-1067 LANGUAGE, CULTURE, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND PHILOSOPHY J. A. I. Bewaji It is proverbial that what distinguishes human languages from their subhuman antecedents and animal contemporaries are their infinitely remarkable capacity for production and reproduction of endlessly new combinations. Let me begin by making a few rather oversimplified general statements. These will help us appreciate the gravity of the problem on hand and, thus, facilitate the discussion that follows: First, language is the medium in which all animals that have the facility communicate ideas, impressions, information, displeasure, warnings, etc. Consequently, language serves in the interactive process. Hence, there are various forms of language, the most obvious of which is verbal. Other forms are sign, symbol, graph, etc. Thirdly, language (retroactively) identifies and distinguishes. It confers socio-cultural traits, creating mannerisms and imposing gestural constraints. It protects the traditions of those that have distinct languages from invasive tendencies, enhances the independence of linguistic groups and is a basis for developing national pride and identity in relevant situations. is , to represent such phenomena in neologic forms. This is evident in the way that science, broadly conceived as the episteme (and in some sense, the metaphysic) of nature, proceeds in such instances.

20. CHRRD-Benin-City-2002.V.16 grassroots African civil society needs to identify indigenous solutions. South Asia,and it is these peoples that have isu eni bajina, a ma nda owo boje”, or http://www.chrrd.kabissa.org/CHRRD-Benin-City.htm

CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CHRRD CONFERENCE TITLE: Politics, Society and Rights in Traditional Societies: Models and Prescriptions for Contemporary Nation Building in Nigeria. A two-day conference organized by the Benin Institute in collaboration with the Carnegie Council for Ethics and International Affairs, 16th-17th May, 2002. ARTICLE TITLE: CBO Involvement and Participation in Local Government Decision Making: the CHRRD Experience in Southwest Nigeria CO-AUTHORS: Comrade Mashood Erubami, Executive Director, Centre for Human Rights Research and Development, Ibadan Mr. Ian R. Young, Research and Documentation Officer, Centre for Human Rights Research and Development, Ibadan ( CUSO Coöperant AUTHORS’ ADDRESS: Centre for Human Rights Research and Development, 37, Old Ife Road, Opposite Green Springs Hotel, P.O. Box 1084, Agodi Post Office, Ibadan, Oyo State, NIGERIA, West Africa. Tel. ABSTRACT From 2000 to the present, the Centre for Human Rights Research and Development, a ten-employee independent NGO based in Ibadan, with financial support from the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Lagos, and the United States Information Service, Lagos, has embarked upon a unique series of civil society-building workshops at the local government level in Oyo, Osun, Ondo, Ekiti, Kogi and Kwara States. Approximately 800 individuals have attended these workshops, representing civil servants, councillors and chairs of local government administrations, traditional rulers, market women, farmers, labourers, NGOs and social activists, students, police, and others.

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