41. ORB --Crusades Political and military Background. the first century AD, the religion known as Christianityarose in Palestine and spread rapidly throughout the roman empire. http://orb.rhodes.edu/encyclop/religion/crusades/Crusade_Back.html

ORB Online Encyclopedia Crusades Political and Military Background Paul Crawford To begin to answer the question, "What were the Crusades?" one must first consider the history of Europe and the Middle East in the millenium before 1095. Beginning in the first century A.D., the religion known as Christianity arose in Palestine and spread rapidly throughout the Roman Empire. By the end of the fourth century, the Roman Empire had become officially and primarily Christian, as a result of peaceful missionary activity from within society (later church, or canon, law in fact forbade forced conversions). Jerusalem, Palestine and Syria, all within the boundaries of the Roman Empire, became predominantly Christian (the Jewish population of Jerusalem had been largely dispersed by pagan Roman authorities following the Jewish anti-Roman revolts of A.D. 66-70 and 132-135, and few Jews remained in the area). In the seventh century A.D., the religion known as Islam arose in the Arabian peninsula. Like Christianity, Islam officially condemned forced conversions. But unlike Christianity, Islam instructed its followers to ensure that the world was under the political control of the Faithful. Hence Islam's political domination could be, and was, spread by the sword. Carried on the backs of Arab cavalry, Islam burst out of Arabia and quickly took control of the Middle East. Byzantium and Persia, the two powers in the area, were exhausted by prolonged conflict with each other. Persia was completely defeated and absorbed into the Islamic world. The Middle Eastern armies of the Christian Byzantine Empire were defeated and annihilated in 636, and Jerusalem fell in 638. Through the rest of the seventh century, Arab armies advanced inexorably northwards and westwards.

42. WWHTR Classical Roman Empire Military Imperial Rome Warfare Conquered Lands romanLegionarthumb.gif roman Legionnaire(approximate loading time 5 sec) RArmyCrossDanubeTrajSculptthumb http://www.washburn.edu/reference/hiweb/ClassicalMed/Rome/RomeEmpireWar.html

43. Chapter 1D The roman empire. roman chariots sped military personnel and important civilofficials over the vast expanses of the roman road system. http://www.imh.org/imh/kyhpl1d.html

Chapter 1D A Chronological History of Humans and Their Relationship With the Horse Table of Contents 55 MILLION B.C. - 450 A.D. THE FIRST HORSES - ATTILA THE HUN THE FIRST HORSES Hyracotherium (eohippus) - 55 Million Years Ago Mesohippus - 40 Million Years Ago Merychippus - 25 Millions Years Ago Pliohippus - 10 Million Years Ago EARLY CIVILIZATION, 30,000 B.C. Prehistoric Equine Art The Cave Horses Resemble Today's Przewalski Horse THE DOMESTICATION OF THE HORSE The Horse: Prehistoric Prey The Horse: Cow of the Steppes Pack Animal for a People on the Move THE WHEEL Early Man Has the Cart Before the Horse Horse and Wagon: Speed and Power The Yoke, 800 B.C. Anatomy of on Ancient Wheel - 1,500 B.C. Harnessing the Horse's Power Kikulli, 1,350 B.C: "The Care and Feeding of the Chariot Horse" THE RELUCTANT RIDER, 1,350 B.C. Early Attempts at Riding Early Controling Devices The Mysterious Grandeur of the Etruscan Horsemen, 1,000-509 B.C. The Sythians: Mastering the Art of War on Horseback - 800 B.C.

44. The Roman Army In Britain is used where there is evidence of roman military personnel but the type of sitecan not be identified. THE PURPOSE OF THE SITES. In the early empire forts were http://www.morgue.demon.co.uk/Pages/Other_stuff/SITES.HTM

INTRODUCTION Britain was a province of the Roman Empire for 400 years. During that time the Roman army used over 550 sites as forts, temporary camps or depots. Some like the legionary fortresses at York and Chester were occupied for several hundred years, whilst at the other extreme some marching camps may have been used for a single night. SITES INCLUDED IN THE GAZETTEER Fortresses either about 20 hectares in size and holding a complete legion or smaller at around 10 - 15 hectares in size, and holding either a full legion or several of its cohorts, sometimes with auxiliary troops. The term 'vexillation fortresses' was coined by British archaeologists for these smaller sized sites, but in this gazetteer the single term 'fortress' is used Whether the smaller fortresses were built for a campaign (aestiva) or as winter quarters (hiberna) is not clear. The classic vexillation fortresses known so far are in the south of Britain and are more likely to be associated with campaigns in the pre-Flavian period and before the garriosn had settled into the pattern that is broadly followed from 100 AD to the end of the Empire. . It is also possible that these 'fortresses' were occupied by brigaded auxiliary regiments. Forts usually accommodating auxiliary units and around 1 - 3 hectares in size, though examples of under 1 ha and over 4 ha are known.

45. Roman Military Bibliography and King eds 1984 military and Civilian in roman Britain. Cultural relationshipsin a frontier province. BAR 136 Oxford 16186, ARMY, LATE-empire, NATIVE. http://www.morgue.demon.co.uk/Pages/Biblio/Pages/Subjects/LEMPIRE.HTML

Keywords includes Late-Empire, alphabetically by author Davies, J. L., 1991 Roman Military Deployment in Wales and the Marches from Pious to Theodosius I. In Maxfield and Dobson eds, Roman Frontier Studies 1989: 15th International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies. University of Exeter. Exeter WALES MID-EMPIRE , LATE-EMPIRE Goodburn, R. and Bartholomew, P., 1976 Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum. BAR International Series 15: Oxford LATE-EMPIRE, ARMY LIMES Hassall, M., 1976 Britain in the Notitia. In Goodburn and Bartholomew 1976: Aspects of the Notitia Dignitatum. BAR International Series 15: Oxford: 103-17 LATE-EMPIRE, LIMES ARMY Hassall, M., 1977 The historical background and military units of the Saxon shore. In Johnston The Saxon Shore. CBA Research Report 18: 7-10 SAXON SHORE ARMY , LATE-EMPIRE, LIMES James, S., 1984 Britain and the late Roman army. In Blagg and King eds 1984: Military and Civilian in Roman Britain. Cultural relationships in a frontier province. BAR 136: Oxford: 161-86 ARMY , LATE-EMPIRE, NATIVE Johnson, S., 1976

46. The Roman Empire And Its Germanic Peoples kingdoms, and won political and military recognition from which blended with the historyof the empire. Germanic peoples neither destroyed the roman world nor http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6269.html

Entire Site Books Journals E-Editions The Press Herwig Wolfram The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples Translated by Thomas Dunlap. Publication Date: November 1997 Subjects: Classics Ancient History Medieval History European History ... German Studies Rights: World 379 pages, 6 x 9 inches, 11 Clothbound Available Now Description About the Author Related Books "[Wolfram's] detailed survey makes clear the breathtaking transformation wrought by the Germanic tribes." Kirkus Reviews "[A] classic work. . . . This clever and subtle text . . . comes over clearly, unravelling the kaleidoscopic hybridity of the world of Goths, Vandals, Huns, Burgundians, Franks and Lombards." Times Literary Supplement "[Wolfram] explores the high points in the history of a number of closely related Germanic societies as they faced the power of the Roman Empire and Roman imperial society. . . . This is a learned, sophisticated, and valuable bookone which can address the interests of people on all levels of erudition."Robert L. Benson, co-editor of Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century DESCRIPTION (back to top) The names of early Germanic warrior tribes and leaders resound in songs and legends; the real story of the part they played in reshaping the ancient world is no less gripping. Herwig Wolfram's panoramic history spans the great migrations of the Germanic peoples and the rise and fall of their kingdoms between the third and eighth centuries, as they invaded, settled in, and ultimately transformed the Roman Empire.

47. Royalty.nu - The Roman Empire - The Personal Life Of Julius Caesar Caesar as a military Leader. A history of the art of war among the romans down tothe end of the roman empire, with a detailed account of the campaigns of Gaius http://www.royalty.nu/Europe/Rome/Caesar.html

Royalty.nu World Royalty Europe Italy ... Rome > Caesar > Books About Caesar Search Julius Caesar Young Caesar If you don't know much about Roman history, it may surprise you to learn that Julius Caesar was not born royal and it is debatable whether he should be called an emperor. But he set the stage for the restoration of Rome's monarchy and founded a family that ruled the empire for nearly 100 years. He was born around 100 BC and named Gaius Julius Caesar after his father, a low-ranking Roman official. Young Caesar's mother, Aurelia, was the daughter of a former consul. The family was not extremely wealthy or powerful, but they were well-connected members of Rome's aristocracy, the patrician class. Caesar was proud of his ancestry, claiming to be descended from both the legendary Roman king Ancus Marcius and the goddess Venus. Nonetheless, his family was identified with the popular or democratic party; his aunt Julia married the "new man" Gaius Marius, who had risen from a humble background to become a prominent politician and general. When Caesar was 15 or 16, his father died. At that time Rome was engaged in a civil war, and Caesar made it clear which side he was on by marrying Cornelia, daughter of the popular leader Cinna. The marriage did not turn out to be a good career move for Caesar in the long run. Cinna was murdered and his enemy Sulla seized control of the government. Sulla ordered Caesar to divorce Cornelia, but Caesar refused and went into hiding to avoid arrest. Eventually Sulla was persuaded to pardon the rebellious young man, but he warned his followers that Caesar would be the ruin of the patrician party.

48. Hail Bush: A New Roman Empire of the world since the roman empire. But is the comparison apt? Are the Americansthe new romans? The most obvious similarity is overwhelming military strength http://www.prisonplanet.com/news_alert_092002_worldgov.html

Hail Bush: A new Roman empire Sydney Morning Herald 09/20/02 Original Link: http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/09/19/1032054915705.html They came, they saw, they conquered. Now the United States dominates the world. With the rise of the New Age Roman empire, Jonathan Freedland asks how long before the fall? The word of the hour is empire. As the United States marches to war, no other label quite seems to capture the scope of American power or the scale of its ambition. "Sole superpower" is accurate enough, but seems oddly modest. "Hyperpower" might appeal to the French; "hegemon" is favoured by academics. But empire is the big one, the gorilla of geopolitical designations - and suddenly the US is bearing its name. Of course, enemies of the US have shaken their fist at its "imperialism" for decades: they are doing it again now, as Washington wages a global "war against terror" and braces itself for a campaign aimed at "regime change" in a foreign, sovereign state. What is more surprising, and much newer, is that the notion of a US empire has suddenly become a live debate inside the US. And not just among Europhile liberals either, but across the range - from left to right. Today a liberal dissenter such as Gore Vidal, who called his most recent collection of essays on the US The Last Empire, finds an ally in the likes of conservative columnist Charles Krauthammer, who earlier this year told The New York Times, "People are coming out of the closet on the word 'empire'." He argued that Americans should admit the truth and face up to their responsibilities as the undisputed masters of the world. And it wasn't any old empire he had in mind. "The fact is, no country has been as dominant culturally, economically, technologically and militarily in the history of the world since the Roman empire."

49. 107Diocletian.html E. Luttwak, The Grand Strategy of the roman empire (Baltimore, 1976); A. Ferrill,The Fall of the roman empire.The military Explanation (London, 1986); http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/schools/hums/byzmodgreek/A107/107Diocletian.html

Back to Introduction Course A107: From Late Antiquity to Byzantium Diocletian and 'Recovery' Dates Diocletian Maximian co-emperor Galerius and Constantius Caesars 303 Persecution of Christians: Edicts 305 Diocletian and Maximian abdicate: Galerius and Constantius Augusti Constantius dies Galerius dies: buried at Romuliana: see Sources and Documents: Lewis and Reinhold, Roman Civilization II, esp. 456-74 Eusebius, History of the Church VIII Lactantius, On the Deaths of the Persecutors (trans,. J. Creed, 1984) Bibliography CAH XII, chs. 9-11 A.H.M.Jones, The Later Roman Empire , ch. on Diocletian Metropolitan Museum of Art New York, N.Y The age of Diocletian, a symposium, December 14-16, 1951 (New York, 1953) M. I. Finley ' The Emperor Diocletian ', in Aspects of antiquity : discoveries and controversies (New York, 1968) [very hostile]; T. D. Barnes, The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine ( Harvard, 1982) S. Williams, Diocletian and the Roman Recovery (New York, 1985) Averil Cameron, The Later Roman Empire , chap. 3

50. EAWC Chronology: Rome Though his reorganization of Rome ends the chaotic military exchange of rule, hiseasternization of the roman empire redistributes the wealth to the East and http://eawc.evansville.edu/chronology/ropage.htm

Chronology: Rome Navigate the EAWC Internet Index Chronology Essays Images Sites Texts Global The Near East India Egypt China Greece Rome Early Islam Medieval Europe Search the Ancient and Medieval Internet 1000 BCE : Rome - Indo-European immigrants slowly inhabit Italy by way of the Alps. They bring the horse, the wheeled cart, and artistic knowledge of bronze work to the Italian peninsula. Two different groups, the Greeks and the Etruscans, occupy different regions of the peninsula during the eighth century. 753 BCE : Rome - Archeological research indicates that the founders of Rome itself are Italic people who occupy the area south of the Tiber River. By the sixth century BCE, Rome will have become the dominant power of most of its surrounding area. Their conservative government consists of a kingship, resembling the traditional values of the patriarchal family; an assembly, composed of male citizens of military age; and a Senate, comprised of elders who serve as the heads of different community sects. 600 BCE : Rome - The Etruscans, believed to be natives of Asia Minor, establish cities stretching from northern to central Italy. Their major contributions to the Romans are the arch and the vault, gladiatorial combat for entertainment and the study of animals to predict future events. The Greeks establish city-states along the southern coast of Italy and the island of Sicily. Their contributions to the Romans are the basis of the Roman alphabet, many religious concepts and artistic talent as well as mythology.

51. UNF Core I: Section 12: Late Antiquity Costs. The military was expensive spent a lot of money on the army. Needed taxationto support. Little plunder as rich areas were mostly in roman empire. http://www.unf.edu/classes/freshmancore/halsall/core1-12.htm

University of North Florida History Dept Freshman Core Page Halsall Homepage Section Contents Readings Discussion Search ... Music UNF Core I: Western Civilization to 1715 Section : Late Antiquity Introduction: This Section's Goals Text Multimedia Outline ... Discussion Questions Introduction: This Section's Goals By the end of this section students should be able to: Know that the Roman Empire did not "fall" in 476. Explain the concept of "late antiquity" Identify three theories for collapse of Roman rule in the West, and give the arguments for and against them: Roman decadence the effects of Christianity Barbarian invasions Explain the "economic argument." Explain why the Roman Empire continued to be strong in the East. Text Sherman 159-63, 170-79 Diocletian and Constantine. Efforts to Stabilize the Economy [web] Supplementary Reading Procopius: Alaric's Sack of Rome Additional Reading Late Antiquity [Ancient History Sourcebook] End of the Classical World [Medieval Sourcebook] Multimedia Music See Blackboard for MP3 files Pictures: History Map: The Mediterranean World on Eve of Germanic Invasions Bust of the Emperor Gallienus Bust of Numerian Bust of Diocletian ... Statue of the Tetrarchs in Venice;

52. UNF Core I: Section 10: The Roman Empire military Revolution 284305 Diocletian and Maximian. IV. The Civic Basis of ClassicalCivilization. Size of roman empire - 3000 miles - much bigger than in http://www.unf.edu/classes/freshmancore/halsall/core1-10.htm

University of North Florida History Dept Freshman Core Page Halsall Homepage Section Contents Readings Discussion Search ... Movies UNF Core I: Western Civilization to 1648 Section : The Roman Empire Introduction: This Section's Goals Text Multimedia Outline ... Discussion Questions Introduction: This Section's Goals By the end of this section students should be able to: Explain how Augustus was able to become a monarchical ruler but to preserve the forms of a Res publica. Identify the problems Augustus left his successors. Discuss the economic basis of Roman society and the problems that lead to for long term stability. Text Sherman 144-159 Strabo. The Grandeur of Rome [web] Juvenal. Satire III: On the City of Rome [web] Supplementary Reading The Deeds of the Divine Augustus Additional Reading Rome [Ancient History Sourcebook] Multimedia Music See Blackboard for MP3 files Pictures: History Julius Caesar Cicero Octavian Augustus ... Antoninus Pius Expansion and Empire Cleopatra VII Buldings: Rome The Pantheon Buldings: Provinces Leptis Magna North Africa The Aquaduct at Caesarea Roman Town , Beth Shean, Israel Roman Theatre , Beth Shean, Israel Roman Bathhouse , Hamat Gader, Israel Daily Life Roman Couple , Pompei 1st Cent BCE Domestic Slavery painting Roman Gladiators Mosaic, 4th Cent CE

53. Hadrians Wall, Extent Of The Roman Empire southern Britain proceeded fairly smoothly by a combination of military might and thatwhat is now Scotland should also be incorporated into the roman empire. http://www.aboutscotland.com/hadrian/

About Scotland History: One of the greatest monuments to the power - and limitations - of the Roman Empire, Hadrian's Wall ran for 73 miles across open country. Why was it built? At the time of Julius Ceasar's first small invasion of the south coast of Britain in 55 BC, the British Isles, like much of mainland Europe was inhabited by many Celtic tribes loosely united by a similar language and culture but nevertheless each distinct. He returned the next year and encountered the 4000 war chariots of the Catevellauni in a land "protected by forests and marshes, and filled with a great number of men and cattle." He defeated the Catevellauni and then withdrew, though not before establishing treaties and alliances. Thus began the Roman occupation of Britain. By the time Hadrian became Emperor in 117 AD the Roman Empire had ceased to expand. Hadrian was concerned to consolidate his boundaries. He visited Britain in 122 AD, and ordered a wall to be built between the Solway Firth in the West and the River Tyne in the east "to separate Romans from Barbarians". Page 2: The Building of the Wall Page 3: A Roman Fort Page 4: Roman Objects from Chesters

54. 33. The Growth Of The Roman Empire. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History Of The Wor chiefly important as marking the transition from the phase of military adventurersto the beginning of the fourth stage in roman expansion, the Early empire. http://www.bartleby.com/86/33.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. H.G. Wells A Short History of the World PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD H.G. Wells A Short History of the World. XXXIII.

55. G. The Holy Roman Empire. 2001. The Encyclopedia Of World History Holy roman empire sided with Dutch against Louis XIV aggression. 11. 1681. The Reichskriegsverfaung (imperial military declaration) passed in the Imperial Diet. http://www.bartleby.com/67/752.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference The Encyclopedia of World History g. The Holy Roman Empire PREVIOUS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Encyclopedia of World History. g.

56. Roman Wars - Books On The Legions Of Rome Guardians of the roman empire by Osprey military The Praetorian Guardin detail arms, organisation, equipment and history. Paperback http://www.dropbears.com/b/broughsbooks/military/roman_wars.htm

Roman Wars Books on the campaigns of the Caesars Related Books Roman Empire Roman Emperors Hannibal Julius Caesar ... UK Bookstore Departments Military Models Military Magazines Military Posters Military Calendars ... War Movies Best Sellers Posters Military Posters Browse Powell's Military Books Adrianople AD 378 : The Goths Crush Rome's Legions Campaign by Simon MacDowall (Paperback - April 2001) Appian's Roman History : The Civil Wars by Appian, Horace White Appian, Horace White (Translator) Hardcover Vol 004 (June 1979) Harvard Univ Pr; ISBN: 0674990064 Aeneas Tacticus Asclepiodotus Onasander (Lcl, 156) Aeneas Tacticus Paperback Published by Harvard Univ Pr December 1987 ISBN: 0674991729 Delivery sometimes delayed. Cannae 216 BC : Hannibal Smashes Rome's Army (Campaign Series, No 36) by Mark Healy Listed under Hannibal Caesar's Legion: The Epic Saga of Julius Caesar's Elite Tenth Legion and the Armies of Rome by Stephen Dando-Collins "A unique and splendidly researched story, following the trials and triumphs of Julius Caesar’s Legio X –arguably the most famous legion of its day– from its activation to the slogging battle of Munda and from Thapsus, Caesar’s tactical masterpiece, to the grim siege of the Jewish fortress of Masada." –T. R. Fehrenbach, author of This Kind of War, Lone Star

57. The Roman Empire of villages on seven hills and the earliest kings, to the Republic, to the empire,and it is still with us. The roman culture and military which created and http://www.reenactor.net/Ancient/roman/roman_main.html

Site Contents Main Dynamic Events Calendar "Ancient" Periods of Reenacting The Roman Empir e Event Listings Reenacting Groups in Europe Sutlers/Vendors Reading Lists Ask Questions Guestbook Links T/A Webmaster Contact: Richard Campbell The Romans "All roads lead to Rome" The Rome's tenacity towards any adversity created a world that lasted over a thousand years. Roman culture evolved through that time, from a small collection of villages on seven hills and the earliest kings, to the Republic, to the Empire, and it is still with us. The Roman culture and military which created and held this together is a fascinating study of organization, arts, economics, discipline, technology and thinking. Reenacting Rome is very popular in Europe and the United States, and new groups appear regularly. Reenactment now encompasses military (infantry and cavalry), civilians, gladiators as well as Rome's enemies, and ranges from strictly historical to mock warfare. Moreover, it is now possible to assemble an accurate soldier's or civilian's impression from existing suppliers. Where are the Roman reenactment groups?

58. The Mediterranean And The Dilemma Of The Roman Empire In Late Antiquity Prudence, lack of military activity and lack of clearly framed – Marcian Easternempire might enjoy peace price complete abandonment roman imperial tradition http://www.revision-notes.co.uk/revision/388.html

RevisionNotes.Co.Uk - Free Revision and Course Notes for UK Students Home University History Early European : The Mediterranean and the Dilemma of the Roman Empire in Late antiquity Revision Notes GCSE A-Level University IB User Options Search My Revision Notes Bookmark Page Contribute Contribute Work Other Sites Essay Bank Coursework.Info Custom Research The Mediterranean and the Dilemma of the Roman Empire in Late antiquity Save this page for later viewing View Saved Pages INTRO KEY POINTS · Interdependence Byzantium and Sassanian Persian Empire that meant West and East drifted apart.  · Justinian wars of reconquest doomed to failure as broke symbiotic relationship with Persia in the Fertile Crescent 5 th century.  War east and west – weakened both B and SP helped triumph Islam early 7 th PIRENNE AND THE MEDITERRANEAN · Roman empire fundamentally a Mediterranean power – Augustlus saying go no further, but 14 CE not much more gained. · Pirenne: vital link between Eastern an Western parts.  Islam causing crisis which disrupted flow of trade between the two – critically hurting the West. Moves back on economic and cultural resources – shifts centre of gravity northwards to central Europe and Rhine · Mediterranean very important – even name implies closeness and familiarity (mare nostrum).

59. Late Roman Military Bibliography 1 (1990), 139160 Dennis, GT, Three Byzantine military Treatises (Washington romanFortifications (London, 1983) Jones, AHM, The Late roman empire (Oxford, 1964 http://www.fiu.edu/~eltonh/warfare/lrmilbib.html

Late Roman Military Bibliography This page contains a short bibliography on the Late Roman Army between 300 and 600. It does not pretend to be comprehensive. For a much larger and wider-ranging bibliography, see the Warfare in the Roman World page. Austin, N.J.E., Ammianus on Warfare (Brussels, 1979) Blockley, R.C., East Roman Foreign Policy (Leeds, 1992) Burns, T S., Barbarians within the Gates of Rome (Indiana, 1994) Cameron, A. and Long, J., Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius (Berkeley, 1993) Coello, T., Unit Sizes in the Late Roman Army BAR S645 (Oxford, 1996) Coulston, J.C., 'Later Roman Armour, 3rd-6th centuries AD', Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies Dennis, G.T., Three Byzantine Military Treatises (Washington, 1985) Dennis, G.T., tr., Mauricius, Strategikon (Philadelphia, 1984) Elton, H.W., Warfare in Roman Europe: AD 350-425 (Oxford, 1996) Foss, C. and Winfield D., Byzantine Fortifications: An Introduction (Pretoria, 1986) Frank, R.I., Scholae Palatinae (Rome, 1969)

60. Military History Of The Byzantine Empire military History. HowardJohnston, JD, 'Heraclius' Persian Campaigns and theRevival of the East roman empire, 622-630', War in History 6 (1999), 1-44. http://www.fiu.edu/~eltonh/warfare/bhistory.html

Military History of the Byzantine Empire This is a listing of works relevant to particular campaigns and battles in Byzantine history. This is not an attempt to list all work known, but rather the up-to-date and useful. For a general introduction to Byzantine campaigns, see Haldon, J., The Byzantine wars: battles and campaigns of the Byzantine era (Stroud, 2001). Last update: 23rd June, 2002 Questions? Military History This is subdivided into smaller periods. For periods before 476 Croke, B., 'Mundo the Gepid: from Freebooter to Roman General', Chiron Greatrex, G., Rome and Persia at War, 502-532 (Leeds, 1998) Downey, G., 'The Persian Campaign in Syria in AD 540', Speculum Greatrex, G., Rome and Persia at War, 502-532 (Leeds, 1998) Higgins, M.J., The Persian War of the Emperor Maurice: volume 1. Chronology (Washington, 1939) Olster, D., The Politics of Usurpation (Amsterdam, 1993) reviewed in Bryn Mawr Medieval Review Whitby, M., The Emperor Maurice and his Historian (Oxford, 1988) Wozniak, F.E., 'Byzantine Diplomacy and the Lombardic-Gepid Wars', Balkan Studies Ahrweiler, H., 'L'Asie Mineure et les invasions Arabes'

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