81. The Glory That Was Rome - Main Page: Tactics Armor Arms Commanders Leaders An extensive look at the development of the roman Army from the late Republic to the height of the Category Society History By Time Period Ancient Rome military...... of the empire. Campaigns and battles. Tactics and weapons of the roman armies.Siege warfare / fortification. Profiles of the greatest military commanders. http://www.infohistory.com/rome.html

The Glory That Was Rome Lives of The Emperors Great Commanders The Roman Army Siege Warfare and Artillery ... Be Sure To Visit My Roman Video Store S.P.Q.R. Senatus Populusque Romanus (Senate and People of Rome) From an obscure beginning Rome grew into a vast empire stretching from Britain to the Persian Gulf and ruling eighty million subjects. In all but name however Rome was an empire long before Augustus came to power. The increasingly aggressive and successful foreign policy that the Romans pursued was only temporarily held back by the Celtic sacking of their great city in the year 390 BC. By subduing and conquering first the states of the Italian peninsula then the rest of the Mediterranean and beyond Rome grew in size and power. None of these gains would have been possible without the Roman Legions, the best equipped, trained and disciplined fighting force the world had yet seen. The empire would be held and successfully defended for many centuries by the Roman legions. Corruption, civil unrest, and barbarian invaders would force this great civilization to relocate it's capital and with it the heart of the empire to Constantinople. The glory that was Rome lived on as the foundation for this new seat of power. In turn the Byzantium Empire would endure for more than a thousand years and from its ashes the fire that would become the Renaissance was lit. The Roman Legion The core of the Roman legion consisted of heavily armored infantry. Disciplined and well trained these soldiers fought in closed ranks. At every level the men of a legion fought together toward ultimate victory. In contrast most of the armies Rome faced were warrior based where each man fought for personal glory. This combination of superior organization and disciplined armored infantry gave the Romans a tremendous advantage in battle.

82. ClSt 200 - Remythologizing Once most of Italy was under roman control, the romans began military exploits beyond whopresided over a powerful North African empire, which dominated http://www.classics.upenn.edu/myth/remyth/romanempire.php

83. Heritage Antique Map Sales, Auctions, And Museum - Maps And History Navigator General Ancient Celts Ireland Scotland Wales roman empire AngloSaxons Wars IndustrializationVictorian Era and empire British military World War I http://www.carto.com/links_britisles.htm

Maps and History Navigator British Isles On this page... British Isles, General Ancient Celts Ireland Scotland ... Britain, Historical Timeline General Original Historical Texts The Ancient Celts Ancient Celt Page The Celts What We Don't Know About the Ancient Celts Society and Culture of the Irish Celts ... The Archaeology of Ancient Ireland Ireland Irish History on the Web Concise History of Ireland The Saint Columba Home Page The Book of Kells- Trinity College, Dublin ... The Northern Ireland Conflict Scotland History of Scotland Scotland's History Discover the History of Scotland A Brief History of Scotland ... The Scots at War Project Wales History and Culture of Wales Castles of Wales Roman Empire (see the Italy section on our Europe page) The Anglo-Saxons Regia Anglorum: Anglo-Saxon, Viking, and British Living History Anglo-Saxon England Anglo-Saxon Living History Sutton Hoo Online ... The Battle of Maldon The Norman Conquest and the Medieval Period Battle of Hastings 1066 1066 Archive The Battle of Hastings Thomas Becket ... Wars of the Roses Tudors, Stuarts, and Civil War Welcome to Tudor England The House of Tudor HMS Mary Rose Lady Jane Grey ... The Glorious Revolution The 18th Century English History 1640-1760 The Bubble Project The Age of George III Napoleonic Wars (see our Napoleonic Wars page) Industrialization Life of the Industrial Worker in 19th-century England The Industrial Revolution Victorian Era and Empire The British Empire The Battle of Balaklava in 1854 The Indian Mutiny The General Hector Macdonald Homepage British Military Land Forces of Britain, Empire, and Commonwealth

84. .Old Roman Coins For Special Collectors: Late Roman Empire & Byzantine Augustus 364375 AD Flavius Valentinianus was the last man to found a dynasty, onethat ruled the roman empire for 91 years. He was a military commander under http://www.oldromancoins.com/rempir6.htm

~~ Established 1998 ~~ Our 5th year on the Internet ~~ CLICK HERE To place an order, ask a question, or make a comment or suggestion, and to see our Terms of Sale and Satisfaction and Authenticity Guarantees. LATE ROMAN EMPIRE and BYZANTINE DIOCLETIAN (features of Domitius Domitianus) Diocletian, AR argenteus (3.03g) Alexandria Mint, c. 295 AD, DIOCLET/ ANVS AVG Laureate head right, with facial features of Domitius Domitianus . / PROVIDENTIAE AVGG Four tetrarchs sacrificing before walls, 6 turrets, ALE in exergue. cf. RIC7a(R5) var. (no D symbol to right of walls); RSC427b var. (same). EF, a couple of scrapes, high relief and expressive portrait, the obverse altered from an aureus die of Domitius Domitianus, with legend DOMITIA NVS AVG, the recut first letters slightly smaller. RIC VI notes, "Portraits in this issue can show the features of Domitius Domitianus: cf. Pink, N. Z. 1930, plate 1, 16." The obverse die has been altered from an aureus die of the usurper. Argentii of Domitius Domitianus are not known. The reverse type of this argenteus exemplifies the times of Diocletian with symbolic accuracy, for the Empire was in many parts reduced to walled cities and fortresses, and it was ruled by four men who recognized that in those desperate times their strength was derived from their conformity. ORDER STOCK #CC1430, $

85. Prophecy Central: Revived Roman Empire news.telegraph.co It will be the first time since the roman empire that bread 10,2001 Russia and Europe are actually considering military cooperation. http://www.bible-prophecy.com/roman.htm

Revived Roman Empire Key Scriptures Current Events Links Excerpts From The Prophecy Puzzle See also: New World Order Key Scriptures Click on one of these references to see the passage. Thanks to the services of: And Go To Bible Gateway Go To Blue Letter Bible Includes Commentary Daniel 2:31-35 Further Study Daniel 8:1-12 Further Study ... Further Study In the Blue Letter Bible Click on for Treasury of Scripture or click on underlined reference for a list of commentaries. Return to Top Current Events and Links Notice: Sources often remove their news links after a period of time. Some of them move older stories to a subscription-only section. Even if the story is no longer on line, our summary will still be available on this page. Solana's 'Theory of Relativity' Jan. 9, 2002 - Hal Lindsey reports that Javier Solana, Europe's foreign policy chief, believes that the shared values of America and Europe are really little more than a political myth. Specifically, he feels, America has "far too much religion." And the American view of religion is just too rigid. He is not opposed to all religion, just the American brand of Christianity and the Zionist Jews. Lindsey concludes that, "Europe is perfectly prepared for the Antichrist to come and take them over."

86. Greek And Roman Military Affairs Late Antiquity; military History of the roman empire gone 4/7/01; Modelsof the roman Legion; roman military Armour gone 4/7/01; roman http://users.ipa.net/~tanker/military.htm

Catiline's Army/Navy Page Armamentarium Attila the Hun and the Battle of Chalons gone 4/7/01 Military Affairs in Late Antiquity Military History of the Roman Empire gone 4/7/01 Models of the Roman Legion Roman Military Armour gone 4/7/01 Roman Military Sites in Britain Roman Navy Warfare and Tactics of the Roman Republic gone 4/7/01 Warfare in the Ancient World gone 4/7/01 Return to Bellum Catilinae Home Page

87. Military military, The Groups. The Sword The swords from the roman empire were theclassical picture of a sword parallel sides, and a tapered tip. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/7036/military.html

Military The Groups Legions Each roman army was divided equally into quarters.  Each quarter was called legion, and usually contained 4,200 men; and 300 cavalry.  Though in desperate situations, the ranks could swell to 5,000 men. Each legion was designed to be a team, that had its own commanders. Centuries A group of one hundred men within a legion. Maniples A Group of two centuries. The Ranks These were men in the prime of life and they made up most of the strength of the legion.  They were placed in the front rows, and had full armour (obviously).  They fought with a sword, and two pila,one light and one heavy.  The Hastaii made up the front row, and the Principes made up the second row of fighters. Trarii The trarii were a group of veteran fighters, who used the same things ans the Hastaii and Principes, but instead of a pila, the had a long spear.  The actual fighting rarely reached these men, but if it did, it was a sign that the battle was going poorly for the romans. Velites The velites were a group of light skirmishers.  They, unlike the Hastaii, did not have full armour, although they did have a helmet and a shield.  They were also armed with a sword, but had a only a short javelin as opposed to a pila Cavalry There were about 300 cavalry in each legion, and only wealthy citizens could afford that, because it cost much more to become a cavalry fighter when you were drafted for the army.

88. Custom Termpapers - Term Papers Paradise empire. The political and military perspective help demonstrate thestrength, and ultimately the weakness of the roman empire. The http://www.papersparadise.com/samples/sample_MLA.htm

Sample-1 Custom Termpapers View this page in: [ APA format Chicago/Turabian format MLA Format [Author’s Name] [Instructor’s Name] [Course title] [Date] Fall of the Roman Empire Historians consider a number of factors responsible for the decline of the great Roman Empire. There were social, political and economic reasons alongwith with external threats that lead to the decline. All these factors were interrelated and interconnected. The size of the empire considerably increased after huge conquests by its rulers. The Emperor enjoyed absolute powers within his jurisdiction. He acted as commander in chief of army, high priest, source of law and highest court of appeal. “This worked well with good emperors, but incompetent ones could do great harm”. [Dorrington, Adrian. The fall of Rome]

89. ORB Online Encyclopedia--Collapse Of The Roman Empire ORB Online Encyclopedia Late Antiquity in the Mediterranean The Collapse of the roman empireMilitary Aspects Modern historians explain the collapse of the western roman empire in the fourth and fifth centuries in one of two ways. http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/muhlberger/orb/milex.htm

ORB Online Encyclopedia Late Antiquity in the Mediterranean The Collapse of the Roman EmpireMilitary Aspects Hugh Elton Modern historians explain the collapse of the western Roman empire in the fourth and fifth centuries in one of two ways. One group follows an institutional approach, which finds the reasons in the long-term and looks closely at internal structures. A second group has adopted a political approach and looks at short term causes of collapse. The long-term approach is the more traditional of the two. This argument suggests that Diocletian (284-305) and Constantine I (305-337) sowed the seeds of collapse. These emperors split the army into border and mobile components. The border troops became soldier-farmers and declined rapidly in efficiency, though they were still paid. Diocletian and Constantine also allowed many barbarians into the army, which had the result of decreasing its fighting efficiency. These historians argue that the weakness of the border troops meant that emperors needed more mobile troops, so they expanded the army. This in turn increased the number of recruits needed, while a simultaneous reluctance of landowners to lose scarce workers led to the recruitment of the militarily inferior barbarians. This is the traditional interpretation, with a stress on institutional weakness and the barbarian invasions. In various forms it has been followed by Theodore Mommsen, J.B. Bury, Andre Piganiol and Ramsay MacMullen. But others interpret the military events of this period differently, especially A.H.M. Jones, but also Averil Cameron and Hugh Elton. These historians stress that the Eastern empire did not fall when the West collapsed. Because of this, they doubt that internal institutional factors were the primary cause of the collapse. They are also unhappy with the idea of a two-century period of decline that lasted from Diocletian to the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476.

90. Rome: Map Of The Empire Map of the roman empire This map is clickable by province. http://www.dalton.org/groups/Rome/RMap.html

Map of the Roman Empire This map is clickable by province. By clicking within the borders of a certain province on the map, or by clicking on the name of the province below the map, you can link to the resources on the Web that are related to that province of the Roman Empire. The Provinces 1) Baetica ( Hispania Noricum Cappadocia 2) Lusitania ( Hispania Pannonia Pontus 3) Tarraconesis ( Hispania Dalmatia Armenia Inferior 4) Narbonensis ( Gallia Dacia Sophene 5) Aquitania ( Gallia Moesia Osroene 6) Lugdunensis ( Gallia Thracia Commagene 7) Belgica ( Gallia Macedonia Armenia Britannia ... Aegyptus 14) Sicilia ( Italia Lycia Cyrenaica Corsica and Sardinia ... Numidia 16) Alpes Penninae ( Gallia Pamphylia Africa 17) Alpes Cottiae ( Gallia Cyprus Mauretania 18) Alpes Maritimae ( Gallia Cilicia 54) Baleares ( Hispania Return to Rome Home Archaeology Literature ... Search Engines

91. Internet Resources: Rome Map of the roman empire 227 K GIF file taken from Long's Classical Atlas MilitaryAffairs in Late Antiquity By Hugh Elton, Trinity College; prepared by James J http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/ROMINRES.HTM

Roman Internet Resources General Resources History Art Architecture ... Search the Web General Resources The Rome Project The largest catalog of web resources on Roman history and culture on the web; originally authored by David Miele, Columbia University student, and now maintained by Dr. Neil Goldberg, Archaeology Resident at the The Dalton School . Includes Internet directories on Roman military archaeology literature politics ... drama , and religion Roman History Primary Texts The Law of the Twelve Tables Translated by E.H. Warmington, Remains of Old Latin III; site maintained by Dr. Thom Thiebault, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale Octavian/Augustus: Select Testimonia Translated by John Porter , Associate Professor, Department of Classics , Saskatchewan University Pliny, Letter 10.96-97 Pliny's letter to the Emperor Trajan on the Christian "problem"; prepared by James J. O'Donnell, University of Pennsylvania Polybius 8: 11-16: The Constitution of the Roman Republic Translated by John Porter , Associate Professor, Department of Classics , Saskatchewan University Selections from Livy, Books I and II

92. Math Trek : Defending The Roman Empire, Science News Online, Sept. 9, 2000 places to put fire stations, hospitals, fastfood restaurants, or even militaryunits. One classic case goes back to the years of the roman empire's decline. http://www.sciencenews.org/20000909/mathtrek.asp

Home page. Math Trek Defending the Roman Empire Food for Thought Chocolate Therapies (with recipe for Janet’s Chocolate Medicinal Mousse Pie) Science Safari Past and Future Earth TimeLine 70 Years Ago in Science News Week of Sept. 9, 2000; Vol. 158, No. 11 Defending the Roman Empire Ivars Peterson Years ago, when I was in high school and college, the board games Risk and Diplomacy served as wonderful playing fields where I could develop and exercise my tactical and negotiating skills. One issue that often came up in my forays into international intrigue was how to deploy my limited forces to defend far-flung territories while I plotted to conquer the world. Such questions of military strategy can be handled mathematically. Charles S. ReVelle of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore and Kenneth E. Rosing, recently retired from Erasmus University Rotterdam, describe their approach in the August-September American Mathematical Monthly ReVelle is a pioneer in the relatively new and rapidly growing field of location science, which involves the use of mathematical techniques to determine the best places to put fire stations, hospitals, fast-food restaurants, or even military units. One classic case goes back to the years of the Roman empire's decline. In the 3rd century, Rome dominated Europe and could station 50 legions throughout its territories, securing even the most distant lands. A century later, it had only about half as many legions to defend the empire.

93. The Late Roman Empire: The Barracks Emperors as well as the reforms made by Constantine after him brought the period of militaryanarchy to an end, resulting in a renewed, stronger empire that remained http://myron.sjsu.edu/romeweb/LATEROME/art2.htm

Contents Previous Article Next Article The Barracks Emperors A. D. 235 - 284 The years between A. D. 235 and 284 were known as the period of military anarchy or simply as the period of the Barracks Emperors. Ever since the Praetorian Guard had murdered Caligula and set Claudius up as emperor in his place, the army found that it could control the empire and set up a new emperor when they grew tired of the old one. Most of the emperors throughout the Flavian, Antonine and Severan periods which lasted from A. D. 79 through A. D. 235 had been strong enough to resist the Praetorian Guard's attempts to rule the empire in this way. Two notable exceptions were Didius Julianus. After having murdered Pertinax, the Praetorians actually auctioned off the empire to the highest bidder! Didius Julianus outbid the next lower bidder and purchased the throne by offering a bonus of 25,000 sestertii per man. Go to next article: Go back to previous article: Return to Late Roman Empire Table of Contents Return to History and Technology Back Pages - The home page for this entire site. Navigation and Help Roman Emperors Roman Women Interesting Events ... Early Medieval Europe

94. WWW-VL History Index • Ancient Rome — Warfare Militaria History Page; The Armies of the roman empire; Militaryaffairs in late antiquity (Bibliography); Rome's Desert Frontier; http://www.ku.edu/history/index/europe/ancient_rome/VL/Topics/Warfare.htm

WWW-VL HISTORY: ANCIENT ROME WARFARE This page is part of the World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL), the central catalog of which is here ... for ALL words ... for ANY words ... using "AND", "OR", "NOT" Format: Long Short Sort by: Score Time Title Reverse Score Reverse Time Reverse Title Download WWW VL Sherlock Plug-in (Mac OS 8.5 and later; help with installation RETURN TO HISTORY INDEX This is an abridgment of the corresponding page of RomanSites; because of the constant flux, this page is almost inevitably less accurate, less complete, and not as well updated. For keyword search and detailed guidance, you should really see RomanSites, Warfare Ammianus Marcellinus and the Roman Laws of War in the Fourth Century A.D. Looking to the Next War: Laws of War in the Roman Empire, 350 to 380 AD. Catapults in Greek and Roman Antiquity ... RETURN TO INDEX Send comments and suggestions to Lynn H. Nelson

95. The Roman Empire sons fine soilders so after he became a roman citizen he was On his return from militaryservice the son of a to govern ( in the days of the empire ) or stand http://www.iol.ie/~coolmine/typ/romans/romans7.html

The rich and powerful people of ancient Rome were the patricians , who governed the city from the Senate ( the Senate was Romes governing body during the republic voted into office once a year by an Assembly of citizens ), and the equites , or men of property. All the social and most political power was in the hands of a few ancient families, such as Cornelii, the Julii ( the family of the Caesers) and the Aemilii. The Senate lost most of its power under the emperors, but the patrician families still led public opinion. Most patricians had, beside their house at Rome, a family farm in the country and a number of villas in pleasant spots of Latium in central Italy or in the south. Town and contry houses alike were beautifully built and designed for their owner's comfort. The Romans believed in making their sons fine soilders so after he became a Roman citizen he was enlisted on his first military campaign. On his return from military service the son of a patrician almost always entered into politics, and the sons of equites sometimes did the same. A young man first stood for election as an aedile , or city councillor. The aediles looked after the corn supply and public amusements. The next office was that of the

96. MilitaryHistoryOnline.com highlighted the serious problems inherent in disengaging the American militaryfrom Vietnam The Fall of the roman empire by Addison Hart Early in the first http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/

Welcome to Military History Online Search Amazon: All Products Books Popular Music Classical Music DVD VHS Electronics Software Keywords: Write for MHO Write for MHO Civil War Genealogy Civil War Genealogy Civil War Genealogy Forum Ancient King Arthur Roman Invasion of Anglesey Fall of Roman Empire Agricola Renaissance Sir Grenville and The Revenge Horse and Musket Cossack Battle at Korsun Katsu Kaishu Sakamoto Ryoma Civil War ... Picacho Pass, AZ Other 19th Century Rorke's Drift World War I Naval Battles Other 20th Century Franco-Siamese War of 1941 World War II Atlantic Wall - Normandy Battle of Stalingrad D-Day Normandy, France Battle of the Bulge ... US Army in WWII Vietnam War The Role of Air Power Wild Weasels Effects of Vietnamization Wargaming Wargaming Home History of Wargaming Member Pages Bubs McKeag This site awarded "One the Very Best Civil War sites on the Web" ... Gettysburg Fall Muster 2003 (October 24, 2003 - October 26, 2003) Join us for our latest Gettysburg Fall Muster.

97. Target Iraq: No War On Iraq Lesson one in the roman handbook for imperial success 24hour news coverage of USmilitary operations, including Both tell the world this empire is too tough http://www.oceanbooks.com.au/iraq/articles3/298.html

Home Articles index Hail Bush: A new Roman empire By Jonathan Freedland (Guardian, September 20 2002) They came, they saw, they conquered. Now the United States dominates the world. With the rise of the New Age Roman empire, Jonathan Freedland asks how long before the fall? The word of the hour is empire. As the United States marches to war, no other label quite seems to capture the scope of American power or the scale of its ambition. "Sole superpower" is accurate enough, but seems oddly modest. "Hyperpower" might appeal to the French; "hegemon" is favoured by academics. But empire is the big one, the gorilla of geopolitical designations - and suddenly the US is bearing its name. Of course, enemies of the US have shaken their fist at its "imperialism" for decades: they are doing it again now, as Washington wages a global "war against terror" and braces itself for a campaign aimed at "regime change" in a foreign, sovereign state. What is more surprising, and much newer, is that the notion of a US empire has suddenly become a live debate inside the US. And not just among Europhile liberals either, but across the range - from left to right. Today a liberal dissenter such as Gore Vidal, who called his most recent collection of essays on the US The Last Empire, finds an ally in the likes of conservative columnist Charles Krauthammer, who earlier this year told The New York Times, "People are coming out of the closet on the word 'empire'." He argued that Americans should admit the truth and face up to their responsibilities as the undisputed masters of the world. And it wasn't any old empire he had in mind. "The fact is, no country has been as dominant culturally, economically, technologically and militarily in the history of the world since the Roman empire."

98. Mosaic: Sources create the heavierhanded, more militarized empire of Late Since economic and militarycrises were averted, many a glimpse of how the typical roman citizen may http://college.hmco.com/history/west/mosaic/chapter4/module27.html

Unit 4: Late Antiquity / Transformation of Empire A Reaction to Diocletian's Reforms, ca. 315 The Tetrarchs Finding the third-century Empire too vast and beset with turmoil to rule alone, Diocletian, in one of his major reforms, deicided not to rule alone. He created the tetrarchy, a system of four emperors, two senior Augusti and their subordinates and eventual successors, the Caesares . Each Augustus had responsibility for one half the Empire, Diocletian choosing the wealthier east. The Augusti would choose their Caesares on the basis of personal ability, not family connection. Diocletian hoped to solve the succession struggles that had plagued the Empire in this fashion. It worked briefly, but after Diocletian died the relatives of the retired Augusti made war on their appointed successors, plunging the Empire into conflict. A more lasting legacy was division and multiple emperors ruling simultaneously, sometimes in conflict and sometimes not. This sculpture shows the tetrachs in idealized form. Constantine the Great Constantine considered himself “the restorer of the Roman Empire” since he unified it following the collapse of Diocletian’s tertarchy. The militarization of the Empire continued under him as he expanded the use of mobile field armies staffed primarily by barbarians. His numerous treaties with German tribes initiated a policy of conciliation and alliance which eventually led to the formation of barbarian kingdoms within the Western Empire. The reforms of Diocletian and Constantine created a more stable empire, but one which was very distinct from its predecessor.

99. Rome Resources Links to many resources on ancient Rome literature, military, archaeology, religion, drama, philosophy Category Society History By Time Period Ancient Rome Directories...... resource list.). Archaeology Literature military Political GeneralPhilosophy Drama Religion Maps Search Engines The http://www.dalton.org/groups/rome/

This site is a collection of "Rome resources" for the The Dalton School community. Anyone interested in Classical Rome will find this site to be a valuable research tool. As the site is very large, the resources are divided into several categories: (Click on the appropriate button to view desired resource list.) Archaeology Literature Military Political ... Search Engines The Rome Project Page The Dalton School Please e-mail any comments to: neil@dalton.org AWARDS Links Go Key Resource Rome Topic This Archaeology on the Net Web Ring site is owned by Neil Goldberg Join Previous Next ... List Sites This Ring of Classics Site is owned by Neil Goldberg Click for the Previous Random Next Site Skip Next ... Like to join? This Mediterranean Archaeology ring site is owned by Neil Goldberg Previous 5 Sites Previous Next ... List Sites

100. AeroArt OnLine Military Miniature Price/Availability List These items are not intended for children. *mounted figures. II. RomanEmpire. Republic Period 400 BC 50 BC. Warriors of the Republic. http://www.aeroartinc.com/pricelist.asp?option=II.

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