61. Urbanization And The Informal Sector In The Former South African Ethnic Homeland The urbanites attempt to meet the infinite demands of the peoples through formal shangaan. Weobserved only a few indigenous service industries such as Transkei http://www.uaps.org/journal/journal12v1/Urbanizationandinformal.htm

Urbanization and the informal sector in the former South African ethnic homelands: a study of parallel trading in Transkei Nsolo J. MIJERE Department of Sociology University of Transkei, Umtata, South Africa Abstract This article is a critical assessment of an aspect of the apartheid political economy in the former homelands. Two arguments are advanced. First, the poverty of the informal sector was a result of lack of capital investments in towns in Transkei during the apartheid era. Furthermore, the smallness of the informal sector and the dominance of the female population in the sector is a consequence of migration of productive male labour force into the developed enclaves of South Africa. Secondly, it is argued that the nature of urbanization mirrors the economic development of the towns. With the transition to democracy, the socio-economic underdevelopment may be reversed or at least transformed. Introduction The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature and relationship of urbanization and informal parallel trading in the Transkei, former Xhosa homeland of South Africa. This relationship is measured firstly in the context of the flow and destinations of rural-urban migration in South Africa. Secondly, we shall examine the limited wage employment options in the urban centres as catalysts of the expansion of parallel or pavement trading in the towns in Transkei. Lastly, we shall investigate the socio-economic and political forces that parallel traders contend with in towns in Transkei.

62. Www.peacelink.it/anb-bia/week_99/991021 Translate this page the long held traditions of indigenous democracy is Coalition (opposition), SouthernEthiopian peoples Democratic Coalition are fluent in shangaan, a language http://www.peacelink.it/anb-bia/week_99/991021

63. Index1 of positive historical example of indigenous greatness that Vendaspeaking peoplesare justifiably proud of their to this site; but shangaan ChiTsonga speakers http://www.uwc.ac.za/arts/english/lamp/projects.html

About LAMP People Events Publications ... Contact us Thulamela David Bunn (University of the Western Cape) and Mark Auslander (Wesleyan University) Thulamela is an extraordinarily important site, not just because of the inherent historical interest of the reconstructed ruins themselves, but also because they epitomize an entirely new approach to heritage resources on state-owned land. With the extensive community consultation that took place in the course of the reconstruction, and the unique negotiations around the reburial of human skeletal remains found at the site, this project is justifiably celebrated as heralding a new era of open-air museum management. It is, moreover, as film crews and tour groups are discovering, just the sort of positive historical example of indigenous greatness that could be used to stimulate a "Renaissance" of regional African pride. But another equally important point to note is that here, more than anywhere else perhaps, an inherently contradictory set of propositions come together. Over the past three years of visiting Thulamela, we have noticed significant changes in the way the story of the site is told. Not unexpectedly, it has been the focus of a resurgence of Venda nationalism which claims trans-border alliances with ancestral Zimbabwe. Inevitably, this leads to overstatements about the purity of Venda origins and the impurity of other claims. For the South African state, this magnificent, rebuilt Iron Age site is also a useful symbol of "Rainbow" origins, of what Pallo Jordan referred to as the inclusive instincts of the "great family of human beings". However, these statements about historical affinities stand in sharp contrast to current state paranoia about illegal Southern African immigration. This plays itself out daily in strict border policing and bewildered refugees in the Luvuvhu bush below the ruins.

64. SOUTH AFRICAN EMBASSY - ANKARA / TURKEY A DIVERSITY OF peoples. include Xhosa, Sotho, Venda, Tswana, Tsonga, Pedi, Shangaanand Ndebele. These indigenous languages are as different to each other as http://www.southafrica.org.tr/eng/tourism10.htm

T Tourist Publications - Welcome to South Africa WELCOME TO SOUTH AFRICA PUTTING SOUTH AFRICA ON THE MAP South Africa is a magnificent country blessed with extraordinary natural beauty and a rich cultural heritage. Its climate runs from temperate to sub-tropical; its landscapes range from stark desert to spectacular mountain to lush grassland and forest; its peoples can be found in rural subsistence communities or in cities as sophisticated and cosmopolitan as anywhere in the world. Situated at the southern tip of the African continent, South Africa has a land area of 1,3 million square kms (500,000 square miles), five times the size of Great Britain, and greater than California, Nevada, Utah and Arizona combined. This impressive stretch of land runs from the great Limpopo River in the north, all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas on the southernmost coast - a distance of nearly 2 000 kms (1 240 miles). Washed by the bracing Atlantic Ocean on the west and the balmy Indian Ocean on the east, South Africa has 3 600 kms of coastline (2 236 miles), so there is no shortage of stunning beaches for lovers of sunshine and water-sports.

65. Wildlife Pictures - Information & News -- Manyeleti Land Claim it has been opened to all the peoples of South area it was already occupied by theShangaan Nation of The Black indigenous Communities were never aware of what http://www.wildlifepics.co.za/news/0707002.html

Manyeleti Land Claim 07 July, 2000 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The Manyeleti Game Reserve, situated in the Northern Province, between the Sabi-Sand and Timbavati private game reserves, consists of approximately 23000 Hectares. Manyeleti was proclaimed as a game reserve in 1966 and has since then been utilized as such. First as game reserve for the exclusive use of the Black People of South Africa but since the advent of the present Government it has been opened to all the peoples of South Africa. The land comprising Manyeleti was been occupied by the MNISI PEOPLE since the middle of the 19th Century. In fact they can trace their ancestral linage back to Chief Mabane who moved into this area in the 1820's. The current traditional leader of the Mnisi People is Hosi Phendulane Phillip Mnisi who succeeded to the chieftainship in 1975. When white settlers and mining companies originally moved into this area it was already occupied by the Shangaan Nation of which the Mnisi People form an integral part . The white settlers without consulting with the local community registered so-called "Grondbriewe" with the Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek under President Paul Kruger. The Black Indigenous Communities were never aware of what was happening . White man came, measured a huge tract of land and duly claimed it as his property. These so-called landowners were in fact absentee landowners and no one really knew who they were. They would occasionally visit this land not to farm but to hunt. By the time the indigenous peoples realized what went on it was too late. By this time racially based Laws had been passed in terms of which Blacks were prohibited from acquiring title or leasehold rights in land , even in instances of willing buyer and seller.

66. Mozambique (07/02) valley, and the Tsonga and shangaan dominate in Mozambique have largely retained anindigenous culture based and gatherers, ancestors of the Khoisani peoples. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/7035.htm

[Print Friendly Version] Bureau of African Affairs July 2002 Background Note: Mozambique PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Mozambique Geography Area: 799,380 sq. km.; about twice the size of California. Major cities: Capital Maputo (pop. 1,100,000 est.) Beira, Matola, Nampula, Quelimane, Tete, Nacala. Terrain: Varies from lowlands to high plateau. Climate: Tropical to subtropical. PROFILE People Nationality: Noun and adjective Mozambican(s). Population (1997 projection for 2001): 17.7 million. Annual population growth rate (1997): 2.9%. Annual economic growth rate (GDP) (2000): 2.1%; approximately 8% average for 1996-2000 timeframe, with an estimated growth of 14.9% for the first half of 2001. Ethnic groups: Makua, Tsonga, Makonde, Shangaan, Shona, Sena, Ndau, and other indigenous groups, and approximately 10,000 Europeans, 35,000 Euro-Africans, and 15,000 South Asians. Religions: Christian 30%, Muslim 17%, indigenous African and other beliefs 45%. Languages: Portuguese (official), various indigenous languages. Education: Mean years of schooling (adults over 25): men 2.1, women 1.2. Primary school attendance Adult literacy Health (2000): Infant mortality rate 134/1,000. Life expectancy (1999): 43.5 years.

67. 1998 GUIDE TO SOUTH AFRICAN ARTS, CULTURE AND HERITAGE Zulu, Pedi, Sotho, Tswana, Ndebele and shangaan families. was defined not by its ownpeoples, but by to conform to outsiders' perceptions of indigenous culture http://www.artsdiary.org.za/guide/villages.html

68. Internationalization Ethnicity shangaan converts there had taken the gospel back simply because the principles ofindigenous evangelism which at work among missionaries and peoples who knew http://www.nazarene.org/ansr/articles/1990s/t19.html

69. Adherents.com 1999), SHAMANISM the indigenous RELIGION of Northern Unrepresented Nations PeoplesOrganisation web site. shangaan, Mozambique, , -, -, 1 country, 1995, Haskins, J http://www.adherents.com/Na_581.html

Adherents.com 42,669 adherent statistic citations : membership and geography data for 4,000+ religions, churches, tribes, etc. Index back to Shakers, world Shakers, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Shakers world country Andryszewski, Tricia. Communities of the Faithful: American Religious Movements Outside the Mainstream . Bookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press (1997). [Orig. source: Steven J. Stein in The Shaker Experience in America: A History of the United Society of Believers (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992), pg. 203, 243.]; pg. 37. "The number of Shakers on the membership list slipped from 3,627 in 1840, to 3,489 in 1860, to 1,849 in 1880, and only 855 at the turn of the century. " Shakers world units country Andryszewski, Tricia. Communities of the Faithful: American Religious Movements Outside the Mainstream . Bookfield, Connecticut: Millbrook Press (1997); pg. 38. "By 1925, only six Shaker villages remained: the original settlement near Albany (by this time known as Watervliet) and the settlements at New Lebanon [New York]; Hancock [Massachusetts]; Canterbury, New Hampshire; Alfred, Maine; and Sabbathday Lake, Maine. " Shakers world units Ferm, Vergilius (ed).

70. Tribes Travel insight into the flora, fauna and peoples of the the customs and traditions of indigenouscultures, and plus an insight into traditional shangaan and Swazi http://www.tribestravel.com/pages/tailor.cfm

SEARCH Country: Any Botswana Ecuador Egypt Gambia India Jordan Lesotho Morocco Namibia Nepal Peru South Africa Tanzania Zambia Activity: Any Ancient sites Beach Birdwatching Camel treks Cultural tours Deserts Family trips Hiking Mountains Rainforests Safaris Short Breaks Trekking Wildlife Price: Any Advanced Search DIRECTORY Countries Small Group holidays Tailor Made holidays Short Breaks E-NEWSLETTER CONTACT US TRAVEL INFO Health Weather Insurance Security advice ... UNUSUAL REQUEST DIRECTORY OF TAILOR MADE HOLIDAYS Sample itineraries to inspire you! Botswana Ecuador Egypt Gambia ... To Top Botswana (More information) A quality camping safari combining the superb Moremi Wildlife Reserve in the Okavango Delta and the gameparks of Savuti and Chobe. Length: 11 days Price: Please ask for details. (More information) This is an extensive itinerary covering the best parts of the Okavango Delta area, and the Savuti and Chobe regions of the Chobe National Park. While the main safari accommodation is a mobile tented camp, there is the luxuriousness of Songwe Village overlooking Victoria Falls to look forward to for the last two nights. Length: Price: To Top Ecuador and The Galapagos Spiritual Ecuador (More information) Explore Ecuador's ancient places of power, native wisdom, indigenous myths and ceremonies, as well as finding out about traditional use of plants and current rainforest conservation strategies. This is a trip to amaze.

71. MTBeds is the language of the local peoples, and Inyati is reptile and insect species areindigenous to the Accompany our skilled rangers and shangaan trackers into a http://www.mtbeds.co.za/resort.xml?resID=1263&specials=1

72. Nouvelles Acquisitions - Janvier-mars 1999 Translate this page characters of the upper Zambezi peoples = Masken-Charactere grammar of the Thonga-Shangaanlanguage / by The under-exploited indigenous alcoholic beverages of http://www.unine.ch/ethno/nouvac/nacl1-3.html

Liste des nouvelles acquisitions, janvier-mars 1999 cotes Af AfE AfN ... Ethnomusicologie Af Adogame, Afe. - A home away from home : the proliferation of Celestial Church of Christ (CCC) in diaspora-Europe / Afe Adogame African political systems / ed. by M. Fortes, E.E. Evans-Pritchard. - [4th impression]. - London [etc.] : Oxford University Press, 1950. - XXIII, 302 p. : fig. ; 23 cm. - Index - Ethno: compactus * cote.:NET Af 542 Greene, Beth. - The institution of woman-marriage in Africa : a cross-cultural analysis / Beth Greene Legitimacy and the State in twentieth-century Africa : essays in honour of A.H.M. Kirk-Greene / ed. by Terence Ranger and Olufemi Vaughan. - Houndmills Basingstoke ; London : Macmillan Press, 1993. - XII, 284 p. ; 23 cm. - ISBN 0-333-55078-1 Lehuard, Raoul. - Une autre vie pour une collection / Raoul Lehuard Orser, Charles E. - The archaeology of the African diaspora / C.E. Orser Schuerkens, Ulrike. - Das Bild Afrikas in Karen Blixens "Out of Africa" / Ulrike Schuerkens Selected essays on the occasion of the 30th anniversary of Africana Marburgensia. - Marburg : Africana Marburgensia, 1998. - 87 p. ; 21 cm. - (Africana Marburgensia. Sonderheft ; 17, 1998) - Ethno: compactus * cote.:NET Af 540

73. Venter Philippus Abraham of whom 95% percent belong to the indigenous Northern Sotho (Pedi), Venda and Shangaanethnic groups. by both the Venda and Northern Sotho peoples and is http://www.mh-hannover.de/aktuelles/projekte/mmm/englishversion/fs_programme/spe

Genetic Service in Rural and Underdeveloped Communities P. A. Venter, A. L. Christianson Dept. of Medical Sciences, University of the North, SOVENGA Dept. of Human Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Pretoria Introduction In South Africa the practice of medical genetics began in the 1950s. Prior to 1990, clinical genetic services were largely limited to the major cities, centered in academic medical genetic departments, with the consequences that the majority of patients seen were drawn from the urban middle and upper, mainly Caucasian, higher socio-economic population. In 1985, only 18% percent of the total 4,583 patients seen in genetic clinics throughout the country, were black South Africans, despite the fact that 74% percent of the country’s then estimated 33.6 million people were black. Thus at the beginning of the final decade of the 20th century only limited information was available about GD and BD in the black South African populations(9). In 1990, a study was initiated to evaluate the potential burden of congenital anomalies in a rural South African area. This programme was commenced as part of an effort to derive epidemiological data on GD and BD in the rural populations in the Northern Province of South Africa, and to assess the need for and provide a PHC/Community clinical genetic service. This was a collaborative effort between the Department Medical Sciences, University of the North (UNIN), the Department of Human Genetics, University of Pretoria (UP), and the Genetic Services Sub-directorate (GSS), National Department of Health, and genetic trained nursing staff at numerous selected rural hospitals of The Department of Health and Welfare, Northern Province(7).

74. Fortune H-M A checklist of names of indigenous mammals occurring Elementary grammar of the ThongaShangaanlanguage The southern Lunda and related peoples (Northern Rhodesia http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/cm/africana/fortune2.htm

Alphabetical Listing of Fortune Bibliography Select the first letter of the author (or title, where no author is listed): (H) (I) (J) (K) ... (M) H Haasbroek, J. Nduri dzoRudo = Shona love poetry. Mambo writers series : Shona section v.2. Gwelo: Mambo Press, 1978. Haasbroek, J. Nduri dzenhango dzomuZimbabwe = Zimbabwean speech poetry in Shona. Mambo writers series Shona section v. 6. Gwelo, Zimbabwe: Mambo Press, 1980. In Shona. Haddon, Ernest B. Swahili lessons. Cambridge (England.): Heffer, 1955. Haggard, H. Rider. Umbuso ka Shaka. (Mariannhill, Natal): Mariannhill Mission Press, (1954). Hair, P. E. H., West African Languages Survey and University of Ibadan Institute of African Studies. The early study of Nigerian languages. London: Cambridge University. Press. In assocation with the West African Languages Survey and the Institute of African Studies, Ibadan, 1967. Hall, Robert Anderson. Introductory linguistics. (1st ed.). Philadelphia: Chilton Books, (1964). Halliday, M. A. K., McIntosh, Angus and Strevens, Peter. The linguistic sciences and language teaching. (London): Longmans, (1965, c1964). Hamandishe, Nicholas. Mashiripiti engozi. Salisbury: Longman Rhodesia, 1970.

75. PRECOLONIAL METALWORKING IN AFRICA : A BIBLIOGRAPHY. PRECOLONIAL METALWORKING IN africa A BIBLIOGRAPHY. MILLER T. MAGGS Originally compiled by Dr Tim Maggs and staff of the Natal Museum, Private Bag 9070, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South africa. http://www.uct.ac.za/depts/age/material/metbib.htm

PRECOLONIAL METALWORKING IN AFRICA : A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Originally compiled by Dr Tim Maggs and staff of the Natal Museum, Private Bag 9070, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa. Maintained and updated by Dr Duncan Miller, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. This version dated: 30 May 1998 June 1, 1998. The archaeology of Africa - food, metals and towns :750-833. London: Routledge) which contains numerous references not listed below. If you find this bibliography useful please cite it as a reference in publication as: Pre-colonial metalworking in Africa, especially southern Africa: a bibliography :1-67. Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town (African Studies Library). ABUKAKAR, N. 1992. Metallurgy in northern Nigeria: Zamfara metal industry in the 19th century. In Thomas-Emeagwali, G. ed Science and technology in African history with case studies from Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, and Zambia :55-78. Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. ACKERMAN, D. 1983. Marale van groot argeologiese belang.

76. IND - HR - Specific Groups 6.56 indigenous churches that combine elements of established Christian belief with http://www.workpermits.gov.uk/default.asp?pageid=2851

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