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         Shona Indigenous Peoples Africa:     more detail

41. The World Has Always Been Multicultural, Now Are Our Eyes Are Open To That!!:)
Resources concerning the indigenous peoples of the world attention to its indigenouspredecessors, allies to the Matebele nation Zimports shona Sculptures and
http://members.tripod.com/~Irucka/cultures.html
Personal links
The thoughts continue in a cyclic path...:)
A start of pictures of myself

Continuation of what was started...:)

The Wonderful World of Industrial Hemp presented by Mr. Irucka Embry and other Supporters
: With an inclusion of some doubtors and non-supporters of this Magnificent Crop Along with the Many Supporters
Life's passionate and rough journey!!! - Irucka Embry

It's Time to Move "Beyond Usual Politics!"

A little about myself

Mystacalities of Life
...
University of Tennessee at Knoxville 90.3 FM WUTK
:Listen to Knoxville, Tennessee progressive radio every Sunday from 9 AM - 12 Noon (Eastern Standard Time) and you may just hear my voice...
Irucka Ajani Embry's Discussion Page
:Issues Affecting the Universe Today!!
Tripod's Home Page
This page has been visited times. How did the world, especially what is considered to be this country (United States of America), become bicultural? This area of the world was never simply bicultural, it was and has always been multicultural and continues to be so too. The same can be said for the rest of the world as well. Just some thoughts to think about as we refigure and rewrite our history so that we can have an accurate representation and knowledge of how we have gotten to the present moment through our past. The past determines the present, which determines the future. Without knowing our true past, we don't know how we have gotten to the present. And thus our future is also distorted as well. What is culture? What is a cultural myth? Can cultures be inclusive or exclusive or both or neither? Can cultures overlap? Can a person belong to several cultures? Why was "race" invented? What changes need to happen in this world so that we can all live within our means and enjoy life? What is "race"? How is our reality or lack of reality, imagination or lack of imagination (thus the

42. Africa Overland Expeditions | Overland Tours, Overland Advice, Bookings, Guide..
african vacation planner with details of tours and safaris by departure date or month.Category Regional africa Travel and Tourism Travel Guides...... Faces of africa. Experience cultural diversity like nowhere else on earth. Encounterswith the indigenous peoples, such as the Himba of Namibia, where you could
http://www.africatravel.co.za/
Main
Overland Expeditions
10 day Mozambique Tour
12 day Jhb to Victoria Falls

14 day Cape to Windhoek
...
9 day Windhoek to Vic Falls
Africa is a continent with a unique diversity , that is unrivaled by any other continent on earth. It contains more countries than any other continent, and has some of the most beautiful wonders of nature.
Hop onto overland trucks, wild bush, exotic paradise, vast deserts and modern cities on exciting overland expeditions.
The overland expeditions include activities and accommodation that will allow you to get in touch with nature and wildlife in some of the most fascinating parts of Africa.
The overland trip is for the budget conscious traveller who is young and adventurous at heart. Within each itinerary are numerous opportunities to see the best of what travel in Africa has to offer. Overland travel in Africa is a safe and hassle free way of seeing the african continent.
The nature of overlanding tends to attract a certain age group, and experience has shown us that overland trips are unsuitable for the majority of travellers outside the 16 to 55 age bracket.
Contact us
for all your overland enquiries.

43. What Are Suppressed Histories ?
assumption that women's status in indigenous societies is defenders and liberatorsof their peoples are among Nehanda Nyakasikana, a shona diviner and leader
http://www.suppressedhistories.net/articles/about.html
is an international women's history project
seeking to uncover the realities of female lives,
and of peoples free, conquered, enslaved, decimated and resurgent.
We want to know...
How have women been written out of history? Why are societies that accord women honor, liberty and open power seldom portrayed or discussed? What "non-historical" sources offer information on the female experience in various cultures? How did patriarchal codes develop? How do they relate to patterns of conquest, to slavery and class systems? What forms of violence have been used to enforce patriarchal and colonial supremacy? What role has religion played in subordination and internal colonization? What kinds of interaction took place between matrix cultures and male-dominated cultures? How has racism distorted and censored the information available as "World History"? Why is the history of most of the world usually reduced to a brief glimpse of the colonial era? Why the omission of indigenous peoples from "history" and "philosophy" and the emphasis on them in "anthropology" and "ethnology"?

44. Guide To Local Talent - Portland ZimMusic
to learn from the traditions of indigenous peoples, while at same time giving backto those peoples in meaningful Imba Gallery Sells shona stone sculpture, art
http://www.geocities.com/portlandzimmusic/guide.html
Portland ZimMusic Local Resource Guide: Performers, teachers, instrument makers, etc. Performers Boka Marimba: 6 to 9 piece ensemble with percussion, some drumset and vocals. Contact: Rachel Burdon, 4404 North Willis, Portland, OR 97203. USA. Phone: (503) 286-8277 www.bokamarimba.com rachel@pacifier.com Born on Tuesday: 8 piece marimba ensemble. Contact: Ron and Lynne Kay (503) 234-8832 bornontuesday@hotmail.com Dancing Trees: 7 piece marimba ensemble with percussion and drumset. Contact: Jo Mahler, Portland, Oregon, USA. (503) 493-1952 www.geocities.com/dancingtreesmarimba dancingtreesmarimba@yahoo.com Duduluza: 8-piece marimba ensemble. Contact: Rick Sadle (503)297-9635 rssalvador@aol.com Dziva: 7 piece marimba ensemble. Contact: Brian Santo (503) 777-1105 wretch@spiritone.com Eurimba: 7 piece marimba ensemble. Contact: Susan or Judy (503) 284-9022 eurimba@yahoo.com www.geocities.com/Eurimba Flying Safari Ants: 8 piece marimba ensemble with percussion. Contact: Jeff Powers (503)620-7264 or Sherry Costar (503)257-3657 FlyingSafariAnts@bigfoot.com

45. The Land Issue
Zimbabwe, do the Tonga and other groups including the shona, Ndebele, those TheRights of Indigeous peoples in Conflict with indigenous Wildlife; R
http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/zimbabwe/politics/land1.html
The Land Issue
George P. Landow, Professor of English and Art History, Brown University
Burning stalks after harvest to refertilize the land a view at sunset from Domboshawa . (Click on this picture to obtain a larger image, which take longer to download.) Photographs © George P. Landow. Scan of original negative by Imager. Images may be used without written permission for any educational purpose. Any commercial or other use requires prior written permission from George@Landow.com. The history, contemporary politics, and literature of Zimbabwe reveals that land is a defining cultural issue that resonates in many unexpected places. Who "owned" "the" land before the arrival of White settlers, who owns it now, and who should own it? What is the relation of land (and land ownership) to culture and to conceptions of the individual, including gender roles of men and women? Unlike the countries of West Africa, such as Nigeria, Zimbabwe did not suffer from the scourge of slavery and the slave trade. This different history means that Zimbabwean fiction does not have the same imperative to come to terms with the effects of a slavery-induced diaspora, and neither does it have the occasion to provide representations of the effects of slavery upon individual lives or to come to terms with the enthusiastic participation of indigenous peoples in the slave trade. Therefore, one does not encounter works, such as Buchi Emecheta's The Slave Girl , that examine slavery and its relation to gender Instead, the British colonizer's savage appropriation of land from those whose lives and culture depended upon it and attempts to redress this horrendous injustice provides the crucial historical fact for much Zimbabwean culture. As the materials assembled by Andrew Morrison in

46. Zfsheet09
example, the elements of the shona ethic in Resource Management in southern Africaregional workshop indigenous peoples and Sustainability Cases and Actions.
http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/zambezi/zfsheet/zfsheet09.html

47. Operation World - Detailed Information
Urbanites 27%. peoples. Over 42 peoples. indigenous 90.9%. shona 70.5%. 9 majorpeoples speaking related dialects and numbering 8.2 mill. Nguni 14%.
http://www.gmi.org/ow/country/zimo/owtext.html
Zimbabwe Republic of Zimbabwe December 8-9 Africa Quick Find Home About Us Authors Calendar CD Developer CD-ROM Contact Information Errata Web Links Factbook FAQ Feedback GMI Maps OM Literature One Hundred Days Operation World book Other Languages Overhead Transparencies OW Team Paternoster Permissions Policy Pray Today Prayer Resources Publisher Technical Support Technical Specifications Updates Wall Map Web Developer Window on the World Home Pray Today Summary Religion ... Tech Support
click to enlarge
GEOGRAPHY
Area 390,759 sq.km. Landlocked state in south-central Africa. Population Ann.Gr. Density 30 per sq. km. 33 per sq. km. 39 per sq. km. These UN-projected figures do not allow enough for the death rate due to AIDS. The possible 2025 population may be around 9 million. Capital Harare 2,300,000. Other major cities: Bulawayo 800,000, Gweru 130,000, Mutare 124,000. Urbanites
PEOPLES
Over 42 peoples. Indigenous Shona 70.5%. 9 major peoples speaking related dialects and numbering 8.2 mill. Nguni 14%. Ndebele 1.55m; Kalanga 196,000 (a Shona group being absorbed by Ndebele). Other 6.4%. Tswana-Sotho 210,000; Shangaan-Tsonga 143,000; Tonga 137,000; Kunda 134,000; Venda 114,000.

48. Operation World - Pray Today
peoples. indigenous 90.9%. Nonindigenous 9.1%. Literacy 85%. Official languageEnglish. Trade languages shona is widely spoken, Ndebele in the west.
http://www.gmi.org/ow/country/zimo/overvw02.html
Zimbabwe Republic of Zimbabwe December 8-9 Africa Quick Find Home About Us Authors Calendar CD Developer CD-ROM Contact Information Errata Web Links Factbook FAQ Feedback GMI Maps OM Literature One Hundred Days Operation World book Other Languages Overhead Transparencies OW Team Paternoster Permissions Policy Pray Today Prayer Resources Publisher Technical Support Technical Specifications Updates Wall Map Web Developer Window on the World Home Pray Today Detail Religion ... prev December 9 Vision for the 21st Century Young people brought up on the idealistic visions of independence have been disillusioned by empty political slogans, the greed of the powerful and the dearth of jobs a) FOCUS (IFES), which is responsible for Christian Unions among the 40,000 students in universities and colleges; ... prev December 9
Politics
Overview: Religion Geography Peoples Economy
The Rhodesian declaration of independence from Britain by the white minority in 1965 led to intense guerrilla warfare and eventually independence as Zimbabwe in 1980.
Religion
There is freedom of religion despite post-independence attempts to impose Marxism-Leninism. Religions Population % Adherents Ann.Gr.

49. ZIMBABWE AND THE MIGHT OF THE PEN
the only claim to history by the indigenous peoples of the needed to be in sunny southernAfrica to add In sharp contrast, their shona neighbours to the north
http://www.glob.co.zw/Editorial/zimbabwe_and_the_might_of_the_pe.htm
Zimday.com....Brings you all the news, views and information from Zimbabwe....Click the banner above and Check It Out...For Details on The Plot To Kill Mugabe , Click SBS Online and visit Dateline on the site The MILOSEVIC OPTION threatens to destroy MDC...CLICK HERE for details ZIMBABWE AND THE MIGHT OF THE PEN 1.THE RECORDING OF HISTORY There is no greater folly in the contemporary world than to underestimate the power of the written word. Potentially memorable events in history have been obliterated with the death of the so-called living memory and some historical events have, depending on the preference of the recorder of the events, been altered to suit the whims of he who puts them to written text. Modern empires in the western world have been built on the strength of information technology. The world’s richest man peddles in information and the globe has been "villagised" on the sheer might of information than on trade itself. He who has information wields the power to change the world and the course of history or, at least, its perception by his target readership were he to allow it subjection to his machinations. The modern information-peddler has the added advantage of technological devices that, in addition to the written, immortalize the information on film or tape. With the addition of this new technology was further enhanced the ability to manipulate those moments that suit his fancy by deliberately leaving out the elements that would give a complete picture of the actual events.

50. African Music Links
Mandinka, and Sousou are subgroups of the Manding peoples. styles of music fromthe indigenous cultures of Zimbabwe. Topics such as shona and Ndebele
http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/linksmusic.htm
Humanities 211
Prof. Cora Agatucci
6 October 1998
African Music Links Africa Fete Tour '99 http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/aoi/events/music/fete.html
African Performances/Events in Depth:
http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/aoi/events/kcevents.html
Africa on Roots World provides information about African musicians, as well as interviews and reviews of recordings:
http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/africa.html

The site includes Village Pulse Outpost: "Village Pulse is a recording label that was established to preserve recordings of traditional music. The first Village Pulse titles present styles of West African drum music that have been largely unavailable to the outside world": http://www.rootsworld.com/rw/villagepulse/ Africa South of the Sahara - Music (Stanford Univ Libraries): excellent annotated selection of internet resources:
http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/music.html
African Music Archive (Dr. Wolfgang Bender, Institute of Ethnology and African Studies, Johannes-Gutenberg Univ., Mainz, Germany) of African music and musicology opened in 1991: http://www.uni-mainz.de/~bender/

51. AFRICA, MOZAMBIQUE, PEOPLE
The shona were among many groups which also There was serious depopulation of indigenouscultures in many century intrusions by other African peoples, like the
http://www.zzam.org/Full/Africa/Mozambique/People/Mozambique1_People.htm

52. Religions Of The World -- African
Background information and links.Category Society Religion and Spirituality African...... Buganda's indigenous Religion A southern Ungandan Tradition, ozric.eng.wayne.edu/~ssemakul/eddiini Religionsof Zimbabwe The shona Ndebele peoples, www.stg
http://members.aol.com/porchfour/religion/african.htm

Interfaith

Religion
and
Beliefs

for an
Internet
Generation
PORCH NUS The E-Zine of The Front Porch
Religions of the World African Religions and Their Derivatives
African and African-Derivative Religions
are a large group of beliefs and practices based upon ancient indigenous faiths of sub-Saharan African peoples. Within the last 100 years in Africa (see Table of Statistics ) indigenous religion has declined under the influence of colonialism, Western acculturation and proselytizing by Islam and Christianity. In the African Diaspora (mainly in the Americas) African-derived belief systems are in a state of impressive growth. ithin just the last two years the amount of information made available through the Internet is also impressive. Some of the best information comes to us from Italy, Sweden and Brazil. We are no longer dependent upon reports from academia or encyclopedias. There are now numerous websites maintained by the faithful themselves and, while the quality and quantity of information varies enormously among them, one may now hear from practitioners their own statements of faith. In many, if not most, cases African spirituality has evolved in the Americas. Ancient practices brought westward by slaves became syncretized, more or less, with religious traditions of the slaves' masters. This syncretization is most noticeable in areas dominated by the Catholic faith and where the celebration of saints, votive offerings and other practices found parallels in ancient traditions.

53. MTHWAKAZI ACTION GROUP ON GENOCIDE AND ETHNIC CLEANSING IN MATEBELELAND AND MIDL
departments, so as to administer all the peoples of Matebeleland and in order to rendertheir historic indigenous areas monolinguistic or shona speaking.
http://members.aol.com/maggemm/Cleansing.htm
MAGGEMM 2000 MTHWAKAZI ACTION GROUP ON GENOCIDE AND ETHNIC CLEANSING IN MATEBELELAND AND MIDLANDS 2000 P.O. BOX 22141
LONDON SE18 6WP
Email : maggemm@aol.com
UNITED KINGDOM
Website: http://member.aol.com/maggemm
IMBIZO SERIES: 7 17 SEPTEMBER, 1999 ETHNIC CLEANSING AGAINST THE NDEBELE PEOPLE OF MATEBELELAND AND MIDLANDS 1980-1999
1. According to the United Nations Ethnic Cleansing report, ethnic cleansing is defined as "rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force or intimidation to remove from a given area persons from another ethnic or religious group". Therefore, alongside the genocide committed against the Ndebele people, Robert Gabriel Mugabe's regime has simultaneously been implementing a complete programme of ethnic cleansing aimed at ensuring Shona hegemony in areas of education, employment, economic development, culture and various others. These areas of great concern are addressed in turn. 2. With regard to education, the regime of Robert Gabriel Mugabe has for the last 18 years been systematically implementing an exclusive education policy aimed at benefitting the Shona people, at the expense of the Ndebele people. This strategy has been effected along the following lines:
a) promoting only the Shona teachers to positions of General Certificate of Education (GCE) Examiners at both Ordinary and Advanced levels, who then fail Ndebele pupils and students

54. Land And Spirituality In Africa
Masbeyezu, Batwa Line Skum, Sami Paul Neshangwe, shona. the overall worldview ofIndigenous communities in to suggest that violation of peoples’ rights to
http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/jpc/echoes-16-05.html
The Earth as Mother
Land and Spirituality in Africa Articles in this series: Land: Breaking bonds and cementing ties
by Edmore Mufema Spirituality, land and land reform in South Africa ... Rev. Rupert Hambira In 1996, Indigenous People met during the Conference on World Mission and Evangelism held in Salvador Bahia Brazil. One year later, the World Council of Churches’ Indigenous Peoples’ Programme (WCC/IPP) in cooperation with the Botswana Christian Council also held a workshop under the theme "Spirituality, Land and the Role of the Churches in the Struggle for the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights" in Gabarone. From that meeting came a call to continue building spiritual,cultural and political identities within the churches in the countries where Indigenous Peoples are located. The areas of critical concern identified were land, protection of rights under international law, preservation/promotion of culture, decision making processes, advocacy, spirituality and networking. In February 1998, some Indigenous Peoples participants who had been at the Gabarone workshop and other representatives from Africa, attended a consultation on "Land and Spirituality" in Karasjok, Norway. Here the world-wide Indigenous Peoples community exchanged ways in which their spiritualities and lands were threatened. From this sharing, ideas of cooperation and responsibilities were discussed. The Indigenous meeting and the statement of Karasjok became a strong challenge to convene in Harare to identify the critical issues affecting African Indigenous Peoples in general. Before the WCC’s eighth Assembly in Harare, "Land and Spirituality: The African Context" was the theme chosen for the workshop the same theme used in Karasjok, Norway. It showed the connectedness between the spiritualities of the Indigenous Peoples and the land on which they originated.

55. DarangaBib
exhibit Mission Settlements in South africa.). effect does Dangarembga’s untranslatedShona terms have for most of Zimbabwe's indigenous peoples (by Solomon
http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/kerkhoff/AfricanLit/Dangarembga/DangaStu

Main Page
Introduction The Course Authors ... Contact Tsitsi Dangarembda, Nervous Conditions A Study Guide Adapted from Oregon Community College (African Authors). See Full Page.
Characters Tambudzai or Tambu : the narrator and one of the main characters of the novel. Mainini (“Mother” in Shona: see below) refers to Tambu’s mother, and she is cited as one of the four women Tambu loved whose story the novel is intended to tell. She is resident “Mother” of the Sigauke homestead and called Mainini by other relatives in respect of her position; her given name is sometimes appended, as when she is called Mainini Ma’Shingayi. Jeremiah is the Christianized name of Tambu’s father; he is Babamukuru’s brother. Nhamo : Tambu’s older brother who dies early in the novel; son of Jeremiah and Mainini Ma’Shingayi Netsai and Rambanai are Tambu’s sisters; later a brother Dambudzai is also born. Babamukuru : the head of the Siguake family and Tambu’s uncle; after completing his education in England from 1960-1965, Babamurkuru returned to Rhodesia to assume the position of headmaster of the primary level of the mission school at Umtali; he has the title of Academic Director of the protestant church’s Manicaland region. He is also called Babawa Chido by his wife. Lucia early on calls him her

56. ZimbaGeneral
been associated with the cult of the shona high god Mwari (see indigenous Religions,this ch Tswana (Western Sotho) speakers related to peoples in Botswana
http://www.fb10.uni-bremen.de/anglistik/kerkhoff/AfricanLit/MiniLectures/ZimbaGe
Zimbabwe: Chapter 2B. Ethnicity and Race
( Countries of the World ) Irving Kaplan; 01-01-1991 Chapter 2B. Ethnicity and Race Independence reordered relations between Africans and Europeans in
Zimbabwe and provided a new context for the interaction of the two major
African peoples: the Shona and the Ndebele. It was also likely to make a
difference in the significance of groupings within the preponderant Shona
population. Until 1980 Europeans were politically and economically dominant. They
controlled the allocation of resources and benefits and had anchored their
status and privileges in the political and legal systems. Except for a few
individuals, Europeans were socially isolated from Africans, who related to
them mainly as representatives of government authority or as employers and to
a lesser extent as missionaries or teachers. In other contexts, such as the marketplace or the clinic or hospital, relations between blacks and whites were ephemeral and impersonal. In all of these situations Africans' deference

57. Legitimizing Spiritually-centred Wisdoms Within The Academy
truth of African people and other indigenous peoples Kunnie (1998 The Oral andWritten Culture of the shona. the mountain An ecology of indigenous education
http://www.kk.ecu.edu.au/sub/schoola/research/confs/aiec/papers/igoduka04.htm
Welcome

Papers

African/indigenous philosophies: Legitimizing Spiritually-centred wisdoms within the academy Ivy Goduka, Central Michigan University Back Up Conclusion As I conclude this journey, I would like to emphasize two major points. First, I caution the reader to appreciate the limitations of writing such an important piece of work. Alas! Only some of the many facets of indigenous philosophies can be discussed in such a short space of time and place without compromising the rich and varied body of spiritually-centred wisdom thriving in indigenous thought. Therefore, indigenous learners and scholars in Africa and around the globe are challenged to engage in extensive research and writing to legitimize indigenous epistemologies in the library, classroom, and wherever other knowledges, sciences and technologies are in existence. Such cultures and experiences have been devalued and denigrated in the academy; even worse, they have been treated as if they never existed. As we enter the next millennium, there is growing anger among indigenes and a desire to engage in what Amadiume (1997) terms

58. Background Notes Archive - Africa
groups Makua, Tsonga, Makonde, Shangaan, shona, Sena, and have largely retained anindigenous culture based and gatherers, ancestors of the Khoisani peoples.
http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/mozambique9607.html
Return to Africa Background Notes Archive
Return to Background Notes Archive Homepage
Return to Electronic Research Collection Homepage

59. The Place Of Oral Traditions In Indigenous Communications: Effect Of Modern Mass
in Zimbabwean society, especially among the shona peoples. The poet/wanderer The indigenouspoet/wanderer of traditional communication among the shona was that
http://www.wacc.org.uk/publications/md/md1997-3/hove.html

Media Development
archive
Subscription form

Advocacy and Studies
... issue 3 1997
The Place of Oral Traditions in Indigenous Communications: Effect of Modern Mass Media and New Technologies of Communication
The Shona people of Zimbabwe have traditions that still challenge the coming of mass media. In the following article, the author mentions ways in which traditional communication interacts with modern technologies. That interaction is not always smooth.
It is early evening, after the evening meal. Darkness is already engulfing the solitary village, abandoning it to the ogres and witches which swell the night, according to the traditional beliefs of the village. But it will not be so tonight. The moon is already surfacing above the eastern horizon, above the trees, brightening the night and the minds of the villagers, young and old. It is time for a festival of music, story and dance.
The old woman awaits the coming of the children to beg her: 'Please tell us a story. Tell us the story of Hare and Hornbill when they went to look for women in another village,' the children cajole the old woman.

60. Probert Encyclopaedia: People And Peoples (Sa-Sh)
Assyrian Kings to replace the indigenous population which The Semitic peoples foundedthe monotheistic religions of The shona are a Bantuspeaking people of
http://www.probertencyclopaedia.com/CD.HTM
Browse: General Information Actors People Gazetteer ... Dictionary
People and Peoples (Sa-Sh)
S. S. MARBLE S S Marble was an American politician. He was a Republican governor of Maine from 1887 until 1889. S. V. STEWART S V Stewart was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Montana from 1913 until 1921. S. W. T. LANHAM S W T Lanham was an American politician. He was a Democratic governor of Texas from 1903 until 1907. SAAMI The Saami (Lapp) are a group of herding people living in north Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula , and numbering about 46,000. Some are nomadic, others lead a more settled way of life. They live by herding reindeer , hunting, fishing, and producing handicrafts. Their language belongs to the Finno- Ugric family. Their religion is basically animist, but incorporates elements of Christianity. SAAVEDRA CERVANTES Saavedra Miguel de Cervantes was a Spanish writer. He was born in 1547 at Acala de Henares and died in 1616. He was the author of the book Don Quixote de la Mancha. SABAEANS The Sabaeans were a South Arabian people who attained a position of great wealth and importance as the commercial intermediaries between the East and the Mediterranean lands. They were especially flourishing from the 11th to the 1st century BC; and as early as 1000 BC. They had numerous colonies on the African

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