61. Newborn Screening Brochurs And Educational Materials - New York State Department Sickle cell disease (sickle cell anemia or homozygous S disease)a disorder ofthe hemoglobin (oxygencarrying part) of red blood cellsnot to be confused http://www.wadsworth.org/newborn/disorders.htm

Navigate Wadsworth Navigate Wadsworth Laboratory Services: Laboratory and Testing Programs / Clinical Testing - Genetic Disorders Return to Previous Page Disorders Identified by the New York State Newborn Screening Program Biotinidase deficiency (bio-TIN-i-dase)lack of an enzyme (biotinidase) prevents the body from properly absorbing or recycling the vitamin biotin. Severe skin rashes, vision and hearing impairment, and brain damage can be prevented by special biotin supplements given daily. Occurs in about 1 of every 80,000 newborns. Branched-chain ketonuria (branched-chain KEE-tone-u-ree-ah)also called maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) because the urine has a maple syrup-like odor resulting from the body's inability to break down some components of food protein. Again, this is due to the lack of an enzyme. Treatment with a special diet can prevent life-threatening complications. Occurs in about 1 of every 268,000 newborns. Galactosemia (ga-LAK-toe-see-me-a)a milk sugar (galactose) cannot be broken down by the body due to the lack of an enzyme. A diet low in galactose can prevent life-threatening complications. Occurs in about 1 of every 57,000 newborns. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) HIV is the virus that causes AIDS. The test checks for the presence of HIV antibodies. If a baby is HIV positive, this means that the mother is infected with HIV in all cases, and that the baby has been exposed to the virus. Only a quarter of babies who were exposed to HIV actually have infection. HIV positive newborns should have special medical care and need repeat testing to see if they are infected. Their mothers also need special medical care.

62. Rutgers Focus - March 31, 2003 - Jackson Lears Looks At Luck and Disease Identity in TwentiethCentury America (Johns Hopkins University Press,1997) and Dying in the City of the Blues sickle cell anemia and the http://ur.rutgers.edu/focus/

The next issue of Focus will be posted on April 14, 2003. March 31, 2003 Jackson Lears looks at luck Federal budget benefits research Center for Character Education created Ten years of marine science ... Celebrating Italian-American heritage Recent Issues: March 10, 2003 February 24, 2003 February 10, 2003 January 27, 2003 ... Contact Us Jump to: University Relations Units: Campaign Communications Community Affairs Creative Services ... Communications Hedging our bets Jackson Lears looks at luck March 31, 2003 By Douglas Frank Moralists, churchmen and political leaders (at least in public pronouncements) have railed for centuries against gambling as a corrosion of the social order and a corruption of personal character. Yet, in America and worldwide, the populace continues to raise one beseeching hand to the heavens while tossing the dice with the other. Americans,says Jackson Lears, have always had a complicated relationship to luck praising the Protestant work ethic while pinning their hopes on the roll of the dice. Photo: Nick Romanenko Throughout history, people have sought grace and fortune from the gods, but hedged their bets by casting shells, carrying sacred bundles, betting on cockfights, consulting fortune tellers, buying lottery tickets, or, most recently, trying to hit hot stocks on the Internet.

63. WebMD - Gene Testing (Sponsored) Singlegene diseases such as sickle cell anemia lie at one end of this spectrum.If you have two defective genes, you have sickle cell anemia. http://my.webmd.com/content/article/3/3204_201

WebMD Today Home WebMD Newscenter Member Services WebMD University My WebMD Find a Doctor, Clinic Medical Info Check Symptoms Medical Library Quizzes, Calculators Clinical Trials ... Family Genetics Who We Are About WebMD Health Mall Sponsored: Lose Lbs Naturally Heart Failure? Trouble Focusing? Sponsored by DNA Sciences cg_addbib('burgess','9614824','http://www.cma.ca/cmaj/vol-158/issue-10/1309.htm','','Burgess MM, Laberge CM, Knoppers BM. Bioethics for clinicians: ethics and genetics in medicine. CMAJ 1998;158:1309-13.'); cg_addbib('caulfield','10569090','http://www.cma.ca/cmaj/vol-161/issue-9/1122.htm','','Caulfield T. Gene testing in the biotech century: are physicians ready? CMAJ 1999;161:1122-4'); cg_addbib('marteau','9522800','http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/316/7132/693','','Marteau TM, Croyle RT. Psychological responses to genetic testing. BMJ 1998;316:693-696.'); Gene Testing The stage is set for a revolution in medicine growing out of our understanding of genetics. This revolution will affect not only diseases we think of as genetic, but most other diseases as well. While the ability to repair defective genes still lies years, or even decades, in the future, some genetic testing is here today cg_cite("caulfield") Contents of this page...

64. DUMCL: Ovid Tutorial If you are also interested in other types of sickle cell anemia, you can explodethe broad term Anemia, Sickle Cell to pick up the more specific types, namely http://www.mclibrary.duke.edu/respub/guides/ovidtut/explode.html

Ovid Tutorial Duke University Medical Center Library Explode Explode is a function that allows you to expand your search strategy to include additional, more specific terms. If you are also interested in other types of Sickle Cell Anemia, you can explode the broad term Anemia, Sickle Cell to pick up the more specific types, namely Hemoglobin SC Disease and Sickle Cell Trait which are indented under it in the Tree Display. When you explode a term the system will automatically retrieve all citations indexed to that term as well as all the citations indexed to the terms indented under it. Tree for Anemia, Sickle Cell Database: MEDLINE Select Subject Heading Explode Focus Scope Note Anemia, Sickle Cell (9256) Hemoglobin SC Disease (362) Sickle Cell Trait (1214) Sample retrieval with and without Explode ("exp") : Search History Results Display Anemia, Sickle Cell/ Display exp Anemia, Sickle Cell/ Display Note: Exploding Anemia, Sickle Cell retrieves 9836 citations. This includes citations indexed to the more specific terms Hemoglobin SC Disease and Sickle Cell Trait , as well as Anemia, Sickle Cell

65. Ovid: Search Form Thomas MD. Falletta JM. Influence of penicillin prophylaxis on antimicrobial resistancein nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae among children with sickle cell anemia. http://www.mclibrary.duke.edu/respub/guides/ovidtut/print2.html

Results of your search: limit 5 to clinical trial Citations displayed: of Go to Record: Citation Manager Help Logoff Click in the boxes to select the first 2 citations. Then scroll down the list of references to the Citation Manager Berkovitch M. Papadouris D. Shaw D. Onuaha N. Dias C. Olivieri NF. Trying to improve compliance with prophyla ctic penicillin therapy in children with sickle cell disease. [Clinical Trial. Journal Article. Randomized Controlled Trial] British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 45(6):605-7, 1998 Jun. (THE DUKE MED CTR LIBRARY HAS THIS TITLE; CHECK FOR HOLDINGS) UI Woods GM. Jorgensen JH. Waclawiw MA. Reid C. Wang W. Pegelow CH. Rogers ZR. Iyer RV. Holbrook CT. Kinney TR. Vichinsky E. DeBaun MR. Grossman NJ. Thomas MD. Falletta JM. Influence of penicillin prophyla xis on antimicrobial resistance in nasopharyngeal S. pneumoniae among children with sickle cell anemia. The Ancillary Nasopharyngeal Culture Study of Prophyla ctic Penicillin Study II. [Clinical Trial. Journal Article. Multicenter Study. Randomized Controlled Trial] Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 19(4):327-33, 1997 Jul-Aug.

66. HON - News : Hunting Down A Cure For Sickle Cell Disease SUNDAY, Sept. 22 (HealthScoutNews) While a cure remains elusive,victims of sickle cell anemia are living longer, healthier lives. http://www.hon.ch/News/HSN/508766.html

HON News - 300 medical topics and themes Themes: A B C ... I J K L M N ... P Q R S T U ... W X Y Z Browse archive: Apr Mar Feb Jan ... Sep Hunting Down a Cure for Sickle Cell Disease Meanwhile, victims are living longer, healthier lives By Janice Billingsley HealthScoutNews Reporter SUNDAY, Sept. 22 (HealthScoutNews) While a cure remains elusive, victims of sickle cell anemia are living longer, healthier lives. The most common inherited blood disease in the United States, sickle cell anemia affects about 80,000 Americans, primarily blacks. Another 2 million Americans have the defective gene that causes the disorder, making them potential carriers. Thanks to improvements in diagnosis, treatment and research, half of those with the condition are now more than 50 years old. Until recently, people with sickle cell rarely survived childhood, according to the National Human Genome Research Institute. "I have five adult patients, one more than 60 years old, who watch out for themselves. They are good, cooperative patients who make sure they optimize their care," says Dr. Kenneth Algazy, a clinical associate professor of medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Sickle cell anemia is caused by the production of faulty hemoglobin, a key component of red blood cells. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the heart to all parts of the body.

67. Medic-Planet Sickle Cell Anemia sickle cell anemia See also Anemias, Blood, Dehydration, Genetic diseases, Jaundice,Malaria, Osteomyelitis, Pneumonia, Stroke, Back to the Index page http://www.medic-planet.com/MP_article/internal_reference/Sickle_cell_anemia

68. Quest Diagnostics - Women's Health - Prenatal Genetic Testing - Sickle Cell sickle cell anemia affects over 72000 people in the United States. Sicklecell anemia affects over 72,000 people in the United States. http://www.questdiagnostics.com/patient/womenshealth/sickle_cell.html

Cervical Cancer Screening Sexually Transmitted Disease Testing Chlamydia Human Papillomavirus Herpes HIV ... Gonorrhea Prenatal Genetic Testing Cystic Fibrosis Sickle Cell Chromosome Analysis Prenatal Screening Maternal Serum Screening Breast Cancer Testing Ovarian Cancer Testing Osteoporosis Testing ... Osteoporosis Testing Prenatal Genetic Testing Sickle Cell Sickle cell anemia affects over 72,000 people in the United States. It is caused when two copies of an altered hemoglobin gene are inherited, one from the mother and one from the father. This altered version of the gene causes some of the molecules that carry oxygen to tissues throughout the body to occasionally cluster together, affecting the shape and flexibility of the red blood cells. There is no cure for sickle cell anemia, but treatment can greatly reduce the pain and improve quality of life. Is testing for sickle cell anemia for me? Why would my doctor order this test? What do my test results mean? Sample questions for my doctor Is testing for sickle cell anemia appropriate for me? top of page Sickle cell anemia is caused by a change in the hemoglobin gene that originated many thousands of years ago. It is an advantage in areas such as Africa, the Mediterranean basin, the Middle East, and India, where malaria causes a great number of deaths. People that carry the sickle cell trait in one of the hemoglobin genes resist malaria better. For that reason, sickle cell anemia is more common among people whose ancestors came from sub-Saharan Africa, South America, Cuba, Central America, Saudi Arabia, India, Turkey, Greece and Italy. Sickle cell anemia affects approximately one in every 655 African-Americans and approximately one in every 1,000 Hispanic-Americans. Approximately one in twelve African-Americans is a carrier of the disease.

69. HealingWell.com - Medifocus Guides - Sickle Cell Anemia HealingWell Medcenter Medifocus Guide sickle cell anemia (HM012) Introduction Whatare the most common symptoms of sickle cell anemia? http://www.healingwell.com/medcenter/sickle_cell_anemia.asp

Search Site: Search Web: HealingWell Medcenter Medifocus Guide Sickle Cell Anemia Introduction Sickle cell disease (CSD) is an inherited blood disorder, characterized primarily by chronic anemia and periodic episodes of pain. The underlying problem involves hemoglobin, a component of the red cells in the blood. The hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell carry oxygen from the lungs to the body organs and tissues and bring back carbon dioxide to the lungs. By occluding blood vessels sickle cells cause vascular injury. This vaso-occlusion, which is responsible for most of the severe complications of sickle cell disease, can occur wherever blood flows. This process produces the periodic episodes of pain and ultimately can damage the tissues and vital organs and lead to other serious medical problems. One of every 600 African Americans in the United States has sickle cell anemia. Fortunately, because of significant advances in treatment and preventive care, persons with sickle cell disease now survive into their fifth and sixth decades. Health maintenance is extremely important in SCD and must include measures to prevent specific disease complications or at least to facilitate their diagnosis and minimize their impact.

70. Mystery Of The Crooked Cell - Extension the Crooked Cell , an inquirybased activity developed by Boston University Schoolof Medicine's CityLab to explore the molecular basis of sickle cell anemia. http://www.unc.edu/cell/files/extensions/mystery/mystery.html

This website is an internet extension of "Mystery of the Crooked Cell", an inquiry-based activity developed by Boston University School of Medicine's CityLab to explore the molecular basis of sickle cell anemia. For more information on CityLab or "Mystery of the Crooked Cell", we invite you to explore the CityLab website Index - Click on any topic below to go directly to that section. Introduction Glossary Protein Structure and Synthesis Diploid Genetics/Genetics of Inheritance ... Multimedia I ntroduction - To be considered successful, a scientific experiment should not only provide answers to scientific questions, but should lead to further questions and stimulate the curiosity of the scientist performing the experiments. The constant quest for more knowledge on a particular subject is the essence of scientific research. "Mystery of the Crooked Cell" is a laboratory exercise examining the molecular basis of the genetic disease Sickle Cell Anemia. If it is successful, you are now more familiar with how and why people develop this disease. And, hopefully, you are left with a new-found curiosity about related subjects such as genetics, protein structure, malaria and gene therapy. The purpose of this extension is to provide you with basic information necessary to start you on your quest for more information on several topics related to "Mystery of the Crooked Cell". This should not be considered a definitive collection of websites on any particular subject, but rather a starting point. Allow your curiosity to be the driving force, and enjoy your journey!

71. The Health Library — Blood And Lymphatic Systems sickle cell anemia. What is Sickle Cell Disease? Sickle Cell Disease Associationof America. sickle cell anemiaNemours Foundation for Kids. http://healthlibrary.stanford.edu/resources/internet/bodysystems/blood3.html

Diseases and Disorders Use these links to jump directly to your topic of interest: Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Anatomy Anemia ... Spleen Disorders Blood and Lymphatic Systems: Page 1 Page 2 Anemia General Anemia:MEDLINEplus Anemia:Mayo Clinic Anemia in the Elderly:American Academy of Family Physicians Ambulatory Management of Common Forms of Anemia :American Academy of Family Physicians ... Understanding Anemia:netLibrary Aplastic Anemia Aplastic Anemia:Aetna InteliHealth Aplastic Anemia:Johns Hopkins Cancer Center Fanconi Anemia Fanconi Anemia:Mt. Sinai School of Medicine Fanconi Anemia Research Fund Fanconi Anemia:GeneReviews Hemolytic Anemia Hemolytic Anemia:Aetna InteliHealth Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia:American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association Cold Agglutinin Disease:American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association Iron-Deficiency Anemia Iron-Deficiency Anemia:University of Maryland Medicine Iron-Deficiency Anemia:Iron Disorders Institute Iron Deficiency in Adults:Australian Iron Status Advisory Panel Iron Deficiency in Children:Australian Iron Status Advisory Panel Megaloblastic (Pernicious) Anemia Megaloblastic (Pernicious) Anemia:University of Maryland Medicine Pernicious Anemia:American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association See also Sickle Cell Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia:MEDLINEplus What is Sickle Cell Disease?: Sickle Cell Disease Association of America

72. DAVID GOLDE Interview For example, one very important disease that theoretically can be cured by insertionof a gene is sickle cell anemia, because in that condition there is an http://www.accessexcellence.org/AB/CC/golde.html

David Golde The following is an excerpt from an interview with David Golde that took place at the "Winding Your Way through DNA" symposium at the University of California San Francisco in 1992. David W. Golde, MD heads the Division of Hematologic Oncology at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York City. Excerpted from the symposium transcripts with permission of the University of California, San Francisco. Q. How are genetic research and biotechnology affecting our understanding of blood itself and blood-related disorders? DG. Well, the biotechnology revolution and recombinant DNA have perhaps had their major affect on diseases of the blood and the cells that circulate in blood. We've developed a number of recombinant products. These are proteins that are produced either in bacteria or yeast. These proteins for the first time allow us to control the number and function of blood cells so that we can increase the red blood cell count and treat anemia. We can increase the white blood cell count in order to allow people to fight off infections. And that is a new thing, that is an exciting thing. It is the first time in medical history that we've been able to positively affect what we call host defense. That is, the ability of the body to fight off disease. Q.

73. News And Events At The NIH Clinical Center 02); Unraveling the Pain of sickle cell anemia (11/25/02); ClinicalResearch Information System Contract Announced (9/17/02); Type http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/aboutcc/media_resources/media.html

News Releases Reporters and editors seeking information about the Clinical Center or its ongoing research can call 301-496-2563 for assistance. The Clinical Center Office of Communications can provide background information and arrange interviews with our experts. Clinical Center News and Events Patient Recruitment Updates Clinical Center News Releases, Backgrounders and Notices: Serial MRI Tracks Brain Changes in West Nile Virus Encephalitis Unraveling the Pain of Sickle Cell Anemia Clinical Research Information System Contract Announced Type O blood donors needed ... CC Search For more information about the Clinical Center, e-mail occc@cc.nih.gov , or call Clinical Center Communications, 301-496-2563. Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7511 Last Modified December 04, 2002

74. Sickle Cell Study have initiated a pilot project that has taken them out of their Bethesda labs andinto the local community to study a new treatment for sickle cell anemia. http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/aboutcc/media_resources/news_features/sickle.html

For Immediate Release Jan. 5, 1999 NIH Clinical Center Scientists Initiate Community Project Scientists from the Warren Grant Magnuson Clinical Center at the National Institutes of Health have initiated a pilot project that has taken them out of their Bethesda labs and into the local community to study a new treatment for sickle cell anemia. "This pilot provides a unique opportunity because there is clearly a need for more and better treatment options for people living with this debilitating disease," says Dr. Frederick Ognibene, senior investigator in the Clinical Center's Critical Care Medicine Department. "We have been lucky enough to find people in our community who want to see an end to this disease and have been caring enough to participate in our pilot project." "This research initiative and outreach efforts demonstrate the Clinical Center's commitment to identifying and meeting the health needs of our community," said Dr. John I. Gallin, director of the Clinical Center. "Clinical research is essential to the discovery of new knowledge that leads to better health for everyone." Researchers from the Clinical Center and the NIH have visited local churches, hospitals, and support groups to talk with community members about the promising treatment and elicit participation in the study. The group is working with Howard University and Children's National Medical Center, as well as organizations such as the Armstead-Barnhill Foundation. The Foundation serves the community by developing new medical research options for sickle cell anemia patients.

75. Hematopoietic Chimerism After BMT For Sickle Cell Anemia Hematopoietic Chimerism After BMT for sickle cell anemia. Stable Mixed HematopoieticChimerism After Bone Marrow Transplantation for sickle cell anemia. http://www.bloodline.net/stories/storyReader$3177

Bloodline Home About Call for Papers Free Membership ... Search Educational Features Image Atlas Case Studies Private Lectures Conference Reviews ... Glossary Resources Conference Calendar Hematology Links Full Text Journals Classifieds Specialties BMT/Stem Cell Cord Blood Thrombosis Hemostasis ... Veterinary News Hematology News BloodLink Newsletter Blood News Update Discussion Today's Discussion Create New Topic List by Topic Members Join Now Login Hematopoietic Chimerism After BMT for Sickle Cell Anemia Stable Mixed Hematopoietic Chimerism After Bone Marrow Transplantation for Sickle Cell Anemia M.C. Walters, M. Patience, W. Leisenring, Z.R. Rogers, V.M. Aquino, G.R. Buchanan, I.A.G. Roberts, A.M. Yeager, L. Hsu, T. Adamkiewicz, J. Kurtzberg, E. Vichinsky, B. Storer, R. Storb, K.M. Sullivan Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation 7:665-673 (2001) ABSTRACT: Download a PDF version of the full article Carden Jennings Publishing Co., Ltd. Related Content 1998 European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation A "Constant" Problem ABMT in Patients with Low-Grade or Mantle Cell Lymphoma Allogeneic Marrow Grafts for Aplastic Anemia ... Minimum TBI in Aplastic Anemia with Unrelated Donor BMT

76. Hematopathology Index PelgerHuet anomaly (bilobed neutrophils) on smear, microscopic; Sicklecell anemia on smear, microscopic; sickle cell anemia on smear http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/HEMEHTML/HEMEIDX.html

Hematopathology Index Return to the organ system pathology menu. Tutorials Go to the tutorial on diseases of iron metabolism. The following images are present: Standard Peripheral Blood and Marrow Findings Normal bone marrow, medium power microscopic Normal bone marrow, high power microscopic Normal bone marrow smear, high power microscopic Normal bone marrow smear, high power microscopic ... Rouleaux formation with red blood cells on smear, microscopic RBC and Bone Marrow Disorders Hypochromic microcytic anemia on smear, microscopic Hypochromic microcytic anemia on smear, microscopic CBC with iron deficiency anemia, diagram Hypersegmented neutrophil with megaloblastic anemia on smear, microscopic ... Aplastic anemia, bone marrow, low power microscopic Leukemias Acute lymphocytic leukemia in marrow, medium power microscopic Acute lymphocytic leukemia on smear, microscopic Chronic lymphocytic leukemia on smear, microscopic Acute myeloblastic leukemia on smear, microscopic ... Chronic myelogenous leukemia, Philadelphia chromosome, karyotype Lymph Nodes and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphomas Benign reactive lymph node, low power microscopic [IPX]

77. American Red Cross: Donation Information These special red blood cells are used to treat sickle cell anemia patients whomust receive frequent blood transfusions. What is sickle cell disease? http://chapters.redcross.org/midatlanticblood/info/minority.html

A community blood supply should reflect the communities it serves, and our communities are rich in cultural and ethnic diversity. Unfortunately, the current blood donor base in the United States does not fully reflect our diverse populations. For example, of the 5% of healthy Americans that choose to donate blood nationally, only 1% are African-Americans. Why is diversity among volunteer blood donors so important? For several reasons. First, some rare blood types are found only in minority communities. In addition to the common ABO blood types, extremely rare antigens such as Duffy- and U- are found exclusively in the African-American population. Secondly, higher frequencies of types O and B blood are found in the African-American community, and it is these blood types that the Red Cross runs low on most frequently. The Mid-Atlantic Region also has a large demand for red blood cells that are phenotypically matched for Rh, K, S and Fya or Fyb antigens. These special red blood cells are used to treat sickle cell anemia patients who must receive frequent blood transfusions.

78. HealingWell.com Library - News And Articles HealingWell.com Community, Information, Resources, Search Site Search Web HealthPortal Diseases and Conditions Genetic Congenital sickle cell anemia http://healingwellhemonco.subportal.com/health/Diseases_and_Conditions/Genetic_C

Search Site: Search Web: HealthPortal Diseases and Conditions Genetic Congenital Sickle Cell Anemia News: Marrow Transplant Can Cure Sickle Cell Anemia But the risks make it a big gamble Trial Drug Eases Sickle Cell Pain Study: Freeing up blood flow shortens bouts of severe discomfort Sponsor: Bookstore Video Webcasts Watch Doctor Produced Webcasts Free HealingWell Newsletter! Get our best features delivered directly to you. HTML Text AOL Sponsor: We subscribe to the HONcode principles of the Health On the Net Foundation Visit WellnessBooks.com Home Conditions ... Search HealingWell.com, Version 3.0 HealingWell.com

79. The Mailman Center For Child Development Respiratory Problems in Children SchoolBased Asthma Intervention program MaternalAssessment in Management of Pain in sickle cell anemia Disease Severity http://pediatrics.med.miami.edu/Research.htm

RESEARCH Mailman Center faculty, staff and trainees conducted a number of research studies related to prevention, early identification, intervention and evaluation. Examples include: long range tracking of school performance of children with disabilities; examination of the relationship between variables such as maternal age, neonatal conditions, and later life experiences; comparisons of effectiveness and efficiency of methods for testing otoacoustical emissions; cultural differences and coping; genetic linkage studies of familial neuromotor development and studies of the needs of individuals with balance dysfunction; new techniques for vision screening for young children with disabilities, and parent/child interactions. Scientific presentations at conferences, workshops and seminars are part of the dissemination efforts. Research activities Fiscal Year Decoding Skill Deficits in Mothers identified as Abusive Cognitive Developmental Trends in School-Aged Children Measuring Vocabulary in English and Spanish in Bilingual Children in Miami Metabolic and Behavioral Risks for NIDDM in Minority Children Weight Control to Reduce NIDDM Risk in Obese Hispanic Children Family Intervention for Youngsters with Diabetes Regimen Compliance in Youths with Cystic Fibrosis Family-Base Adherence Intervention for Children with Diabetes Preventing Recurrent Respiratory Problems in Children School-Based Asthma Intervention program Maternal Assessment in Management of Pain in Sickle Cell Anemia

80. SICKLE CELL DISEASE People with sickle cell disease either have sickle cell trait or sicklecell anemia. WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOU HAVE sickle cell anemia? http://www.mckinley.uiuc.edu/health-info/dis-cond/misc/sicklecd.html

Sickle Cell Disease WHAT IS SICKLE CELL DISEASE? Sickle Cell Disease is a hereditary blood disorder that affects the oxygen-carrying component of blood, the red blood cell. In other words, it is manifested by diseased red blood cells that have a sickle shape. Red blood cells have proteins called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from your lungs to every part of your body. When a normal red blood cell (with normal hemoglobin) releases its oxygen, it maintains its discoid shape. However, when a diseased red blood cell containing sickle hemoglobin releases its oxygen, the appearance of the cell can change from discoid to sickle-shaped. This is to say that the sickle cell shape is caused by the sickle hemoglobin within a particular red blood cell. Possible health problems may include fatigue, breathlessness, rapid heartbeat, delayed growth, susceptibility to infections, skin ulcers, and vision problems. NORMAL HEMOGLOBIN vs. SICKLE HEMOGLOBIN While sickle hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin carry the same amount of oxygen, two major differences exist between the two kinds of cells. First, they differ in the way they flow through the blood vessels. Normal hemoglobin is found in disc-shaped red blood cells that are soft (like a bag of jelly), which enables them to easily flow through small blood vessels. Diseased red blood cells, which are sickle-shaped and are hard (like pieces of wood), often get stuck in small blood vessels and stop the flow of blood. The second difference between the two types of cells is their longevity. Sickle cells do not live as long as normal cells. Normal, healthy cells can survive for about 120 days, while the more fragile sickle cells can survive for about 60 days or less. Unfortunately, the body cannot make new red blood cells as fast as it loses sickle blood cells. As a result, a sickle cell patient has fewer red blood cells and less hemoglobin than normal red blood cells. This decreased hemoglobin (called anemia), in turn, results in less oxygen being available for use by the cells of the body.

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