1. South Africa: History Multiracial Democracy South Africa Constitution of 1996. South AfricaRelief Map. South Africa Map of Provinces. south africa history. http://www.facts.com/cd/c01001.htm

C O U N T R Y P R O F I L E South Africa's Apartheid Era and the Transition to Multiracial Democracy South Africa: Constitution of 1996 South Africa: Relief Map South Africa: Map of Provinces South Africa: History Beginnings Colonisation from Europe from the 1600s The Anglo-Boer War of 1899 to 1902 The Union of South Africa 1910 - 1960: a white run state ... The overthrow of apartheid Beginnings South Africa has archaeological sites containing evidence of very early human settlement, some of which throw helpful light on the emergence of the first real human beings who could think symbolically and artistically, use language and reflect on the mysteries of life and death. For most of the past 100 000 years, the region has been occupied by small mobile groups of hunter-gatherers who learned to adapt to the harsh environment. They expressed their beliefs and rituals, outlook and activities in richly abundant rock art, and were only gradually displaced by agro-pastoralists whose presence goes back hardly more than 2 000 years. Whether it is accurate to describe the former as San and the latter as Khoikhoi (terms now favoured above Bushmen and Hottentots), two distinct cultural groups, has been debated. There was no sharp physiological divide between the early hunter-gatherers and the farmers, who were sometimes driven by necessity or inspired by opportunity to enter upon the lifestyle of the other; yet the acquisition of land and animal-husbandry skills involved a change in mindset which had to find some expression in cultural differentiation.

2. South Africa: History Rhodesia and South Africa Military History. South AfricaHistory still under construction Return to Main Page. http://home.wanadoo.nl/rhodesia/sahist.htm

Rhodesia and South Africa: Military History South Africa: History - still under construction Return to Main Page

3. Lonely Planet World Guide | Destination South Africa | History south africa history. Although the nomadic San (also known as Bushmen)have possibly lived in Southern Africa since around 100,000 http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/africa/south_africa/history.htm

home search help worldguide ... Related Weblinks South Africa History Although the nomadic San (also known as Bushmen) have possibly lived in Southern Africa since around 100,000 BC, they didn't reach the Cape of Good Hope until about 2000 years ago. Because of the close relationship between the San and the Khoikhoi peoples, who intermarried and coexisted, both are often referred to as Khoisan. By the 15th century most arable land had been settled by encroaching Bantu pastoral tribes. Southern Africa became a popular stop for European crews after Vasco de Gama opened the Cape of Good Hope spice route in 1498, and, by the mid-17th century, scurvy and shipwreck had induced Dutch traders to opt for a permanent settlement in Table Bay on the site of present-day Cape Town. The mostly Dutch burghers pushed slowly north, decimating the Khoisan with violence and disease as they went. Towards the end of the 18th century and with Dutch power fading, Britain predictably jumped in for another piece of Africa. It was hoped that British settlers would inhabit a buffer zone between skirmishing pastoral Boers and the Xhosa, but most of the British immigrant families retreated to town, entrenching the rural-urban divide that is evident in white South Africa even today. Although slavery was abolished in 1833, the division of labour on the basis of colour served all whites too well for any real attempt to change. The first Anglo-Boer War ended in a crushing Boer victory and the establishment of the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. The British backed off until a huge reef of gold was discovered around Johannesburg and then marched in again for the second Anglo-Boer War, dribbling with empiric greed. By 1902 the Boers had exhausted their conventional resources and resorted to commando-style raids, denying the British control of the countryside. The British quashed resistance with disproportionate reprisals: if a railway line was blown up, the nearest farmhouse was destroyed; if a shot was fired from a farm, the house was burnt down, the crops destroyed and the animals killed. The women and children from the farms were collected and taken to concentration camps - a British invention - where 26,000 died of disease and neglect. The Boers were compelled to sign an ignominious and bitter peace.

4. History Of Scouting In South Africa South Africa, history of scouting from Mafeking until today.Category Recreation Scouting History......History of Scouting in South Africa. Mafeking the beginnings. Thehistory of Scouting in South Africa goes back before the birth http://www.scouting.org.za/history.html

5. Africa Watch Africa Action Excellent and frequently updated! south africa history ArchiveInfo on South Africa Anarchism in Africa Hear about it here. http://www.zmag.org/racewatch/africawatch.htm

Africa Links Below are links to the World Wide Web with information on Africa ZNet Africa Watch Links Recent Links Africa and the World Health Crisis, AIDS Southern Africa ... Other Debates More Links CSVR Centre for Study of Violence and Reconciliation... vast resources on S. Africa SAMWU South Africa Municipal Workers Union Africa Files Site based in Canada Anti-Eviction Campaign An amazing movement in S.Africa Small Arms in Africa Thorough report on this important issue Africa Action Excellent and frequently updated! South Africa History Archive Info on South Africa... Anarchism in Africa Hear about it here All Africa Somalia Page On US interventions and more Niger Delta Congress A good news site on Nigeria and more... The Forgotten Continent A new resource, maps and articles Allafrica.com

6. The History Of Apartheid In South Africa Research apartheid from its inception to its demise. Review racial demographics, and view a map of south africa. The history of Apartheid in south africa. south africa (see map) is a country blessed with an abundance of natural http://www-cs-students.stanford.edu/~cale/cs201/apartheid.hist.html

The History of Apartheid in South Africa South Africa (see map ) is a country blessed with an abundance of natural resources including fertile farmlands and unique mineral resources. South African mines are world leaders in the production of diamonds and gold as well as strategic metals such as platinum. The climate is mild, reportedly resembling the San Francisco bay area weather more than anywhere in the world. South Africa was colonized by the English and Dutch in the seventeenth century. English domination of the Dutch descendents (known as Boers or Afrikaners) resulted in the Dutch establishing the new colonies of Orange Free State and Transvaal. The discovery of diamonds in these lands around 1900 resulted in an English invasion which sparked the Boer War. Following independence from England, an uneasy power-sharing between the two groups held sway until the 1940's, when the Afrikaner National Party was able to gain a strong majority. Strategists in the National Party invented apartheid as a means to cement their control over the economic and social system. Initially, aim of the apartheid was to maintain white domination while extending racial separation. Starting in the 60's, a plan of ``Grand Apartheid'' was executed, emphasizing territorial separation and police repression. In 1951, the Bantu Authorities Act established a basis for ethnic government in African reserves, known as ``homelands.'' These homelands were independent states to which each African was assigned by the government according to the record of origin (which was frequently inaccurate). All political rights, including voting, held by an African were restricted to the designated homeland. The idea was that they would be citizens of the homeland, losing their citizenship in South Africa and any right of involvement with the South African Parliament which held complete hegemony over the homelands. From 1976 to 1981, four of these homelands were created, denationalizing nine million South Africans. The homeland administrations refused the nominal independence, maintaining pressure for political rights within the country as a whole. Nevertheless, Africans living in the homelands needed passports to enter South Africa: aliens in their own country.

7. South African History Archive (SAHA) Economic history Society of southern africa The Economic history Society of southern africa was formed in July 1980 "to promote the study of and interest in economic and social history". be submitted to The Editor, SA Journal of Economic history, Economics Department, PO Box 392, UNISA, south africa, 0003. http://www.wits.ac.za/saha

Introduction to materials History Home Freedom of Information Programme Special collections Archives groups Unprocessed materials ... Sitemap The South African History Archive (SAHA) is an independent archive dedicated to documenting and supporting the struggles for justice in South Africa. SAHA has always been politically non-aligned and committed to collecting material from organisations and individuals across the political spectrum. Its founding mission was to strive to recapture our lost and neglected history and to record history in the making. With its physical positioning at the University of the Witwatersrand , there is a special endeavour to weave the collections into processes of education for democracy. The SAHA Trust is dependent on contributions and grants in order to support its work. If you have any questions regarding gifts, please feel free to contact us E-mail: sahav@library.wits.ac.za

8. African History On The Internet Resources for african history from the africa pages at Stanford University.Category Society history By Region africa......Catalog Search Home Tell Us Help africa south of the Sahara, Topics history. Search Countries Topics africa Guide, Suggest a Site africa Home. http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/history.html

Topics : History Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... United States and Africa The original history pages : A - I J - Z Please send corrections to: kfung@stanford.edu The update on each page refers to the date that particular page was last edited. Different pages are updated on different days.

9. Artists For A New South Africa ANSA is a nonprofit organization founded and supported by artists, activists and others dedicated Category Society Issues Human Rights and Liberties...... provide arts education;; preserve south africa's history and cultures;; offer psychologicalrehabilitation to former child soldiers in neighboring Mozambique. http://www.ansafrica.org/

A New Message from the Board BID ON HOLLYWOOD MEMORABILIA TO SUPPORT ANSA MARCH 28 - APRIL 11, 2003 at: www.entertainmentrarities.com Find out more... Bookmark us! Internet Explorer Users only E-mail a friend about us! Who We Are Artists for a New South Africa (ANSA) is a non-profit organization founded and supported by artists, activists and others dedicated to furthering democracy and equality in South Africa and civil rights in the U.S. Originally called Artists for a Free South Africa (AFSA) and founded in 1989 by Alfre Woodard, Blair Underwood, Danny Glover, Mary Steenburgen, CCH Pounder, Robert Guillaume and other artists, activists and friends, ANSA's initial goal was to support South Africa's quest for freedom. ANSA now works to help eradicate the inequities that are apartheid's legacy, while strengthening the bonds between our two nations and addressing related issues of social justice here in the U.S. ANSA is also helping to combat the AIDS pandemic, which is spreading more rapidly and affects more people in South Africa than anywhere else in the world. As the situation in South Africa has changed, ANSA has altered its focus to respond to the pressing needs of each new phase. With the approach of South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994, ANSA concentrated on voter education, working alongside grassroots organizations to help reach millions who had never before been allowed to cast ballots. In one of history's great triumphs, apartheid was replaced by a stable multi-party democracy and the world's most far-reaching Bill of Rights. Yet in many ways, the real work of alleviating the suffering and solving the problems created by centuries of discrimination has just begun.

10. South Africa- History history Introduction Dutch settlers arrived in the area adjacent to the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. At that time, the area was occupied by the Khoikhoi clans. (They were cattleherding people). The pressure on the Khoikhoi increased as more Dutch and http://www.angelfire.com/ok/southernafrika/history.html

History Introduction Dutch settlers arrived in the area adjacent to the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. At that time, the area was occupied by the Khoikhoi clans. (They were cattle-herding people). The pressure on the Khoikhoi increased as more Dutch and French Hugunots arrived. By the 18th century, most Khoikhoi had lost their land to these European settlers. Cape Town became a major port as a way station for East Indies trade. The colonists were mostly farmers and cattle herders. They became known as the Boers. They developed their own culture and language (Afrikaans). In the 1770’s, the Boers encountered the Bantu, who were migrating. The Nguni Bantu clans settled between the Drakensberg Mountains and the sea. The Sotho clans settled in the interior, north of the Cape Colony. The 19th century competition for land led to the conflict between the Bantu clans. Hundreds and thousands died during the wars, entire clans disappeared and it resulted in the creation of many Bantu nations. Early British Settlement Boer War World Wars Botha pledged Britain full support at the outset of WWI, in 1914. Botha led the South African forces that conquered German South West Africa. Botha died in 1919 and was succeded as prime minister by Jan Christiaan Smuts. Barry Hertzog became the prime minister in 1924 and remained the prime minister until 1939. During the economic depression of the 1930’s, a coalition was formed with Smuts and Hertzog, as dual leaders of the United party. The coalition was split by Britain’s declaration of war against Germany in 1939. Hertzog tried to keep South Africa neutral and was replaced as prime minister by Smuts. The Union declared war on Germany on September 6, 1939. There was a pro-German feeling among the Boers, so there wasn’t a draft law. The members of the Union’s armed forces were volunteers and their combat action was in East and North Africa and in Italy.

11. Rhodesia And South Africa: Military History Documents, features and links.Category Society history Wars and Conflicts Regional Zimbabwe......Military history of Rhodesia and south africa, with articles, book reviewsand books for sale. Rhodesia and south africa Military history. http://home.wanadoo.nl/rhodesia/

Rhodesia and South Africa: Military History Maintained by Richard Allport "I am the Old Ghost of the Shangani Patrol And the last bullet will be mine..." Receive email when this page changes Powered by NetMind Click Here Site Map powered by FreeFind What's New powered by FreeFind Search this site powered by FreeFind Vote for this site! Rhodesian Top 50 Sites Rhodesian Military History Rhodesia: History Rhodesia: Backgrounders Online Books ... Insignia, Medals and Flags Updated 14 March, 2003 WHAT'S NEW 13-03-2003 - site awarded "Golden Web Award 2003/2004" Added: How to be a Good Communist , text of the handwritten manuscript by Nelson Mandela, used as evidence in the Rivonia Trial 1963-64, to Online Books. Completed: Full text of Africa and Communism now online. Full text, with photos, of the book The Farmer At War to the Online Books section. Expanded: The Operation Quartz article has been updated and now includes 10 unique photos of the Rhodesian T55 Tank Squadron! Reworked: Rhodesia: Tactical Victory, Strategic Defeat has been reformatted, making it more readable. Added: Insurgency in Rhodesia, 1957-1973: An Account and Assessment

12. Links To South African Museums Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of south africa (UNISA). Thehistory and prehistory of southern africa. Roodepoort Museum, Roodepoort. http://www.wits.ac.za/museums/muslist.htm

The Website for the Links to South African Museums has moved to http://sunsite.wits.ac.za/mus/sa.htm You will be taken to the new Website automatically. Please update your bookmarks.

13. Historical Documents Archive Massive resource including political biographies, documents, photographs, books, speeches of political Category Regional africa south africa Society and Culture Politics...... ES Reddy Collection; RichardKnight.com. A source of information on africa andthe struggle against apartheid; south african history Archive Trust (SAHA); http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/

ANC Documents Photographs Allies ... Home Part I - ANC Documents This section contains documents that were either produced by the ANC, about the role of the ANC and its allies in the struggle for liberation or directly concerned with the ANC. New documents are constantly being added to this section as they become available. Documents History of the ANC The Early Years Selected Documents Conference Documents ... Constitutions of the ANC , 1919 to the present Anniversary Statements on January 8 Press Statements Archive Speeches Archive Speeches and Writings of ANC Presidents Chief Albert J Lutuli Oliver Tambo Nelson Mandela (1991-1997) See also the Mandela Page Thabo Mbeki See also the Thabo Mbeki Page Organisations Allied or Associated with the ANC Federation of South African Women South African Coloured People's Congress (SACPC) South African Congress of Democrats (SACOD) South African Congress of Trade Unions (SACTU) South African Indian Congress (SAIC) ANC Women's League ANC Youth League United Democratic Front Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) South African Communist Party Major Campaigns and Struggles - I Anti-pass Campaigns 1912-1960 Protest Against Hertzog Bills, 1936

14. Women's Struggles Repeal the Pass Laws Flyer Issued by the FSAW and ANCWL, 13 June 1957;Effects of Apartheid on the Status of Women in south africa, 1980. http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/history/women/

Women's Struggles W omen have played an important role in the liberation struggle as members of the ANC and allied organisations, as trade unionists and in other capacities. They carried on militant campaigns against the hated pass laws. They participated in the underground and armed struggle when that became indispensable. Many women suffered restriction, imprisonment, torture and even brutal assassination by the racist regime. Recognising their role, the ANC formed the Women's League in 1943. The Federation of South African Women (FSAW), a multi-racial body, was established on 17 April 1954 - with the ANC Women's League as its largest component - to organise a united struggle against apartheid. Ruthless repression by the regime prevented FSAW and the Women's League from functioning after 1960. But women found ways to continue their resistance through new legal organisations or the underground structures. In the external mission, the Women's Section of the ANC played an active role. The ANC Women's League was re-launched in Durban, after the unbanning of the ANC, on 9 August 1990, the anniversary of the great march of women to the Union Buildings in Pretoria in 1956 to denounce the pass laws.

15. World History Archives: The History Of Southern Africa Links to documents (World history Archives).Category Regional africa Society and Culture history...... of Zimbabwe Documents for the history of Swaziland Documents for the history of LesothoDocuments for the history of the Republic of south africa Documents for http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/37/

The history of southern Africa Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives History of Africa as a whole History of the principal regions of Africa Documents for the history of southern Africa in general Documents for the history of Zambia Documents for the history of Malawi Documents for the history of Mozambique Documents for the history of Zimbabwe Documents for the history of Swaziland Documents for the history of Lesotho Documents for the history of the Republic of South Africa Documents for the history of Namibia Documents for the history of Angola

16. World History Archives A collection of documents for teaching and learning about world history from a working class perspective.Category Society history By Topic Social history...... of East Asia history of North Asia and Siberia history of Oceania United States MexicoCaribbean and Bermuda Central America south America africa africa as a http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/

Search WWW Documents for teaching and learning about world history from a working-class and non-Eurocentric perspective. If you plan to use these documents or have questions about them, please read my policies for the site . If you need documents on a specific topic related to contemporary world history, just ask , and if available I'll put them on line for you as time allows. T he W orld World historiography World retrospective history History of The Near East Western Civilization ... World Telecommunications A O ceania History of Asia in general History of West Asia History of Central Asia History of South Asia ... History of Oceania (incl. Australia, T he A mericas The Americas as a whole Native America Canada United States ... South America A frica Africa as a whole Egypt and the Maghrib The Horn West Africa ... Southern Africa E urope Europe as a whole Western Europe Southern Europe Eastern Europe

17. South African Military History Society - Title Page Publications, events, archives and other resources. The society seems to concentrate on matters of Category Society history Regional south africa...... history Society is a nonprofit society of enthusiasts dedicated to the study,recording and dissemination of military aspects of south africa's history. http://rapidttp.com/milhist/

The South African Military History Society Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging The SA Military History Society is a non-profit society of enthusiasts dedicated to the study, recording and dissemination of military aspects of South Africa's history. Features About the Society Current national monthly newsletter Durban Branch Cape Town Branch Archive of past monthly newsletters Military History Journal - Indices and text from current and the past 33 years issues Monthly meeting lecture schedule Johannesburg Durban Cape Town Forthcoming ... Research projects bulletin board - Help/information requested (including information on combatant ancestors) Search engine (Catalogue of every word listed on this site) Southern African Published/related Books Contact details of South African Museums/Societies Professional Tour Guides of S.A. Battlefields South African Bookdealers who specialise in Military Subjects Links to other military history related sites Unpublished Boer War Diaries (Private Walter Putland) (Sr K L Nealon, nee Hill) General interest Diaries (William Wood and Dingaan) First World War Diaries (German East Africa - Great War Diary) General interest - WWII (Radar in SA) Application to become a Member Contact details of branches National Executive Committee ... Constitution of the Society Send email to the S.A.Military History Society

18. Economic History Society Of Southern Africa REVIEWS Contributions should be submitted to The Editor, SA Journal of EconomicHistory, Economics Department, PO Box 392, UNISA, south africa, 0003. http://home.intekom.com/joni/EHSOC.HTM

Economic History Society of Southern Africa Council Members 2001/2003 The Economic History Society of Southern Africa was formed in July 1980 "to promote the study of and interest in economic and social history". It does so by holding conferences at various South African universities and publishing The South African Journal of Economic History The South African Journal of Economic History Listing of all SAJEH articles published since 1986 Editorial Board Synopses of all SAJEH articles published 1986-95 Subscriptions The South African Journal of Economic History was established in 1986 when the Economic History Society's occasional journal, Perspectives in Economic History , was renamed. The journal is published twice a year. Recent topics covered include: The development of the South African iron and steel industry 1934-45 Reform of the labour market in South Africa Productivity in an imperial bank in the age of high imperialism: The case of the Standard Bank of South Africa 1882-1900 Managing South Africa's environmental pollution ... Sugar and gold in the making of the South African labour system: The crisis of supply on the Zululand sugar estates 1906-39 SPECIAL ISSUES A recent innovation is a series of special issues devoted to a specific topic. Already published have been:

19. The Story Of Africa| BBC World Service The Story of africa tells the history of the continent from africa's top historianstake a fresh look at the of humankind to the end of south african apartheid http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index.shtml

Contact Us Help Text Only HOME ... FEEDBACK The Story of Africa tells the history of the continent from an African perspective. Africa's top historians take a fresh look at the events and characters that have shaped the continent from the origins of humankind to the end of South African apartheid. See the rise and fall of empires and kingdoms, experience the power of religion, the injustices of slavery, and chart the expansion of trade between Africa and other continents. Hear what it was like to live under colonialism, follow the struggle against it, and celebrate the achievement of independence.

20. Brief History Of South Africa Brief history of south africa, from Jan van Riebeeck to Nelson Mandela. WithPhotos. south africa Online Travel Guide. Brief history of south africa. http://www.southafrica-travel.net/history/eh_menu.htm

Attract ions History Geology Climate ... Home Brief History of South Africa The Landing at the Cape The Dutch merchant van Riebeeck founds the first European settlement at the foot of Table Mountain. The Battle of Blood River The Voortrekkers under Andries Pretorius defeat the Zulus in this historical battle. Expansion of the Cape Settlers Looking for more grazing, the Trek Boers move toward the east and the north. The Colony of Natal The British occupy Natal and, after the Anglo-Zulu War, annex the whole of Zululand. The Great Trek The Voortrekkers leave in their thousands the Cape and settle in the Orange Free State, in Natal and Transvaal. The Anglo-Boer War After a three-year long war, the Boer Republics become British Crown Colonies. T he Xhosa People The Xhosa people are retreating further eastwards, as the white settlers occupy their land. The Apartheid Era The rightwing Nationalists win the elections. The devious politics of racial separation are initiated. The Zulu Kingdom In the beginning of the 19th century, Zulu King Shaka establishes the mightiest kingdom in southern Africa. T he Democratic South Africa Mandela and de Klerk abolish Apartheid. Democratic elections open the way for a better future.

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