21. ESPAC - Working For Peace In Sudan University of Khartoum Mahas Survey Project A regional study of the archaeologyand longterm history of the Mahas region of Middle Nubia, northern sudan . http://www.espac.org/links/3.html

ESPAC WEB LINKS ESPAC Profile Latest Publications Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Sudan The Peace Process ... Links 3: SOURCES OF GEOGRAPHIC, CARTOGRAPHIC, METEOROLOGICAL, ARCHEOLOGICAL, STATISTICAL, ETHNIC AND HISTORICAL INFORMATION ON SUDAN ABC Country Book of Sudan http://www.theodora.com/wfb/sudan_people.html Hasan Abdin, "Early Sudanese Nationalism: 1919-1925", History File No. 1, The Sudan Foundation, 1996 http://www.sufo.demon.co.uk/hist001.htm ABZU: A Guide to Information Related to the Study of the Ancient Near East on the Web "[A]n experimental guide to the rapidly increasing, and widely distributed data relevant to the study and public presentation of the Ancient Near East... including the territory under the control of the modern states of Egypt and Sudan, and part of Libya". http://www.etana.org/abzu

22. National Institute Of Regional And Spatial Analysis with resource scarcity Case studies from Tanzania and sudan, GeowissenschaftlicheArbeiten Coulter, C. and Coleman, S. The End of history? Critical Approaches http://www.may.ie/nirsa/publications/publications_directoryE-H.html

P ublications : Directory El-Tom, Dr. Abdullahi Osman El-Tom, Abdullahi Osman (1998), Islam and cultural identity among the Berti of Sudan, GeoJournal, vol. 46:155-162. El-Tom, Abdullahi Osman (1998), Female circumcision and ethnic identification in Sudan with reference to the Berti of Darfur, GeoJournal, vol 46: 163-170 El-Tom, Abdullahi Osman (1998), McCourt's Angela's Ashes and the portrait of the other , IJA, vol 3: 78-90. El-Tom, Abdullahi Osman (1998), The management of Habboba illness among the Berti of Darfur in CURARE, issue 14: 1-6 El-Tom, Abdullahi Osman (1997), Self-medication in Sweireeba village: Central Sudan , a joint Article with Jad El-Rab M. Sharif, in African Anthropology, vol. IV, 1: 52-67. El-Tom, Abdullahi Osman and A.M. Adam (1999), Globalization: A critical study , London: Dar El-Warraq, (222 pages; in Arabic) El-Tom, Abdullahi Osman (1997), Vowing to survive; Socio-economic changes in Burush, Western Sudan , in F. Ibrahim et al (eds.), Coping with resource scarcity: Case studies from Tanzania and Sudan, Geowissenschaftliche Arbeiten, University of Bayreuth. 1997, Vol. 16: 239-273.

23. Met Timeline | Western And Central Sudan, 1000–1400 A.D. newly syncretic mixes of distinctive regional and Islamic from Córdoba, Spain, chroniclesthe history of ancient of Kanem state in central sudan converts to http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/sfw/ht07sfw.htm

Encompasses present-day Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Mauritania, Niger, and eastern Chad See also Guinea Coast and Eastern and Southern Africa The influence of Islam and the deepening networks of trade spur the growth of several great savanna states, including the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires. Further development of metallurgy contributes to both material wealth and artistic production, and Arab reports depict the Ghana empire as the "Land of Gold." As well as stimulating trade, Islam Abu Bakr, military leader of the Almoravids , an Islamic Berber sect, recaptures Audaghost from the Ghana empire. Repeated Almoravid incursions, aimed at seizing control of the trans-Saharan gold trade , disrupt Ghana's dominance of the trade routes. Kumbi Saleh, an important mercantile and political center of the Ghana empire, is besieged by Almoravids. Abu c The Book of Routes and Kingdoms The ruler of Kanem state in central Sudan converts to Islam. Songhai peoples in Gao, capital of Songhai state, become Muslims. The Sefawa dynasty establishes a capital at Njimi and controls the trade in ivory, ostrich feathers, and slaves.

24. The Country & People Of Sudan About sudan * Business * Culture * Education * history * Media * Organizations forPanArab, middle East, North Africa and regional organizations. http://www.hejleh.com/countries/sudan.html

Special Arab Files This page contains links to sites in Sudan and Sudan related sites. For Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information visit Arab Countries Sudan History Northeast Sudan, called Nubia in ancient times, was colonized by Egypt about 2000 B.C. and was ruled by the Cush kingdom from the 8th cent. B.C. to the 4th cent A.D. Most of Nubia was converted to Coptic Christianity in the 6th cent., but by the 15th cent. Islam prevailed. In 1821 the north was conquered by Egypt, but a revolt by the nationalist Mahdi in 1881 forced an Egyptian withdrawal. In the 1890s an Anglo-Egyptian force under Herbert Kitchener destroyed the theocratic Mahdist state, and in 1899 most of Sudan came under the joint rule of Egypt and Britain (with Britain exercising actual control). Independence was achieved in 1956. In 1955 the animist southerners, fearing that the new nation would be dominated by the Muslim north, began a civil war that lasted 17 years. In 1972 Pres. Muhammad Gaafar al-Nimeiry ended the war by granting the south a measure of autonomy. However, his imposition of Islamic law on the entire country in 1983 reopened the conflict, and an estimated 1.5 million have died since. Nimeiry was deposed by a military coup in 1986. A short-lived civilian government was overthrown in 1989 by Lt. Gen. Omar Hassan al-Bashir; he officially became president in 1993 and was elected to the post in 1996. Bashir's government reinstituted Islamic law, banned opposition parties, and jailed dissidents.

25. WORKSHOP ON REGIONAL INFLUENCE IN SUDAN PEACE PROCESS on Friday August 30th 2002 under the theme regional Influence in in the region,Egypt had a long history of contact with the sudan, the chronology of http://www.sudan.net/news/press/postedr/177.shtml

WORKSHOP ON REGIONAL INFLUENCE IN SUDAN PEACE PROCESS Sudan.Net Press Releases and Commentary Corner Press Release/Commentary by SWGP posted on September 02, 2002 at 11:54:05: EST (-5 GMT) WORKSHOP ON REGIONAL INFLUENCE IN SUDAN PEACE PROCESS PRESS RELEASE Southern Women Group for Peace Friday 30th August 2002 The Southern Women Group for Peace in her continuous endeavour to mobilize support for the Machakos Protocol and the Sudan peace process, held a second one-day workshop on Friday August 30th 2002 under the theme: "Regional Influence in Sudan Peace Process." The workshop reviewed and reflected on the relationship and influence of the region on the Sudan peace process and came to know that of all the countries in the region, Egypt had a long history of contact with the Sudan, the chronology of which follows: 1. Egypt destroyed the independent Muslim Kingdoms of Funj and Fur in the process of occupying the Sudan since 1820. 2. By 1841, Egypt in its policy of expansionism, continued southwards capturing land from Kondokoro, Rejaf up to Nimule at the borders with Uganda and westwards to Bahr El Ghazal with the intention of acquiring wealth and enslaving Southern people to be used in their armies, farms and as domestic servants. 3. During the Mahdia (1880-1898) the Egyptian interest in the Sudan continued to be the search for feathers, gold and slaves in exchange for recognition of the Mahdia Revolution.

26. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents - Sudan Page history. was to suspend the 1983 constitution and disband Nimeiri's sudan SocialistUnion strife, and various southern leaders agitated for regional autonomy or http://www.traveldocs.com/sd/history.htm

Sudan HISTORY Sudan was a collection of small, independent kingdoms and principalities from the beginning of the Christian era until 1820-21, when Egypt conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. Historically, the pestilential swamps of the Suud discouraged expansion into the deeper south of the country. Although Egypt claimed all of the present Sudan during most of the 19th century, it was unable to establish effective control over southern Sudan, which remained an area of fragmented tribes subject to frequent attacks by slave raiders. In 1881, a religious leader named Muhammad ibn Abdalla proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the “expected one,” and began a religious crusade to unify the tribes in western and central Sudan. His followers took on the name “Ansars” (the followers) which they continue to use today and are associated with the single largest political grouping, the Umma Party, led by the descendant of the Mahdi, Sadiq al Mahdi. Taking advantage of conditions resulting from Ottoman-Egyptian exploitation and maladministration, the Mahdi led a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum in 1885. The Mahdi died shortly thereafter, but his state survived until overwhelmed by an Ango-Egyptian force under Lord Kitchener in 1898. Sudan was proclaimed a condominium in 1899 under British-Egyptian administration. While maintaining the appearance of joint administration, the British Empire formulated policies, and supplied most of the top administrators.

27. African Conservation Foundation - Sudan - Conservation Projects. have solid knowledge of natural history of East local communities in Kenya, Tanzania,sudan and the The regional NGO is, therefore, committed to contributing http://www.africanconservation.com/sudan.html

AFRICAN CONSERVATION AND WEB SITES FOR AFRICA FROM AFRICANWEBSITES.NET SUDAN Development of appropriate conservation and environmental plans requires good information. Porini Resources has a sound history in East Africa, combining scientific expertise with local values and knowledge. Porini provides services in Ecological Assessment and Environmental Consulting. They use environmental assessment and rapid ecological assessment (REA) techniques to provide vital information for conservation planning and impact assessment.They are an international, multi-disciplinary team with wide-ranging skills in environmental conservation. Each member of the team has special skills such as indigenous botany, ornithology and mammal tracking. All team members speak fluent Swahili and have solid knowledge of natural history of East Africa, its peoples, parks and reserves. It is their conviction that without community involvement, wildlife has no future in East Africa. Most wildlife in Kenya and Tanzania exists outside of national parks and reserves - clearly, the responsibility lies with the public. Each member of Porini's team has wide-ranging experience working with local communities in Kenya, Tanzania, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Email them directly The Eastern Africa Environmental Network (EAEN) believes that sharing information, experiences and resources is vital for the achievement of peace, food security, poverty alleviation, socio-economic development and healthy environment. The regional NGO is, therefore, committed to contributing effectively to the provision of requisite for and appropriat

28. Library Of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handboo Country profile, history, geography, economy, politics.Category regional Africa sudan...... EARLY history Cush; Meroe; Christian Nubia. THE COMING INDEPENDENT sudan The Politicsof Independence; The Abbud regional and Local Administration. THE LEGAL SYSTEM http://memory.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html

SUDAN - A Country Study Search Sudan Include word variants Use only words as entered. Sudan FOREWORD ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PREFACE ... Glossary

29. Tourism In Sudan and arranged in such a way that gives a vivid live history of the period, SultanAli Dinar and Gordon Pasha when he was governor of sudan. regional MUSEUMS. http://www.scgs-bg.com/tour.htm

Tourism in Sudan Hotels Images from Sudan TOURISM TOURISM IN SUDAN These resources are represented in the Red Sea Coast which extends for more than 700 kilometers and is characterized by many tourist attractions, including diving and under-water photography, besides boat rowing and water skiing. The Red Sea Coast enjoys many gulfs and coral reefs as the area is free from contamination which plague many seas and tourist areas in the world. Sudan also enjoys an ancient heritage in the field of civilizations and antiquities representing a great attraction for tourists both from within and outside the country. This heritage is centered in the Northern areas including Al-Naga', Al-Musawarat, Karima, Al-Berkal, Merwie, Dongola and others. These areas and others saw ancient civilizations proved by the remains of the pyramids and temples, with a great part of them still lying unearthed. These areas attract many experts and researchers in this field. In addition, they are considered archaeological sites not experiencing any tourist leap before, despite the availability of huge resources in them.

30. 1Up Info > Sudan > The Society And Its Environment | Sudanese Information Resour THE FIRST AND OVERWHELMING impression of sudan is its physical vastness and ethnicdiversity, elements that have shaped its regional history from time http://www.1upinfo.com/country-guide-study/sudan/sudan39.html

You are here 1Up Info Sudan History People ... News Search 1Up Info Sudan Sudan Section > The Society and its Environment The Nile is the link that runs through Sudan, and influences the lives of Sudan's people, even though many of them farm and herd far from the Nile or its two main tributaries, the Blue Nile and the White Nile. Not only do nomads come to the river to water their herds and cultivators to drain off its waters for their fields, but the Nile facilitates trade, administration, and urbanization. Consequently, the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile became the administrative center of a vast hinterland because the area commanded the river, its commerce, and its urban society. This location enabled the urban elites to control the scattered and often isolated population of the interior while enjoying access to the peoples of the outside world. The Sudanese of the south are of African origin. Islam has made only modest inroads among these followers of traditional religions and of Christianity, which was spread in the twentieth century by European missionaries, and Arabic has not replaced the diverse languages of the south. The differences between north and south have usually engendered hostility, a clash of cultures that in the last 150 years has led to seemingly endless violence. The strong regional and cultural differences have inhibited nation building and have caused the civil war in the south that has raged since independence, except for a period of peace between 1972 and 1983. The distrust between Sudanese of the north and those of the southwhether elite or peasantshas deepened with the long years of hostilities. And the cost of war has drained valuable national resources at the expense of health, education, and welfare in both regions.

31. BBC News | Analysis | Sudan: A Political And Military History Analysis sudan a political and military history sudan has wing of the SPLA thesudan People's Liberation after accusing the non-Muslim regional states who http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/africa/newsid_84000/84927.stm

Front Page World UK UK Politics ... Help Sunday, February 21, 1999 Published at 23:14 GMT World: Analysis Sudan: a political and military history Sudan has suffered under civil war for more than 15 years Sudan, the largest country in Africa, was ruled jointly by Britain and Egypt from 1899 until achieving independence as a parliamentary republic at the beginning of 1956. Since then Sudan has been ruled by a succession of unstable civilian and military governments. The country has been in a state of civil war for many years, and human rights abuses are widespread. In the 1990s government forces have repeatedly launched aerial bombardments on civilian targets in southern Sudan. War and crop failure has resulted in starvation Since 1983 over 1.2m people have been killed, and the civil war has devastated the Sudanese economy. It costs the government an estimated $1.5m a day. Peace talks have broken down repeatedly A peace agreement in 1972 ended the first civil war after independence, and made some movement towards federalism. However, tensions between the authorities in Khartoum and those in the Southern region, and divisions between different groups of southerners, led to further outbreaks of violence in the early 1980s.

32. UNESCO - PEER - Regional Programme Of Education For Emergencies, Communication A Cooperation and regional integration for sustainable peace and development. peacemessages are being collected in Southern sudan and the history of Burundi. http://www.unesco.org/cpp/uk/news/peer.htm

Home News and Events Projects Links ... UNESCO Prizes U NESCO P EER Regional Programme of Education for Emergencies, Communication and Culture of Peace The Following information is reprinted from the UNESCO PEER Newsletter: January - June 1999 C ulture of P eace N etwork UNESCO PEER has launched an initiative for the constitution of a Regional Culture of Peace Network (CPN) in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa. The underlying principle is that modalities and mechanisms of implementation of a culture of peace or conflict resolution are to be reinforced at three levels: decision-makers, intellectuals, grassroots organizations and communities. CPN's purpose is threefold: To develop a common understanding and vision for the culture of peace networks in the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes Region. To promote mutually empowering relationships and strategies for action. To provide an information databank, act as an information clearing house for the network and to develop a directory and website. The first CPN meeting took place in Nairobi on 12 April 1999 and comprised 20 local NGOs involved in various activities in Kenya ranging from conflict resolution to peace education, the promotion of inter-religious dialogue and gender issues.

33. SomaliNet Internet Directory Personal Pages. Politics. regional. Science. Sports. Technology. sudan sudan history,Government and Politics (English) http//www.arab.de/arabinfo/sudanhis.htm. http://somalinet.com/dir/?viewCat=24&start=1020

34. African Peace Forum-History history, began its operations in 1993 as a Working Group on the sudan conflict under upwith the International Resource Group to host the regional coordinating http://www.amaniafrika.org/history.shtml

SITE MAP FEEDBACK History APFO is now the lead agency for the FEWER network in the Great Lakes region which seeks to: Support and contribute further to the development of capacity for the research and analysis in early warning, conflict management and peace building in the region Promote community- based peace initiatives; Broaden the space from debate and analysis for security issues and Encourage the greater participation of women in conflict management and peace building. APFO began its operations in 1993 as a Working Group on the Sudan conflict under the umbrella of AACC. In 1994 APFO teamed up with the International Resource Group to host the Regional co-ordinating bureau in Nairobi. At that time it was therefore serving two functions, as the Sudan working Group and IRG Regional Coordinating Bureau . Its work was rapidly expanding to include both the Great Lakes and the Horn of Africa. This was an obvious expansion due to the conflict interlinkages in the region. APFO's mandate now includes Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Uganda, Sudan, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic party of Congo. To cater for this expanded area of operation APFO was temporarily hosted by the Center for African Study until 1999 when it was formally registered

35. Askia Mohammed I (Askia The Great) An advisory board of ministers supported each regional governor. Rahman asSadi publishedTarik as-sudan (Chronicle of the sudan), two history books which http://purpleplanetmedia.com/bhp/pages/askia.shtml

Askia Mohammed I (Askia the Great) (d. 1538) Askia the Great made Timbuctoo one of the world's great centers of learning and commerce. The brilliance of the city was such that it still shines in the imagination after three centuries like a star which, though dead, continues to send its light toward us. Such was its splendor that in spite of its many vicissitudes after the death of Askia, the vitality of Timbuctoo is not extinguished. After Sunni Ali Ber's death, his successor was removed by a coup d'etat. In 1493, one of his commanders, Mohammed Askia, later known as Askia Mohammed I and Askia the Great, mounted the throne. Askia immediately embarked on the consolidation of the empire left by Sunni Ali Ber. More astute and farsighted than Sunni Ali Ber, he identified Islam's potential to usurp traditional Songhai religion. Askia decidedly courted his Muslim subjects, particularly in Timbuktu, where the clerics and scholars who fled from Sunni Ali Ber had returned. Askia orchestrated a program of expansion and consolidation, ultimately extending the empire from Taghaza in the north to the borders of Yatenga in the south; and from Air in the northeast to Futa Toro in Senegambia. Askia was also setting the stage for the Askia dynasty, systematically removing the surviving members of the preceding dynasties. Within three years, he solidified his position to the extent that he could leave the country for two years. For political and pious reasons, he made the

36. Arabic News Weekly Edition For Local, 4/22/2002 regional, Culture, 4/26/2002 Yemen tough security measures to protect American Culture,4/25/2002 Old civilization discovered in sudan sudan, history, 4/25 http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Weekly/Local/20020422.html

Weekly Edition, Local - Week of April 22, 2002 Front Page Previous Week Category Politics Business and Economics Local Country News Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti ... News Calendar Resources Weather Book Store Science and Technology Phone Codes ... Subscribe and Services Marketplace Advertising Info Want to show how much you care? Send fresh flowers! Bahrain's coming revolution in education; knowledge production sought Bahrain's Education Minister Mohammed Al Ghatam said there is a complete overhaul planned for Bahrain's education system to dramatically improve standards, saying "learning by rote will be out, in favour of teaching pupils to think for themselves," Bahrain, Education, 4/27/2002 Agreement on Arab Women Organization ratified The United Arab Emirates signed the agreement becoming the first Arab state to do so. Emirate's First Lady Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak al-Nahyan is a strong promoter of Arab women's rights. Regional, Culture, 4/27/2002 Human rights cannot be sacrificed in search of justice, Robinson Mary High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson affirmed "the importance of upholding fully human rights and humanitarian law standards in combating terrorism," she noted, pledging her Office's full support for "any initiative the Commission may think appropriate in order to signal clearly that human rights should not be sacrificed in the fight against terrorism." Regional, Culture, 4/27/2002

37. Arabic News Weekly Edition For Local, 7/23/2001 regional, Health, 7/25/2001 Nine African nationals arrested in Rabat for swindling,forgery Morocco Egypt, history, 7/23/2001 sudan starts implementation of http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Weekly/Local/20010723.html

38. A GLIMPSE OF THE HISTORY OF SUDAN AIRWAYS A GLIMPSE OF THE history OF sudan AIRWAYS FLYING FOR 50 YEARS to cover all partswhich were out of reach for sudan Railways, such as, remote regional towns http://www.sudanembkenya.or.ke/sudanair.htm

39. Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Regional Conflict Profile - Sudan history. sudan was reintegrated after World War Two and Britain declared it independentin 1956 Anya-Nya that guaranteed the South a degree of regional autonomy http://www.selfdetermine.org/conflicts/sudan_body.html

Self-Determination Conflict Profile Sudan By Jim Lobe OVsudan.pdf History Arabs, mostly from Egypt, gradually achieved dominance over northern and parts of central Sudan between the 13th and the mid-19th centuries. The Suez Canal's opening in 1869 resulted in increased British intervention, followed by a successful Islamic uprising in the 1880s. In 1898-9, a joint British-Egyptian force re-occupied Sudan and established a British-dominated condominium over it. Southern groups, notably the Dinka, the Nuer, and the Azande resisted condominium rule until 1930, separating Sudan into North and South, where authorities banned Arabic and encouraged Christian missionaries and the use of English. Sudan was re-integrated after World War Two and Britain declared it independent in 1956, despite southern opposition. North-South conflict broke out immediately, intensifying in1958 after a military coup brought to power a government whose avowed aim was Islamization. It was overthrown in a popular revolt in 1964, ushering in a period of civilian rule ended by another military coup led by Jaafar al-Numeiry in 1969. In 1972, he reached a ceasefire and peace accord with the southern Anya-Nya that guaranteed the South a degree of regional autonomy. In 1983, civil war between Khartoum and the South (Sudan People's Liberation Army, or SPLA, under Col. John Garang) broke out again after Numeiry, working with the Muslim Brotherhood, imposed Shari'a, or Islamic law.

40. Helping Refugees Across The United States And Around The World For nearly two decades, sudan has experienced continuous civil religion, ethnic identity,and colonial history, as well at IRC’s two regional training centers http://www.theirc.org/South Sudan/

print page email a friend questions/feedback donate ... South Sudan Search IRC in South Sudan Overview Health programs More about IRC in Horn of Africa IRC Worldwide IRC Headquarters 122 East 42nd Street New York NY 10168 United States Contact us International Rescue Committee The IRC in South Sudan Over 300,000 refugees benefit directly from IRC-supported primary health care services in South Sudan. (Photo: Richard Brennan/IRC) Summary Background Sudan, the largest country in Africa, has been devastated by civil war since its independence in 1956. The conflict, unbroken since 1983, is primarily between the government in Khartoum, which has largely assumed an Arab, Islamic identity, and the peoples of the south and periphery, who share a sense of African culture. However, the war has also involved internecine conflict among rebel factions, government-aligned militias and tribal groups. The complex cultural factors fueling the conflict—including religion, ethnicity, political ambitions, and colonial history— are further complicated by the struggle for control over the country’s vast natural resources, especially oil, which are located primarily in the south. It is estimated that over 1.5 million people have died and 3-4 million have been displaced as a result of the conflict. Although negotiations between the various rebel groups and the government are in process, the likelihood of attaining peace in the near future is slim.

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