21. Old Wynberg Village, Cape Town - South Africa copper from Little Namaqua, Damara and the tswana to the like small pox, to whichthe indigenous people had Schapera in his book The Khoisan peoples of South http://www.oldwynberg.co.za/khoisan.htm

Old Wynberg Village Old Wynberg Village Cape Town - South Africa The Cape by the time Europeans started exploring the area Click the map to see a larger map of the Cape Colony in 1660. The San People The San people were hunter-gatherers evolving over thousands of years in relative isolation in the southern part of the sub-continent. They had extensive knowledge of their immediate environment, which they systematically exploited for their survival. They lived in small, loosely knit bands, based on the family unit, which facilitated nomadic behaviour. They were also accomplished fishermen, as indicated by the large number of fish bones found in coastal caves. For tens of thousands of years, the lifestyle of the San in southern Africa remained undisturbed. Then, about 2000 thousand years ago, nomadic groups started moving in from the north, in search for grazing for their domesticated animals. The Khoikhoi arrive By AD 500

22. FAF - Preamble indigenous Legal Systems. Continue from Previous. The tswana in Botswana arealso one of these Bantu states. Gibbs, James L. Jr. ed. peoples of africa. http://www.freeafrica.org/indigenous_legal2.html

Home Indigenous Africa Indigenous Legal Systems Continue from Previous Moving down to southern Africa, one finds what Bohannan (1968) considers to be Africa's finest: Indeed, Africa is one of the homes of advanced legal institutions. Perhaps the most famous of these institutions are the courts still found among the Bantu states of the southern third of the continent (p. 199). In these states, the local or provincial chief was one of number of judges on a large and inclusive bench. The bench included representatives of all important social groups of the community. The judges formed a regular and pronounced hierarchy, and were seated in a row or an arc. The provincial chief sat in the middle; at his immediate right was the second most senior person and at his left the third most senior, and so on until the whole court was deployed in a row. Litigants stood or sat in certain areas. There were assigned places for witnesses and for the community as an audience. The court sessions were held out of doors, but there was a building to be repaired to in case of inclement weather. There was, in all cases a known and demanded decorum and order of proceedings. The plaintiff first made his case. The defendant would then respond. Witnesses would be called. After the testimony had been heard, the most junior member of the bench would pronounce judgment. His sentence would be followed by his immediate senior, who might disagree and add new perspectives. The third most junior man followed until they arrived at the middle where the head chief sat. After weighing all the evidence, and the sentences and opinions of his junior judges, he would pronounce his final judgment.

23. South Africa. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 languages, nine of which are indigenous—Zulu, Xhosa, tswana, Sotho, Swazi, Venda TheSan (Bushmen) are among the oldest indigenous peoples of South africa. http://www.bartleby.com/65/st/SthAfr.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia See also: South Africa Factbook PREVIOUS NEXT CONTENTS ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. South Africa Afrikaans Suid-Afrika

24. Page 2 - Tourism Information For East London, South Africa a staple food for many of South africa's indigenous peoples. is the predominant languagein South africa. Northern Sotho) Setswana (tswana) - siSwati (Swazi http://www.eastlondonsa.com/tourist1.html

Home Annual Events Regular Events Banking ... Back To Page 1 GLOSSARY OF LOCAL EXPRESSIONS: Some words or terms in common usage among English speakers in South Africa today have been 'adopted' from other languages spoken in the country, particularly Afrikaans. The following is a list of words which may be confusing to overseas visitors. AFRICANA - Technically a term which means all things connected to Africa, but now commonly used to refer to books, furniture, paintings and objets d'art of special importance or interest to Southern Africa, although not necessarily manufactured in this region. BAKKIE - A van or light truck comprising a cabin and open back, often used for the transportation of goods. BOEREKOS - Traditional South African farm-style or country cooking. Boer means farmer. BOBOTIE - BOMA - A fence or enclosure made of wooden posts, traditionally used for herding cattle but nowdays commonly used at safari lodges to shelter an area where guests can sit outside.

25. IWon - Travel Guide - History & Culture in but didn't dance to the tswana tune Because indigenous languages have only beenwritten since the coming of and praise poetry of the native peoples has been http://www.iwon.com/travel/travelguide/history/0,20310,Africa-356,00.html

iWon Travel Africa Botswana Powered by HISTORY and CULTURE History Culture History The San people (Bushmen) are believed to have inhabited Botswana for at least 30,000 years. They were followed by the pastoral Khoi-Khoi (Hottentots) and later by Bantu groups, who migrated from the north-western and eastern regions of Africa sometime during the 1st or 2nd century AD and settled along the Chobe River. Different Bantu groups, including the Tswana, lived relatively amicably in small groupings across the Kalahari until the 18th century. Disputes were solved through fragmentation: the dissatisfied party simply gathered together and tramped off to establish another domain elsewhere. By 1800, all suitable grazing lands around the fringes of the Kalahari had been settled by pastoralists, and peaceful fragmentation was no longer a feasible solution to disputes. Furthermore, Europeans had arrived in the Cape and were expanding northward, and aggression after the 1818 amalgamation of the Zulu tribes in South Africa made the scattered Tswana villages highly vulnerable. In response, the Tswana regrouped and their society became highly structured. Each Tswana nation was ruled by a hereditary monarch, and the king's subjects lived in centralised towns and satellite villages. The orderliness and structure of the town-based Tswana society impressed the Christian missionaries, who began to arrive in the early 1800s. None managed to convert great numbers of Tswana, though they did manage to advise the locals, sometimes wrongly, in their dealings with the Europeans that followed. Meanwhile, the Boers began their Great Trek over the Vaal, crossing into Tswana and Zulu territory and attempting to impose white rule on the inhabitants. Many Tswana went into service on Boer farms, but the association was rarely happy and often marred by rebellion and violence. By 1877, animosity had escalated to such a level that the British finally stepped in to annex the Transvaal, thereby launching the first Boer War. The Boers dawdled after the Pretoria Convention of 1881 but moved back into Tswana lands in 1882, prompting the Tswana to again ask for British protection.

26. United Congregational Church Of Southern Africa the Society, was active in securing rights for the indigenous inhabitants of knowLMS missionaries, opening up work among the tswana and Ndebele peoples. http://www.uccsa.co.za/history.asp

200 YEARS OF CONGREGATIONALISM IN AFRICA The United Congregational Church of Southern Africa traces it's beginnings in Africa to the arrival, on 31st March 1799, of four missionaries sent to the then British Cape Colony by the London Missionary Society. From the vision and mission of that small beginning 200 years ago, uncounted thousands have served the cause of God's kingdom in five countries of southern Africa: Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe. A second missionary initiative to which the UCCSA traces its roots is the arrival of personnel sent by the Foreign Missions Board of the American Congregational Church to the Natal Colony in the 1830's. A third tradition incorporated into the UCCSA (when it was formed in1967), was the Congregational Union of South Africa, whose membership was comprised mainly of churches established along the lines of British Congregationalism by white settlers. The work of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) entered the union in 1972. Today, the church estimates its total membership of adults and children at over 400 000, grouped in over 350 local churches, many of which have widely scattered 'outstations' in the rural areas. In common with Congregational churches around the world, the UCCSA believes that the initial biblical model of the church was of an autonomous gathering, in one particular place, of those who had confessed the faith that 'Jesus is Lord'. They governed their life together according to the teaching of the first apostles revealed through the Holy Spirit.

27. Wfn.org | ALL AFRICA NEWS AGENCY January 13, 2003 BULLETIN No. 01/03 (a) government and the rebel Sudan peoples' Liberation Movement 79), which only recognisethe tswana speaking tribes to the extinction of their indigenous languages. http://www.wfn.org/2003/01/msg00091.html

From the Worldwide Faith News archives www.wfn.org ALL AFRICA NEWS AGENCY January 13, 2003 BULLETIN No. 01/03 (a) From wfn@igc.org Date Wed, 15 Jan 2003 12:51:44 -0800 Browse month Browse month (sort by Source) WFN Home

28. AMP - Reviews - Spoornet English, Afrikaans, Zulu and tswana. to have been the case in South africa duringthe European explorers and colonizers perceived of indigenous peoples in a http://www.und.ac.za/und/ccms/amp/reviews/spoornet.htm

Film Synopses Spoornet Author: Date: SPOORNET 1991. TV and print advertisements. Lindsay Smithers, Johannesburg. 30 secs. English, Afrikaans, Zulu and Tswana. SYNOPSIS Spoornet is the name for what previously was called the South African Railways. A metaphorical `train' of twelve San people move in single file across the desert into the threshold of a rocky hill. CRITIQUE If the conscious mind is split from its origins, life, says Carl Jung, loses meaning, becomes incapable of realizing the synthesis of the new state, and relapses into a far worse situation than before. Perhaps, as part of the growing politically rehabilitated discourse of the First People, this unconscious realization on the part of Spoornet led it towards the use of San imagery in its advertising 1991/2 campaign. Spoornet, like all para-statal corporations, responded with alacrity to the `new' South Africa heralded by President de Klerk's dramatic political reforms of February 1990, when all liberation movements were unbanned. The Spoornet logo draws attention to the Railways company, and is metaphorical of the railway line itself. In the print version, the words `move', `goods', and `line' are indicative of railway tracks. The San themselves are indicative of `reliable', `dependable', and `hardy'. That the people below the caption are in a line or train formation is indicative of a journey, a `train' of, people. This metaphor of a `journey', of a `journeying people', is a recurring myth which works at two levels: on the one hand the San are imaged as nomads. But from the perspective of those who write and film them, the journey is really an introspective one. It is an exploration into the age-old archetypes embedded somewhere in the unconscious psyche of whites who now feel an innate need to unlock manifestations of these archetypal ideas and images by mobilizing certain sets of symbols to find a route to reconciliation.

29. South Africa Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, tswana, Venda, Xhsa from the earliest settlersand the indigenous peoples. Indian workers brought to South africa in the mid http://clinton3.nara.gov/Africa/south.html

GHANA UGANDA RWANDA SOUTH AFRICA ... SENEGAL REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA Profile People History Government ... Additional Information PROFILE Geography Area: 1.2 million sq. km. (470,462 sq. mi.). Cities: CapitalsAdministrative, Pretoria; legislative, Cape Town; judicial, Bloemfontein. Other cities Johannesburg, Durban, Port Elizabeth. Terrain: Plateau, savanna, desert, mountains, coastal plains. Climate: moderate; similar to southern California. People Nationality: Noun and adjectiveSouth African(s). Annual growth rate (1997 est.): 1.51%. Population (1997): 38 million. Composition: black 75%; white 14%; colored 9%; Asian (Indian) 2%. Languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhsa, Zulu (all official languages). Religions: Predominantly Christian; traditional African, Hindu, Muslim, Jewish. Education: Years compulsory7-15 years for all children. The Schools Bill, passed by Parliament in 1996, aims to achieve greater educational opportunities for black children, mandating a single syllabus and more equitable funding for schools. Health (1997 est.): Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births)53.2. Life expectancy58 yrs., women; 54 yrs., men.

30. Civilisation In Reverse? 8-14/3/02 from being huntergatherers – tswana tribes arrived mainly from Europe, North Americaand South africa. in human rights and indigenous peoples' rights – as http://www.survival-international.org/bush press mmegi3.htm

This article appeared in Mmegi, The Reporter in Botswana, 8-14 March 2002 NB In Botswana, Bushmen are known by others as 'Basarwa', singular 'Mosarwa'. Botswana citizens are called 'Batswana', singular 'Motswana'. Civilisation in reverse? 'How can you have a stone-age creature continue to exist in the time of computers? If the Basarwa want to survive, they must change, otherwise, like the dodo they will perish.' (The Star, 19 June 1997.) Lt. General Merafhe, in a meeting with Survival last year, talked of 'elevating' the Basarwa, whom he referred to as 'backward' and said, 'We became civilised and drive expensive vehicles... We all aspire to Cadillacs.' (29 July 2001.) Most recently a government minister made a bizarre statement arguing that most people in Botswana eat 'fish and vegetables' and wear clothes (Botswana government website, 25 February 2002), and that this is somehow a reason to take their ancestral land away from the Basarwa. Last year, the government advanced another, different, reason for the evictions: that it was too expensive to provide 'services' to the Basarwa in the CKGR. This too is false. On the authorities' own figures it was costing just 20 pula (US$3) per person per week to provide the services. The cost of the government resettlement camps, on the other hand, has been in the millions. Besides which, it is now well-known that the European Union (EU) has asked the government to explore ways that it might pay for services as part of existing agreements. The government has unsurpsiringly stopped shouting so loud about the cost since Survival reminded them of the EU offer.

31. Global Advisor Newsletter -The Languages And Writing Systems Of Africa language, but the population is mainly tswana, who speak Yoruba, Ibo and a numberof indigenous languages are in the south and Voltaicspeaking peoples in the http://www.intersolinc.com/newsletters/africa.htm

Global Advisor Newsletter Return to Newsletter Archives T he Languages and Writing Systems of Africa Country Language Script Algeria, Al Djazair, Algérie, (Democratic and Popular Republic of) Arabic, French and a Berber language. Arabic, Latin, Berber Angola, (Republic of) Portuguese is the official language, but a Bantu language is widely spoken. Latin, Bantu Benin, former kingdom, situated in present-day SW Nigeria French and Fon Latin, Fon Botswana, ( Republic of) English is the official language, but the population is mainly Tswana, who speak a Bantu language. Latin, Bantu Burkina Faso or Burkina, formerly Upper Volta French is the official language. Latin Burundi, Republic of Official languages are French and Kurundi (a Bantu language) Swahili is also spoken Latin, Bantu Cameroon (Cameroun) (Republic of) French and English are the official languages. Latin Central African Republic (Republique Centrafricaine) French is the official language, but Sango is the medium of communication among people who speak different languages. Latin Chad

32. Heritage Access | South Africa Swazi, Zulu, Vendu, Pedi, Sotho, tswana, Xhosa, and Blacks are indigenous to SouthAfrica.White South This melting pot of different peoples and cultures has http://www.heritageaccess.com/south_africa.html

South Africa depicts a varied amount of diversity in its racial composition and culture, as well as its topography in the form of dynamic land and seascapes, and spectacular fauna and flora. The natural and people treasures of this country are still a mystery due to Apartheid which has obscured much of the majesty of a country that lies at the southern most tip of the African Continent. However, the advent of democracy has unlocked treasures never dreamt of by international tourists. South Africa has a multi - racial and multi - ethnic population that lends to its cultural diversity. The four main ethnic groups are the Blacks, Whites, Mixed Racial Origin, and Asians. Blacks include the Ndebele, Swazi, Zulu, Vendu, Pedi, Sotho, Tswana, Xhosa, and Tsonga. Blacks are indigenous to South Africa.White South Africans are descendants of Dutch, German, British and French settlers who are collectively known as Afrikaners or Boers. People of mixed racial origin are usually the offspring of Blacks and Afrikaaners and are called Coloreds in South Africa. The last ethnic group consists of the Asians who are descendants of Indians. This melting pot of different peoples and cultures has burst onto the international consciousness with a blend of European, Asian and African influences on music, cuisine, art, architecture, literature and theatre.

33. The Pre-colonial Roots Of Soccer In South Africa populated settlements, while the Sothotswana emphasized craft still believe, thatAfrican peoples (until very centuries old tradition of indigenous athleticism http://people.bu.edu/palegi/imidlalo.html

by Peter Alegi, 1997. UMLANDO WEMIDLALO EMASENDULO ENINGIZIMU AFRIKA: The Pre-colonial Origin of Soccer's Popularity in Modern South Africa INTRODUCTION HISTORIOGRAPHICAL PROBLEMS IN SOUTH AFRICAN SPORT STUDIES STICK FIGHTING TRADITIONS IN RURAL AREAS There was little time for leisure during the agricultural season between planting and harvesting. The leisure activities that did take place occurred in the late afternoon and evening hours, when men played a local version of the mancala board game, drank beer, or smoked dagga. Women had less leisure time than men, but, nevertheless, liked to participate in story-telling, singing, and dancing. When more time became available in the (dry) winter months men organized hunting parties, activities aimed at fulfilling both subsistence and leisure objectives. In a society where leisure was not seen as shameful, and time corresponded to the rhythm of the seasons and lunar cycles, the period between the harvest and the new planting season, presented rural South Africans, especially younger ones, with time to dedicate to leisure and sport. In a book by the uninspired title of The Essential Kafir , published in 1904, Dudley Kidd observed in Zululand that "[t]he boys have great fencing matches with sticks, every boy using two sticks, one to parry with and one for thrusting. They manage the sticks with wonderful agility, and it is a practice which is useful to them through life." Though most sources discuss boys' stick fighting, it appears that girls and male adults also fought with sticks. British Catholic missionary and self-proclaimed 'Zulu expert' A.T Bryant, in his monumental ethnography

34. SOUTH AFRICA INFORMATION From A - Z Southern, Northern and Western Sotho (tswana); the Tsonga cater for South africa'sdiverse peoples, the Constitution and status of the indigenous languages, the http://resafrica.net/SA/overview.htm

Welcome at Reservations Africa's INFORMATION CENTER SOUTH AFRICA Overview General Click HERE for today's weather in South Africa with forecast. CONTACT ADDRESSES South African Tourism Board (SATOUR) Street address : 12 Rivonia Road, Illova, Sandton 2196, South Africa Postal address : Private Bag X10012, Sandton 2146, South Africa Tel: (11) 778 8000. Fax: (11) 778 8001. E-mail: info@satour.co.za Website: http://www.southafrica.net/ South African High Commission South Africa House, Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 5DP, UK Tel: (020) 7451 7299. Fax: (020) 7451 7283/4. E-mail: general@southafricahouse.com Website: http://www.southafricahouse.com/ Opening hours: Mon-Fri 0830-1300 and 1400-1700. South African Consulate General Address is the same as the High Commission (see above) Tel: (020) 7925 8900 (recorded visa, immigration and health information). Fax: (020) 7930 1510. Opening hours: Mon-Fri 0845-1245 (personal applications only).

35. Cultural Studies Essays Indian Culture and Globalization. indigenous peoples of Venezuela. Polygyny in Tonganand tswana Societies. Status of Women in the Middle East and North africa. http://www.essays-now.com/show_cat.php?catid=91

36. African Choral Music Resources 91122, Auckland Park 2006, South africa.) Twelve indigenous songs from Zulu), NtyiloNtyilo(Xhosa), Kgabo Mokgatla (tswana), Nomthini (Zulu african peoples. http://www.pitts.emory.edu/theoarts/multi/Countries/Africa/african_res.html

African Choral Music Resources Multicultural - Repertoire African Repertoire Multicultural Choral Home TheoArts Home The following are choral-related websites with predominantly English language pages. This is not meant to be an exhaustive list - just a helpful one! More sites will be added as they are identified. Please let us know if you discover any new ones. CONTENTS: Choral Publishers U.S. Contacts African Music (general) Language links General Cultural Choirs Choral Festivals ... Videos AFRICAN MUSIC (general): Index on Africa : A website of websites on all sorts of African musics: www.africaindex.africainfo.no/subjects/music.htm Africa Online - Music: Zanzibar: wus.africaonline.com/AfricaOnline/music/Zanzibar.html Kenya: www.africaonline.com/AfricaOnline/music/kenya.html or www.mediaport.net/Music/Pays/kenya/index.en.html African Music Notation / Tonic Sol-Fa / Curwen For any choral musician who looks at the score of an African piece and discovers a series of letters, dots and dashes. This notation system is not an African system, but an English one, developed by Curwen in the 19th century and brought to Africa by missionaries. See The Teacher’s Manual of the Tonic Sol-Fa Method reprinted by Bernard Rainbow (Boethius Press, c. 1986).

37. Charles Drew Project: South African People And History population consists of four racial groups indigenous africans, or of South africa'sBantuspeaking peoples; the Sotho (including the tswana, Pedi, and http://www.mpls-university-rotary.org/Projects/International/Africa/Facts about

Back to Info about South Africa South African People and History South African population consists of four racial groups: indigenous Africans, or Blacks (74 percent of the total); Whites (14 percent); Coloureds (9 percent); and Asians (3 percent). The Africans may be divided into four major ethnolinguistic groups: the Nguni (including The Xhosa, Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele), who are concentrated east of the Drakensberg and constitute 60 percent of South Africa's Bantu-speaking peoples; the Sotho (including the Tswana, Pedi, and Basotho), who live primarily in Northern Province, Northern Cape, and Free State; and the Venda and Thonga peoples of Northern Province. A small number of Khoisan-speaking peoples - the San (Bushmen) and Khoikhoi (Hottentots) - live in and near the Kalahari Desert. An estimated 2 million illegal immigrants from elsewhere in Africa are found in South Africa. Under apartheid, the South African government recognized 10 separate black "nations," defined in ethnolinguistic terms, and assigned each a homeland. Some 60 percent of Blacks lived outside their prescribed homelands, which collectively constituted only 13 percent of South Africa's total land area. The homelands were reincorporated into South Africa in 1994. The Whites form the second-largest racial group and have long dominated South Africa's political and economic institutions. They comprise two main groups: Afrikaners (60 percent of the total), who are descended from 17th-century Dutch settlers in the Cape and refugee French Huguenots and German Protestants; and the English-speaking group (34 percent of the total), who are descendants of British settlers who arrived as early as 1820 and more recent immigrants from the United Kingdom and from former British colonies in Africa. There are also many recent immigrants from Germany, Italy, Greece, Eastern Europe, and the former Portuguese colonies of Angola and Mozambique. The great majority of non-Afrikaner whites in South Africa hold or are entitled to foreign passports. Almost 90 percent of the whites are urban dwellers.

38. Background Notes Archive - Africa Sotho, South Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, tswana, Venda, Xhosa from the earliest settlersand the indigenous peoples. Indian workers brought to South africa in the mid http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/southafrica9411.html

Return to Africa Background Notes Archive Return to Background Notes Archive Homepage Return to Electronic Research Collection Homepage

39. Children Of Bondage: A Social History Of The Slave Society At The Cape Of Good H can never explain why slavery worked in South africa Barry Morton on slavery amongthe tswana the so of raiding for them on the indigenous peoples of the http://www.uni-ulm.de/~rturrell/antho3html/Legassick.html

Slavery Came First by Martin Legassick (Southern African Review of Books, Issue43, May/June 1996) Martin Legassick reviews two substantial books on legal slavery and coerced labour at the Cape. He disagrees with both over the role slavery played in shaping race relations in the 20th century Children of Bondage: a Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652-1838 by Robert C-H Shell. Wits University Press, 1996, xlii + 501pp, R79.95 Slavery in South Africa: Captive Labour on the Dutch Frontier edited by Elizabeth A. Eldredge and Fred Morton. University of Natal Press, 1994, xviii + 311pp, R75.95 The experience of slavery in South Africa has been largely forgotten among its descendants and in public historical representation, as well as in historical writing. These two books form part of a corpus of work that, over the last decade, has begun to pierce this amnesia and to examine the nature and influence of slavery. Shell's book - fifteen years in the making, and eagerly awaited by specialists - concentrates on the period of legal slavery in the Cape Colony. Eldredge and Morton's book, inter alia , argues for the persistence of slavery on the Highveld after its formal abolition in the Cape.

40. South Africa The Earliest South Africans - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Clim speakers also cultivated a range of indigenous crops, including inland Bantu speakers,termed Sothotswana on the had been settled by Khoisan peoples in the http://www.workmall.com/wfb2001/south_africa/south_africa_history_the_earliest_s

HISTORY INDEX Country Ranks Introduction History ... [TOP] South Africa The Earliest South Africans http://workmall.com/wfb2001/south_africa/south_africa_history_the_earliest_south_africans.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies < BACK TO HISTORY CONTENTS The oldest evidence in the world documenting the emergence of humankind has been found in South Africa; fossils of the earliest hominids ( Australopithecus africanus San obtained a livelihood from often difficult environments by gathering edible plants, berries, and shellfish; by hunting game; and by fishing. Gathering was primarily the task of women, who provided approximately 80 percent of the foodstuffs consumed by the hunter-gatherer communities. Men hunted, made tools and weapons from wood and stone, produced clothing from animal hides, and fashioned a remarkable array of musical instruments. San also created vast numbers of rock paintingsSouth Africa contains the bulk of the world's prehistoric art still extantwhich express an extraordinary esthetic sensibility and document San hunting techniques and religious beliefs. The rock paintings also demonstrate that considerable interaction took place among hunter-gatherer communities throughout southern Africa. The primary social unit among the San was the nuclear family. Families joined together to form hunter-gatherer bands of about twenty to fifty people. Men and women had equal status in these groups and there was no development of a hereditary chiefship, although the male head of the main family usually took a leading role in decision making. Such bands moved about the countryside seeking foodstuffs, sometimes remaining for long periods in particularly productive environments, sometimes splitting apart and joining other groups when food was scarce. Because they made such limited demands on their environment, San managed to provide a living for themselves for thousands of years. Population numbers did remain small, however, and settlement was generally sparse.

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