81. Native Land? Bangladesh enjoyed more rights in colonial times than today, and that for the Tuaregof North Like tribal peoples, Britain's indigenous workingclass http://www.thirdway.org/files/articles/ourland.html

This Land Is Ours Multi-Culturalism or Cultural Diversity? a critical re-appraisal of attitudes When Lord Tebbit used a fringe meeting of the Conservative Party conference this summer to attack the concept of multi-culturalism, he also expressed the fear that we are becoming "a pagan society worshipping Mother Earth". We must pay tribute to him here for being the first establishment politician to acknowledge the best ecological magazine on the Internet... at the same time, we note the irony of this little-reported part of his speech for paganism, more than any spiritual tradition, is linked intimately to cultural identity as well as climate, ecology and landscape. Japan's Shinto religion, for example, is linked at both folk and State level to the concept of racial and cultural uniqueness. The name "Hindu" is linked to the name "India", and African Traditional Religion is the spiritual wing of black consciousness as such it is growing fast. In our own European societies, the revival of interest in pagan beliefs and folklore is part of a wider movement to reclaim folk identities. The growing fascination for Celtic goddesses, Norse shaman-kings and Baltic wood spirits is one that unites a pride in ethnic heritage with a reverence for nature a green, non-racist form of regional loyalty.

82. Amazigh History of northwestern Mali, and the tuaregoccupied Air and referred to the indigenouspeoples they encountered as implying that the inhabitants of North africa. http://www.libyamazigh.org/history.htm

Substance and Origins: Since the dawn of history, Imazighen have been the indigenous inhabitants of North Africa, their territory stretching from Egypt to Mauritania and from the Mediterranean to the boundaries of historic sub-Saharan Black Africa. Various empires and peoples have conquered portions of historic Tamazgha , beginning with the Phoenicians and Greeks and continuing through the Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Turks, French, British, Spanish, and Italians. Imazighen have been subjected to various religious beliefs: their own early pantheistic concepts; the polytheistic dogmas of the Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans; and monotheistic Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Since the 13th century, most Imazighen have professed the Islamic faith and Islam has sunk most deeply into their psyches. Throughout their history, the Imazighen have always had their heroes or heroines who have defended their ancestral homeland but then succumbed to the superior "civilization" might of their conquerors. In 814 B.C., for example, Amazigh chief Larbas negotiated a deal to marry Princess Dido, daughter of the King of Tyre, in return for a small piece of real estate that eventually became Qart Hadasht (i.e., the New City, or Carthage). King Juba and king Massinissa intrigued with the Romans against the Carthaginians. Royal prince Jugurtha learned Roman fighting techniques and then led a formidable rebellion from 106 to 104 B.C. according to the Roman historian Sallust's account of the Jugurthine War.

83. FWB, Fall 1994/Winter 1995 The tuareg Situation in West africa. the United Nations Working Group on IndigenousPeoples, in Geneva inform the world community of the tuareg situation that http://carbon.cudenver.edu/public/fwc/Issue9/tuareg-1.html

T UAREGS "The Tuareg Situation" in West Africa BY LORI L. HARTMANN After the 1990 government crackdown on Tuareg rebels in Tchin Tabaradan, Niger, my daily life in nearby Tahoua did not change much. I remember only a short newsbrief about the violence that came over the radio, then silence, some whispering, and a mysterious combination of calm and tension. A curfew was imposed but there was no subsequent information on the radio or in newspapers, except for the repeated assurance that government security forces were doing their best to stabilize "the Tuareg situation." It turned out that many Tuareg prisoners were being brought to Tahoua, but I only heard about that later through a friend of a friend in the military. American missionaries living close by Tahoua's prison told of hearing tortured screams in the night. We thought that was an exaggeration, but the truth was illuminated weeks later, when I received a letter from a friend in France, along with an article cut out from "Le Monde" (a prominent French newspaper). The article explained in detail all about the violence and abuses. We were shocked, but then, we understood very little at that time about "the Tuareg situation." Generally speaking, there is not at present (nor has there ever been) any great public awareness of or knowledge about the Tuaregs, who are like many other indigenous peoples in being largely invisible within a world dominated by states. In an attempt to correct that lack of awareness, for the past few years "Temoust," a Tuareg support group based in Lyons, France, has participated in the annual meetings of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Peoples, in Geneva. Temoust has begun to inform the world community of "the Tuareg situation" that exists in the two main countries they inhabitNiger (where Temoust claims there are some 1.5 million Tuaregs) and Mali (where there are about one million). Tuaregs also inhabit Algeria, Libya and Burkina Faso (for a combined population of about another half a million), and Mauritania and several other countries where there are much smaller populations, mostly of refugees and exiles.1

84. WAAC US Defense Intelligence Assessment The Rise Of Amazigh in northwestern Mali), and the tuareg of Niger history Imazighen have been the indigenousinhabitants of Various empires and peoples have conquered portions of http://www.waac.org/amazigh/history/amazigh.html

85. Human Rights Internet - The Human Rights Databank tuareg 900,000 (Algeria, Libya, Niger, Burkina Faso not to recognise their indigenouspopulations living in nomadic and semi-nomadic peoples - Baluch / Pathan. http://www.hri.ca/doccentre/docs/handbook97/tribal.shtml

Global Search Organizations Job Board Tribune ... E-Doc Center Minorities; Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Who are indigenous? No general, universal agreement defines indigenous peoples. This observation is stated in many forms, in relevant UN commissions and working groups, as well as in the World Bank's Operational Directive on Indigenous Peoples. Most countries currently seeking to address indigenous issues do so within the context of their national constitution, and according to their reading of history, rather than as an issue of universal character. In UN-sponsored meetings, representatives of indigenous peoples and many governments have expressed the view that a definition of the concept of indigenous peoples is not necessary at the intenational level, although such definitions may be advisable and necessary at the national level. In addition, indigenous peoples have questioned the need for a universal definition of the concept of "indigenous peoples:" "peoples"

86. PROJECT AFRICA! Now, in 1927, the tuareg are less prominent natives, being descended from the indigenouspeoples who predated Berbers travel througout North africa; they also http://hamaker88.tripod.com/thelionsden/id54.html

Get Five DVDs for $.49 each. Join now. Tell me when this page is updated The Lion's Den HOME CTHULHU FTHAGN CALL OF CTHULHU NEPHILIM ... MASKS PROJECT AFRICA! AFRICA MONEY IN AFRICA As most of Africa is under the control of European colonial powers, the monetary systems of African colonies parallel those of their controlling countries. Spanish Morocco uses Spanish money, French Morocco uses francs, and so on. Remember that especially in larger cities, different types of currency may abound, and it should not be too hard to get a hotelier in Tangier to take pounds sterling (at an unfavorable rate, of course!) Places in the interior are far less likely to accept odd currencies; natives in some areas may have no interest in paper money or European coins at all, preferring to barter for useful items such as guns, tea, coffee, and alcohol. Travelers would do well to keep this in mind, and may perhaps wish to carry extra trade goods specifically for this purpose. EXPLORERS IN AFRICA WOMEN EXPLORING IN AFRICA METHODS OF TRAVEL NORTH AFRICA "(Morocco is) a civilization rich in types and models unchanged for centuries, ... ideas and

87. Nubia people (for example Berber and tuareg tribes) adopted this the Bantu to dominate theindigenous peoples (often referred to as the Khoisan peoples.) After this http://www.hcc.hawaii.edu/hcconline/hist151/nubia.htm

CHAPTER TWO - AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS: NORTH AND SOUTH One of the most important distinctions between African peoples and societies was the degree to which they were impacted by outside civilizations. This geographically based difference meant that those cultures in the Northern and Eastern parts of Africa developed with extensive and influential relations with outside cultures. In comparison, many Southern African cultures developed in relative isolation. The region of Africa most obviously and dramatically affected by exposure to other civilizations was the North. In particular, the Nile River Valley civilizations had early and extended contacts with neighboring regions and Mediterranean cultures. This had beneficial and negative consequences. Cultural interchange and trade led to continued evolution in North Africa and provided a source of tremendous wealth. However this proximity to other civilizations also resulted in conquest and sometimes violent changes during episodes of empire building. NUBIA We already discussed the most widely known African civilization - Egypt. Interestingly, many of the characteristics that seemed unique in this culture in comparison to Mediterranean civilization actually mirrored widespread African patterns. The central importance of a semi-divine monarchy was in fact a widely adopted African practice - the role of the Egyptian Pharaoh was in fact a reflection of important African political traditions.

88. ACHAC COLLECTION on a Hova fort; a tuareg; a Zouave and military heroes, portrayals of indigenouspeoples, military scenes on the explorers of French africa; Algeria, Morocco http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/special_collections/achac_m11.html

View IV.G. Ethnographic images, 1890-1895 Series V. Printed ephemera, ca. 1900-ca. 1975 This series contains a wide variety of printed ephemera, including advertising and collecting cards (for cigarettes, chocolate and other consumer products), stickers, tickets, book jackets, maximum cards, first day covers, illustrated menus, school notebook covers, and contest reply cards. Of particular interest are the advertising and collecting cards, reproduced by several printing processes including chromolithography and offset lithography, and which are characterized by vividly colored designs featuring images of individual colonies, indigenous peoples, and colonial conquest. The series also features five examples of collecting card albums into which these cards could be assembled, which were produced by the same companies for further promotion of their products. The series is arranged in three subseries: V.A. Advertising cards, badges, stickers and tickets, ca. 1900-1957 V.B. Advertising card albums, ca. 1920-ca. 1975 V.C. Other assorted printed ephemera, ca. 1950-1960 V.A. Advertising cards, badges, stickers and tickets, ca. 1900-1957 All cards are undated; publication information has been omitted from this finding aid.

89. People Of The Furthest West: Extraordinary Moroccan Journeys | 1-888-584-2281 X Much as many other peoples in the world, Berbers It seems segments of the indigenousBerber population first tribes related to the nomadic tuareg people of the http://www.morocco-travel-agency.com/peopleofthefurthestwest.html

Home Page In The Maghreb People Of The Furthest West Three Millennia Of History General Information Cities and Regions Arts and Culture ... Reading List Almost thirty million people harmoniously inhabit the modern kingdom of Morocco. The great majority of them descent from two peoples, Berbers and Arabs . No matter what their origins, all Moroccans share the values of profound hospitality, charity, and generosity that profoundly inform contemporary Moroccan culture. Morocco's history began with the Berbers, the indigenous people of uncertain origin who have inhabited the country for literally thousands of years. The original inhabitants of North Africa, the Berber-speaking peoples now only makeup about 40 percent of the peoples of Morocco and 20 percent of Algeria's population. But once dialects of the Berber language were spoken throughout all of North Africa, and parts of Spain and Sicily during the Middle Ages. Much as many other peoples in the world, Berbers have blended with other people. There are differences between Berbers which have inspired many stories, of European slaves and war captives, bringing blond hair and red hair as well as green and blue eyes into the Berber race.

90. Carnelian International Risks descendants of Arab invaders and of indigenous Berbers spoken by nomadic and seminomadicpeoples are thought of the northern Sahara region and the tuareg of the http://www.carnelian-international.com/algeria/ethnic_groups_and_languages.htm

Algeria: ETHNIC GROUPS AND LANGUAGES The Peoples The origins of the Berbers are unclear; a number of waves of people, some from Western Europe, some from sub-Saharan Africa, and others from Northeast Africa, eventually settled in North Africa and made up its indigenous population. Because present-day Berbers and the overwhelming majority of the Arabs largely descend from the same indigenous stock, physical distinctions carry little or no social connotation and are in most instances impossible to make. The term Berber is derived from the Greeks, who used it to refer to the people of North Africa. The term was retained by the Romans, Arabs, and other groups who occupied the region, but is not used by the people themselves. Identification with the Berber or Arab community is largely a matter of personal choice rather than of membership in discrete and bounded social entities. In addition to their own language, many adult Berbers also speak Arabic and French; for centuries Berbers have entered the general society and merged, within a generation or two, into the Arab group. This permeable boundary between the two major ethnic groups permits a good deal of movement and, along with other factors, prevents the development of rigid and exclusive ethnic blocs. It appears that whole groups slipped across the ethnic "boundary" in the pastand others may do so in the future. In areas of linguistic contiguity, bilingualism is common, and in most cases Arabic eventually comes to predominate.

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